{"title":"The Fourier transform in analytical science","authors":"Marc-André Delsuc, Peter O’Connor","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00326-2","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00326-2","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous data analysis methodologies depend on the Fourier transform (FT), especially in analytical chemistry. The FT is a potent and versatile tool, influencing many scientific disciplines. Despite its prominence, the FT is often an enigma for many. In response, this Primer aims to provide an all-encompassing elucidation of the FT for readers not well versed in advanced mathematics. The article explores the theoretical underpinnings of the FT, alongside practical applications, to demystify the fundamental concepts of the method. Its utility is demonstrated through diverse examples, such as mass spectrometry, NMR, infrared spectroscopy and other analytical techniques. Potential extensions of the FT are explored, including potential future developments. The Fourier transform is a mathematical tool for analysing signals that vary in space or time via a transform into the frequency domain. This Primer explores how the Fourier transform is used in analytical science, particularly for spectroscopic data, with an overview of theoretical and experimental considerations.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Fourier transform in analytical science","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00339-x","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00339-x","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights the use of Fourier transforms to convert signals to frequency domains, with utility across the analytical sciences.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-024-00339-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141730425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christiane Höppener, Javier Aizpurua, Huan Chen, Stefanie Gräfe, Ado Jorio, Stephan Kupfer, Zhenglong Zhang, Volker Deckert
{"title":"Tip-enhanced Raman scattering","authors":"Christiane Höppener, Javier Aizpurua, Huan Chen, Stefanie Gräfe, Ado Jorio, Stephan Kupfer, Zhenglong Zhang, Volker Deckert","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00323-5","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00323-5","url":null,"abstract":"Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) is one of the few methods to access the molecular composition and structure of surfaces with extreme lateral and depth resolution, down to the nanometre scale and beyond. This Primer examines the underlying physical principles driving signal enhancement and lateral resolution of TERS, laying the foundation for both theoretical understanding and practical applications. Addressing critical factors such as reproducibility, averaging and general limitations, we delve into the nuances of TERS experiments. Various TERS modifications are introduced, highlighting diverse optical geometries and tip feedback schemes tailored to the specific experimental needs. State-of-the-art TERS studies are showcased to illustrate its versatility, encompassing structural analysis of biomolecules, nanoscale investigation of chemical reactivity and exploration of the intrinsic physical properties of 2D materials. These TERS applications serve as a comprehensive overview of current advancements in the field, encapsulating the breadth of TERS experiments. Tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) can be used to access the molecular composition and structure of surfaces with extreme lateral and depth resolution, down to the nanometre scale and beyond. In this Primer, Höppener et al. discuss the underlying physical principles driving the signal enhancement and lateral resolution of TERS.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141586871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tip-enhanced Raman scattering","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00337-z","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00337-z","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights how tip-enhanced Raman scattering experiments can target specific material properties to elucidate their chemical composition and structure.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-024-00337-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141586870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00333-3","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00333-3","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights physical phenomena that can be investigated with RIXS.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s43586-024-00333-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Frank M. F. de Groot, Maurits W. Haverkort, Hebatalla Elnaggar, Amélie Juhin, Ke-Jin Zhou, Pieter Glatzel
{"title":"Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering","authors":"Frank M. F. de Groot, Maurits W. Haverkort, Hebatalla Elnaggar, Amélie Juhin, Ke-Jin Zhou, Pieter Glatzel","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00322-6","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00322-6","url":null,"abstract":"Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) is a powerful technique that combines spectroscopy and inelastic scattering to probe the electronic structure of materials. RIXS is based on the interaction of X-rays with matter in which the dependence on energy, momentum and polarization is introduced. The RIXS spectra can be approximated as a combination of X-ray absorption and X-ray emission. A 2D RIXS plane can be measured as a function of excitation and emission energies. Using RIXS, collective excitations — such as magnons, phonons, plasmons and orbitons — can be probed in quantum materials, for example, cuprates, nickelates and iridates, with complex low-energy physics and exotic phenomena in energy and momentum space. In addition, RIXS with hard X-rays enables detailed experiments under operando conditions. Spectral broadening owing to short core hole lifetime can be reduced to produce X-ray absorption spectra with high resolution. This Primer gives an overview of RIXS experimentation, data analysis and applications, finishing with a look to the future, where new experimental stations at X-ray free electron lasers promise to revolutionize the understanding of femtosecond processes and non-linear interactions of X-rays with matter. Element-specific electronic properties can be probed using resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). A combination of X-ray absorption and emission, RIXS can investigate collective excitations in energy and momentum space. This Primer explores both valence and core RIXS, including background theory, experimental set-up, data analysis and example applications.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141545744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Riccardo Levato, Oksana Dudaryeva, Carlos Ezio Garciamendez-Mijares, Bruce E. Kirkpatrick, Riccardo Rizzo, Jacob Schimelman, Kristi S. Anseth, Shaochen Chen, Marcy Zenobi-Wong, Yu Shrike Zhang
Isabel Abánades Lázaro, Xu Chen, Mengli Ding, Arvin Eskandari, David Fairen-Jimenez, Mónica Giménez-Marqués, Ruxandra Gref, Wenbin Lin, Taokun Luo, Ross S. Forgan
{"title":"Metal–organic frameworks for biological applications","authors":"Isabel Abánades Lázaro, Xu Chen, Mengli Ding, Arvin Eskandari, David Fairen-Jimenez, Mónica Giménez-Marqués, Ruxandra Gref, Wenbin Lin, Taokun Luo, Ross S. Forgan","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00320-8","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00320-8","url":null,"abstract":"Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as exciting potential new candidates for application across nanomedicine, with the first example now in a phase II human clinical trial. MOFs have a range of desirable properties that make them suitable for various applications, including drug delivery, imaging and new treatment modalities, often in concert. In this Primer, we present an overview of the application of MOFs in biomedicine, focusing on drug delivery and imaging, but highlighting the chemical and structural versatility that is enabling their implementation in emerging treatment modalities and new biological applications. We discuss best practices in synthesis, characterization and application, including ongoing issues with reproducibility and limitations of applications, ending with an outlook of the field. Metal–organic frameworks have a range of desirable properties that make them suitable for application in drug delivery, imaging and new treatment modalities. In this Primer, Lázaro et al. discuss the best practices in synthesis and characterization of metal–organic frameworks for biomedicine.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Origami engineering","authors":"","doi":"10.1038/s43586-024-00328-0","DOIUrl":"10.1038/s43586-024-00328-0","url":null,"abstract":"This PrimeView highlights the various real-world applications of origami engineering, ranging from robotics to medical devices, architecture and space technology.","PeriodicalId":74250,"journal":{"name":"Nature reviews. Methods primers","volume":" ","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":50.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141510636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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