Online journal of public health informatics最新文献

{"title":"Lessons and Implementation Challenges of Community Health Information System in LMICs: A Scoping Review of Literature.","authors":"Zeleke Abebaw Mekonnen, Moges Asressie Chanyalew, Binyam Tilahun, Monika Knudsen Gullslett, Shegaw Anagaw Mengiste","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12731","DOIUrl":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Accurate and timely information on health intervention coverage, quality, and equity is the foundation of public health practice. To achieve this, countries have made efforts to improve the quality and availability of community health data by implementing the community health information system that is used to collect data in the field generated by community health workers and other community-facing providers. Despite all the efforts, evidence on the current state is scant in Low Middle Income Countries (LMICs).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To summarize the available evidence on the current implementation status, lessons learned and implementation challenges of community health information system (CHIS) in LMICs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a scoping review that included studies searched using electronic databases like Pubmed/Medline, World Health Organization (WHO) Library, Science Direct, Cochrane Library. We also searched Google and Google Scholar using different combinations of search strategies. Studies that applied any study design, data collection and analysis methods related to CHIS were included. The review included all studies published until February 30, 2022. Two authors extracted the data and resolved disagreements by discussion consulting a third author.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1,552 potentially relevant articles/reports were generated from the initial search, of which 21 were considered for the final review. The review found that CHIS is implemented in various structures using various tools across different LMICs. For the CHIS implementation majority used registers, family folder/card, mobile technologies and chalk/white board. Community level information was fragmented, incomplete and in most cases flowed only one way, with a bottom-up approach. The review also indicated that, technology particularly Electronic Community Health Information System (eCHIS) and mobile applications plays a role in strengthening CHIS implementation in most LMICs. Many challenges remain for effective implementation of CHIS with unintegrated systems including existence of parallel recording & reporting tools. Besides, lack of resources, low technical capacity, shortage of human resource and poor Information Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure were reported as barriers for effective implementation of CHIS in LMICs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Generally, community health information system implementation in LMICs is in its early stage. There was not a universal or standard CHIS design and implementation modality across countries. There are also promising practices on digitalizing the community health information systems. Different organizational, technical, behavioural and economic barriers exist for effective implementation of CHIS. Hence, greater collaboration, coordination, and joint action are needed to address these challenges. Strong leadership, motivation, capa","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":"14 1","pages":"e5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9699826/pdf/ojphi-14-1-e5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9138358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sara Alert: An automated symptom monitoring tool for COVID-19 in 11 jurisdictions in the United States, June - August, 2021.","authors":"Carla Bezold,&nbsp;Erin Sizemore,&nbsp;Heather Halter,&nbsp;Diana Bartlett,&nbsp;Kelly Hay,&nbsp;Hammad Ali","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Health department personnel conduct daily active symptom monitoring for persons potentially exposed to SARS-CoV-2. This can be resource-intensive. Automation and digital tools can improve efficiency. We describe use of a digital tool, Sara Alert, for automated daily symptom monitoring across multiple public health jurisdictions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Eleven of the 20 U.S. public health jurisdictions using Sara Alert provided average daily activity data during June 29 to August 30, 2021. Data elements included demographics, communication preferences, timeliness of symptom monitoring initiation, responsiveness to daily messages, and reports of symptoms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Participating jurisdictions served a U.S. population of over 22 million persons. Health department personnel used this digital tool to monitor more than 12,000 persons per day on average for COVID-19 symptoms. On average, monitoring began 3.9 days following last exposure and was conducted for an average of 5.7 days. Monitored persons were frequently < 18 years old (45%, 5,474/12,450) and preferred communication via text message (47%). Seventy-four percent of monitored persons responded to at least one daily automated symptom message.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In our geographically diverse sample, we found that use of an automated digital tool might improve public health capacity for daily symptom monitoring, allowing staff to focus their time on interventions for persons most at risk or in need of support. Future work should include identifying jurisdictional successes and challenges implementing digital tools; the effectiveness of digital tools in identifying symptomatic individuals, ensuring appropriate isolation, and testing to disrupt transmission; and impact on public health staff efficiency and program costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":" ","pages":"e7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9699828/pdf/ojphi-14-1-e7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40457550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Representation of Causality and Causation with Ontologies: A Systematic Literature Review.","authors":"Suhila Sawesi,&nbsp;Mohamed Rashrash,&nbsp;Olaf Dammann","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12577","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To explore how disease-related causality is formally represented in current ontologies and identify their potential limitations.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a systematic literature search on eight databases (PubMed, Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engendering (IEEE Xplore), Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), Scopus, Web of Science databases, Ontobee, OBO Foundry, and Bioportal. We included studies published between January 1, 1970, and December 9, 2020, that formally represent the notions of causality and causation in the medical domain using ontology as a representational tool. Further inclusion criteria were publication in English and peer-reviewed journals or conference proceedings. Two authors (SS, RM) independently assessed study quality and performed content analysis using a modified validated extraction grid with pre-established categorization.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The search strategy led to a total of 8,501 potentially relevant papers, of which 50 met the inclusion criteria. Only 14 out of 50 (28%) specified the nature of causation, and only 7 (14%) included clear and non-circular natural language definitions. Although several theories of causality were mentioned, none of the articles offers a widely accepted conceptualization of how causation and causality can be formally represented.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>No current ontology captures the wealth of available concepts of causality. This provides an opportunity for the development of a formal ontology of causation/causality.</p>","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":" ","pages":"e4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473331/pdf/ojphi-14-1-e4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40369363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population Segmentation Using a Novel Socio-Demographic Dataset.","authors":"Elisabeth L Scheufele, Brandi Hodor, George Popa, Suwei Wang, William J Kassler","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.11651","DOIUrl":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.11651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Appending market segmentation data to a national healthcare knowledge, attitude and behavior survey and medical claims by geocode can provide valuable insight for providers, payers and public health entities to better understand populations at a hyperlocal level and develop cohort-specific strategies for health improvement. A prolonged use case investigates population factors, including social determinants of health, in depression and develops cohort-level management strategies, utilizing market segmentation and survey data. Survey response scores for each segment were normalized against the average national score and appended to claims data to identify at-risk segment whose scores were compared with three socio-demographically comparable but not at-risk segments via Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test to identify specific risk factors for intervention. The marketing segment, New Melting Point (NMP), was identified as at-risk. The median scores of three comparable segments differed from NMP in \"Inability to Pay For Basic Needs\" (121% vs 123%), \"Lack of Transportation\" (112% vs 153%), \"Utilities Threatened\" (103% vs 239%), \"Delay Visiting MD\" (67% vs 181%), \"Delay/Not Fill Prescription\" (117% vs 182%), \"Depressed: All/Most Time\" (127% vs 150%), and \"Internet: Virtual Visit\" (55% vs 130%) (all with p<0.001). The appended dataset illustrates NMP as having many stressors (e.g., difficult social situations, delaying seeking medical care). Strategies to improve depression management in NMP could employ virtual visits, or pharmacy incentives. Insights gleaned from appending market segmentation and healthcare utilization survey data can fill in knowledge gaps from claims-based data and provide practical and actionable insights for use by providers, payers and public health entities.</p>","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":" ","pages":"e1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473328/pdf/ojphi-14-1-e1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40369365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health Information Technology During the COVID-19 Epidemic: A Review via Text Mining.","authors":"Meisam Dastani, Alireza Atarodi","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.11090","DOIUrl":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.11090","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Due to the prevalence of the COVID-19 epidemic in all countries of the world, the need to apply health information technology is of great importance. hence, the study has identified the role of health information technology during the period of the COVID-19 epidemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The present research is a review study by employing text mining techniques. Therefore, 941 published documents related to health information technology's role during the COVID-19 epidemic were extracted by keyword searching in the Web of Science database. In order to analyze the data and implement the text mining and topic modeling algorithms, Python programming language was applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results indicated that the highest number of publications related to the role of health information technology in the period of the COVID-19 epidemic was respectively on the following topics: \"Models and smart systems,\" \"Telemedicine,\" \"Health care,\" \"Health information technology,\" \"Evidence-based medicine,\" \"Big data and Statistic analysis.\"</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Health information technology has been extensively used during the COVID-19 epidemic. Therefore, different communities can apply these technologies, considering the conditions and facilities to manage the COVID-19 epidemic better.</p>","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":" ","pages":"e3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473330/pdf/ojphi-14-1-e3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40369364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Your Tweets Matter: How Social Media Sentiments Associate with COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in the US.","authors":"Ana Aleksandric, Mercy Jesuloluwa Obasanya, Sarah Melcher, Shirin Nilizadeh, Gabriela Mustata Wilson","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12419","DOIUrl":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aims of the study were to examine the association between social media sentiments surrounding COVID-19 vaccination and the effects on vaccination rates in the United States (US), as well as other contributing factors to the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The dataset used in this study consists of vaccine-related English tweets collected in real-time from January 4 - May 11, 2021, posted within the US, as well as health literacy (HL), social vulnerability index (SVI), and vaccination rates at the state level.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings presented in this study demonstrate a significant correlation between the sentiments of the tweets and the vaccination rate in the US. The results also suggest a significant negative association between HL and SVI and that the state demographics correlate with both HL and SVI.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Social media activity provides insights into public opinion about vaccinations and helps determine the required public health interventions to increase the vaccination rate in the US.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Health literacy, social vulnerability index and monitoring of social media sentiments need to be considered in public health interventions as part of vaccination campaigns.</p>","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":" ","pages":"e2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473329/pdf/ojphi-14-1-e2.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40369366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using a Machine Learning Algorithm to Predict Online Patient Portal Utilization: A Patient Engagement Study.","authors":"Ahmed U Otokiti,&nbsp;Colleen M Farrelly,&nbsp;Leyla Warsame,&nbsp;Angie Li","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v14i1.12851","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>There is a low rate of online patient portal utilization in the U.S. This study aimed to utilize a machine learning approach to predict access to online medical records through a patient portal.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is a cross-sectional predictive machine learning algorithm-based study of Health Information National Trends datasets (Cycles 1 and 2; 2017-2018 samples). Survey respondents were U.S. adults (≥18 years old). The primary outcome was a binary variable indicating that the patient had or had not accessed online medical records in the previous 12 months. We analyzed a subset of independent variables using k-means clustering with replicate samples. A cross-validated random forest-based algorithm was utilized to select features for a Cycle 1 split training sample. A logistic regression and an evolved decision tree were trained on the rest of the Cycle 1 training sample. The Cycle 1 test sample and Cycle 2 data were used to benchmark algorithm performance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Lack of access to online systems was less of a barrier to online medical records in 2018 (14%) compared to 2017 (26%). Patients accessed medical records to refill medicines and message primary care providers more frequently in 2018 (45%) than in 2017 (25%).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Privacy concerns, portal knowledge, and conversations between primary care providers and patients predict portal access.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Methods described here may be employed to personalize methods of patient engagement during new patient registration.</p>","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":"14 1","pages":"e8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9831291/pdf/ojphi-14-1-e8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10582086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strengthening eHealth Systems to Support Universal Health Coverage in sub-Saharan Africa.","authors":"Adebowale Ojo,&nbsp;Herman Tolentino,&nbsp;Steven S Yoon","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v13i3.11550","DOIUrl":"10.5210/ojphi.v13i3.11550","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of universal health coverage (UHC) is to ensure that all individuals in a country have access to quality healthcare services and do not suffer financial hardship in using these services. However, progress toward attaining UHC has been slow, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The use of information and communication technologies for healthcare, known as eHealth, can facilitate access to quality healthcare at minimal cost. eHealth systems also provide the information needed to monitor progress toward UHC. However, in most countries, eHealth systems are sometimes non-functional and do not serve programmatic purposes. Therefore, it is crucial to implement strategies to strengthen eHealth systems to support UHC. This perspective piece proposes a conceptual framework for strengthening eHealth systems to attain UHC goals and to help guide UHC and eHealth strategy development.</p>","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":"13 3","pages":"E17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8769196/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39859243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Older Adult Blood Pressure Trends at Home as a Proxy for Brain Health.","authors":"Nicole Cassarino,&nbsp;Blake Bergstrom,&nbsp;Christine Johannes,&nbsp;Lisa Gualtieri","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v13i3.11842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v13i3.11842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Even when older adults monitor hypertension at home, it is difficult to understand trends and share them with their providers. MyHealthNetwork is a dashboard designed for patients and providers to monitor blood pressure readings to detect hypertension and ultimately warning signs of changes in brain health. A multidisciplinary group in a Digital Health course at Tufts University School of Medicine used Design Thinking to formulate a digital solution to promote brain health among older adults in the United States (US). Older adults (aged 65 and over) are a growing population in the US, with many having one or more chronic health conditions including hypertension. Nearly half of all American adults ages 50-64 worry about memory loss as they age and almost all (90%) wish to maintain independence and age in their homes. Given the well-studied association between hypertension and dementia, we designed a solution that would ultimately promote brain health among older adults by allowing them to measure and record their blood pressure readings at home on a regular basis. Going through each step in the Design Thinking process, we devised MyHealthNetwork, an application which connects to a smart blood pressure cuff and stores users' blood pressure readings in a digital dashboard which will alert users if readings are outside of the normal range. The dashboard also has a physician view where users' data can be reviewed by the physician and allow for shared treatment decisions. The authors developed a novel algorithm to visually display the blood pressure categories in the dashboard in a way straightforward enough that users with low health literacy could track and understand their blood pressure over time. Additional features of the dashboard include educational content about brain health and hypertension, a digital navigator to support users with application use and technical questions. Phase 1 in the development of our application includes a pilot study involving recruitment of Primary Care Providers with patients who are at risk of dementia to collect and monitor BP data with our prototype. Subsequent phases of development involve partnerships to provide primary users with a rewards program to promote continued use, additional connections to secondary users such as family members and expansion to capture other health metrics.</p>","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":"13 3","pages":"e16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8769197/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39859244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19: A Vaccine Priority Index Mapping Tool for Rapidly Assessing Priority Populations in North Carolina.","authors":"Gregory D Kearney,&nbsp;Katherine Jones,&nbsp;Yoo Min Park,&nbsp;Rob Howard,&nbsp;Ray Hylock,&nbsp;Bennett Wall,&nbsp;Maria Clay,&nbsp;Peter Schmidt,&nbsp;John Silvernail","doi":"10.5210/ojphi.v13i3.11617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v13i3.11617","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The initial limited supply of COVID-19 vaccine in the U.S. presented significant allocation, distribution, and delivery challenges. Information that can assist health officials, hospital administrators and other decision makers with readily identifying who and where to target vaccine resources and efforts can improve public health response.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this project was to develop a publicly available geographical information system (GIS) web mapping tool that would assist North Carolina health officials readily identify high-risk, high priority population groups and facilities in the immunization decision making process.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Publicly available data were used to identify 14 key health and socio-demographic variables and 5 differing themes (social and economic status; minority status and language; housing situation; at risk population; and health status). Vaccine priority population index (VPI) scores were created by calculating a percentile rank for each variable over each N.C. Census tract. All Census tracts (N = 2,195) values were ranked from lowest to highest (0.0 to 1.0) with a non-zero population and mapped using ArcGIS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The VPI tool was made publicly available (https://enchealth.org/) during the pandemic to readily assist with identifying high risk population priority areas in N.C. for the planning, distribution, and delivery of COVID-19 vaccine.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>While health officials may have benefitted by using the VPI tool during the pandemic, a more formal evaluation process is needed to fully assess its usefulness, functionality, and limitations.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>When considering COVID-19 immunization efforts, the VPI tool can serve as an added component in the decision-making process.</p>","PeriodicalId":74345,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of public health informatics","volume":"13 3","pages":"E13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8765798/pdf/ojphi-13-3-e13.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39862552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}