African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Need for standardization and compliance to treatment protocols for COVID-19 within the African Region of the World Health Organization","authors":"W. L. Fuller, I. Mukankubito, Ali Ahmed, Prof. S. S. Taiwo, A. O. Aboderin","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 pandemic changed the face of global health and brought about new issues in global health security and economy. The World Health Organization published guidelines for clinical management of COVID-19 four months after declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic. Scholarly reviews and studies from member states within WHO AFRO reveals significant deviation from the WHO published protocols on COVID-19. Assessment of national treatment protocols of 30 of 47 WHO AFRO member states showed widespread inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents for patients, which may worsen the global and concerning threat of antimicrobial resistance. There is need for adopting interventions that optimize antimicrobial use in the context of pre- and post-pandemic preparedness to ensure long-term effectiveness and sustainability for antimicrobials. Treatment guidelines are to be adopted or adapted depending on best clinical evidence available. Non-compliance with guidelines might lead to mismanagement of infectious diseases with attendant negative consequences including antimicrobial resistance and misdirection of critical resources and supplies amongst others.","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"53 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140748293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of microbial pathogens colonizing foot ulcers of diabetic patients in Enugu, Nigeria","authors":"O. B. Ugwu, T. K. C. Udeani, C. L. Anigbo, C. S. Anigbo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. There is high rate of bacteria colonization especially in those with tendencies for poor wound dressing. This is accompanied by high rate of inappropriate antibiotic usage. The aim of this study is to characterize microbial pathogens colonizing foot ulcers of diabetic patients in Enugu, Nigeria, and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of these isolates.Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of consecutively enrolled diabetic patients with foot ulcers in two tertiary healthcare facilities in Enugu, Nigeria, between May 2021 and February 2022. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic and clinical data of the patients. Pus samples and/or tissues were collected from the ulcer lesion of each patient for aerobic and anaerobic microbial cultures and biochemical identification using standard conventional techniques.Results: A total of 310 diabetic patients with foot ulcers were recruited into the study, with 62.3% (193/310) males and 37.7% (117/310) females, and mean age of 56.0±13.9 years. Bacteria and yeast were isolated from samples of 280 (90.3%) patients while samples of 30 (9.7%) patients had no microbial growth. Males had higher frequency of microbial isolates (90.7%, 175/193) than females (89.7%, 105/117), while the age group ≤ 40 years had higher frequency of microbial isolates (100%, 43/43) compared to other age groups, although the differences are not statistically significant (p>0.05). The distribution of the isolates showed that 15.7% (44/280) were monomicrobial while 84.3% (236/280) were polymicrobial. The highest single isolate was Bacteroides fragilis with 5.0% (14/280), followed by Staphylococcus aureus with 3.2% (9/280). Bacteroides fragilis and S. aureus occurred as the highest combined bacteria isolates with 5.7% (16/280). Most of the patients were colonized by combination of bacterial isolates. The susceptibility indicates that most of the anaerobic bacteria were sensitive to metronidazole while S. aureus isolates were resistant to ofloxacin at a rate of 65.0%. Conclusion: The findings in this study showed that there is high bacteria and fungi colonization of foot ulcers of diabetic patients in Enugu, Nigeria. Routine care of wounds especially frequent changes of dressing materials and the use of potent antiseptics, are recommended. \u0000Contexte: L'ulcère du pied diabétique (UPD) est une complication majeure du diabète sucré (DM) associée à une morbidité et une mortalité élevées. Il existe un taux élevé de colonisation bactérienne, en particulier chez les personnes ayant tendance à mal panser les plaies. Cela s’accompagne d’un taux élevé d’utilisation inappropriée d’antibiotiques. Le but de cette étude est de caractériser les agents pathogènes microbiens colonisant les ulcères du pied des patients diabétiques à Enugu, au Nigeria, et de déterminer l","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"56 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140747854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and biocontrol of bacteriophages from wastewater in the city of Lomé, Togo: potential application as a novel source for antimicrobial therapy","authors":"A. K. Ouedraogo, Y. Hoekou, H. E. Gbekley, P. Pissang, K. Kpatagnon, K. Sossou, M. Melila, B. Djeri, T. Tchacondo","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bacteriophages offer one of the most promising solutions to the challenges of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. The aim of this study is to investigate bacteriophages as a source of new antimicrobial therapy.\u0000Methodology: Waste water samples were randomly collected from 8 different locations in the city of Lomé for bacteriophage isolation. The phages were isolated using multi-resistant clinical isolates (Escherichia coli 1642 and Staphylococcus aureus 0868) as hosts by means of a spot test. The host range of the phages was determined also by a spot test using 8 other clinical bacterial isolates including two reference strains (E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213). The virulence of the phages and their effects on bacterial growth were assessed by in vitro experiments using E. coli 1642 BBec phage suspension.\u0000Results: Isolation of phages by the spot test was positive only with the host E. coli 1642. A reduced host range was observed with the other bacteria. The BBec phage suspension showed a titer of 1.6 x 107 PFU/ml. Virulence studies revealed a latency time of less than 10 minutes, a degree of absorption of 87% and a burst size of 63 PFU/cell. The effect of BBec phage suspension on E. coli 1642 showed an almost total reduction in the population of E. coli 1642 after 4 hours.\u0000Conclusion: This study provided scientific data showing the antibacterial effect of a phage suspension (BBec) on a multi-resistant clinical isolate of E. coli 1642. This phage could therefore be explored as a candidate for the development of new antibacterial therapies.\u0000Contexte : Face aux problèmes de multirésistance des bactéries aux agents antimicrobiens, les bactériophages représentent l’une des solutions les plus prometteuses. L’objectif de ce travail est d’étudier les bactériophages en tant que source de nouvelles thérapies antimicrobiennes .\u0000Méthodologie : Des échantillons d'eaux usées ont été collectés de manière aléatoire dans 8 endroits différents de la ville de Lomé pour l'isolement des bactériophages. Les phages ont été isolés en utilisant comme hôtes, des isolats cliniques ( Escherichia coli 1642 et Staphylococcus aureus 0868 ) multirésistants par le biais d’un test ponctuel. La gamme d’hôte des phages a également été déterminée par un test ponctuel utilisant 8 autres isolats dont deux souches de référence ( E. coli ATCC 25922 et S. aureus 29213)29213). L’évaluation de la virulence des phages et leurs effets sur la croissance des bactéries ont été réalisés à travers des expérimentations in vitro avec une suspension de phages d’ E. coli désignée BB ec .\u0000Résultats : L’isolement des phages par le test ponctuel s’est révélé positif seulement avec l’hôte E. coli 1642. Une gamme d’hôte réduite a été observée avec les autres bactéries. La suspension de phage BBec a présenté un titre de 1,6 x 107 UFP/ml. L’étude de sa virulence a révélé un temps de latence inférieur à 10 minutes, un degré d’absorption de 87% et une taille de rafale de 63 UFP/Cellu","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"238 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140746647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerobic vaginitis in women seen at the laboratory of the university hospital of Befelatanana, Antananarivo, Madagascar","authors":"Z. D. Rakotovao-Ravahatra, I. I. Razanadrakoto, S. S. Rafaramalala, A. L. Rakotovao, A. Rasamindrakotroka","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vaginitis is common in women. The present study aims to identify the factors associated with aerobic vaginitis (AV) in women and evaluate the antibiotic resistance of bacteria responsible for this vaginitis.Methodology: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 840 patients and analysis of the results of their cytobacteriological examinations of cervicovaginal samples from January 01, 2020 to December 31, 2022 at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Raseta Befelatanana (CHUJRB) laboratory, Antananarivo, Mada- gascar.Results: Among the 840 patients, 35 had aerobic vaginitis, giving the prevalence of AV of 4.2%. Enterococcal vaginitis was the most common, representing 48.6% (n=17) cases of AV. Regarding associated factors, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of AV between women under age of 40 (4.4%, 29/653) and women over age of 40 years (3.2%, 6/187) (p=0.539); hospitalized (6.6%, 10/152) and non-hospitalized outpatients (3.6%, 25/688) (p=0.115); and pregnant (4.2%, 8/192) and non-pregnant women (4.2%, 27/648) (p=1.000). The antibiotic resistance varies from 0% (vancomycin) to 90.0% (penicillin G) for the Gram-positive bacteria and 0% (imipenem and amikacin) to 100% (cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, cefixime) for Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas spp)Conclusion: Cytobacteriological examination of cervicovaginal specimens in cases of genital disorders is necessary to improve the management of patients with AV in Madagascar. Similarly, empirical treatment should be properly guided and self-medication avoided, in order to limit the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. \u0000Contexte: La vaginite est fréquente chez les femmes. La présente étude vise à identifier les facteurs associés à la vaginite aérobie (AV) chez la femme et à évaluer la résistance aux antibiotiques des bactéries responsables de cette vaginite. \u0000Méthodologie: Il s'agit d'une étude transversale rétrospective portant sur 840 patientes et analyse des résultats de leurs examens cytobactériologiques de prélèvements cervico-vaginaux du 01 janvier 2020 au 31 décembre 2022 au laboratoire du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Joseph Raseta Befelatanana (CHUJRB), Antananarivo, Madagascar. \u0000Résultats: Parmi les 840 patientes, 35 avaient une vaginite aérobie, soit une prévalence d'AV de 4,2%. La vaginite à entérocoques était la plus courante, représentant 48,6% (n=17) des cas d'AV. Concernant les facteurs associés, il n’y avait pas de différence significative dans la prévalence de l’AV entre les femmes de moins de 40 ans (4,4%, 29/653) et les femmes de plus de 40 ans (3,2%, 6/187) (p=0,539); patients hospitalisés (6,6%, 10/152) et non hospitalisés (3,6%, 25/688) (p=0,115); et les femmes enceintes (4,2%, 8/192) et non enceintes (4,2%, 27/648) (p=1.000). La résistance aux antibiotiques varie de 0% (vancomycine) à 90,0% (pénicilline G) pour les bactéries à Gram positif et de 0% (imipénème et amikacine) à 100% (cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacine, céfixime) pou","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"221 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140746715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples in two hospitals in Niger","authors":"O. Abdoulaye, I. Abdoulaye, M. Alassane Halawen, A. K. Ibrahim Mamadou,, S. Maman Sani Falissou, S. Adamou Amatagas, H. Boureima, B. Boubacar Issaka, H. Ide, A. Yacouba, B. Sidi Maman Bacha, S. Chaibou, I. Hamadou, M. L. Harouna Amadou, S. Oumane, M. Doutchi, S. Mamadou","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Background: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a global public health challenge, which is also developing in Niger. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical samples in the biological laboratories of two selected health facilities in Niger. \u0000Methodology: Clinical bacterial isolates were randomly collected from two biological laboratories of Zinder National Hospital and Niamey General Reference Hospital. These were multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria that have been routinely isolated from pathological samples of patients. Molecular detection of resistance genes was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using specific primers. These include plasmid-mediated AmpC beta lactamase genes (blaCITM, blaDHAM, blaFOXM), ‘Cefotaxime-Munich’ type beta lactamase genes (blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-9), KPC-type beta lactamase gene (blaKPC), Oxa-type beta lactamase gene (blaOXA-48), SHV-type beta lactamase gene (blaSHV), TEM-type beta lactamase gene (blaTEM), quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, qnrS), and sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, sul3). \u0000Results: A total of 24 strains of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria isolated from different clinical samples were analysed. The distribution of the resistance genes detected is as follows; AmpC blaCITM (n=6; 25.0%), AmpC blaDHAM (n=4; 17.0%), AmpC blaFOXM (n=0), blaCTX-M-1 (n=11; 46.0%), blaCTX-M-2 (n=0), blaCTX-M-9 (n=0), blaKPC (n=0), blaOXA-48 (n=2; 8..0%), blaSHV (n=5; 21.0%), blaTEM (n=0), qnrA (n=0), qnrB (n=5; 21.0%), qnrS (n=17; 71.0%), sul1 (n=22; 92.0%), sul2 (n=12; 50.0%), and sul3 (n=0). All isolates tested had at least two resistance genes. \u0000Conclusion: The results of this study provide a better understanding of the resistance situation of clinical isolates in Niger. Therefore, it is more than necessary to intensify the detection on a larger number of samples and on a national scale. This will make it possible to assess the true extent of the phenomenon and consequently guide control strategies through a national multisectoral plan. \u0000Contexte: Selon l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS), la résistance bactérienne aux antibiotiques constitue un défi mondial de santé publique, qui se développe également au Niger. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence des gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques chez les bacilles Gram négatif isolés à partir d'échantillons cliniques dans les laboratoires de biologie de deux formations sanitaires sélectionnées au Niger. \u0000Méthodologie: Des isolats bactériens cliniques ont été collectés de manière aléatoire dans deux laboratoires de biologie de l'Hôpital National de Zinder et de l'Hôpital Général de Référence de Niamey. Il s’agissait de bactéries Gram-négatives multirésistantes qui ont été systématiquement isolées à partir d’échantillons pathologiques de patients. La d","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"611 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140750071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B amongst students of Pamo University of Medical Sciences (PUMS), Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria","authors":"G. I. Ogban, A. A. Iwuafor, S. Ushie, U.E. Emanghe, U.E. Edadi, L. Ekpe","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Globally, 296 million people were infected by hepatitis B in 2019, with 1.1 million deaths. Africa is one of the endemic  regions. Good knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B remain pivotal to the biosafety of medical students. This study sought to  determine the levels of knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B among students of Pamo University of Medical Sciences (PUMS), Port  Harcourt, Nigeria, and the predicting factors associated with this knowledge and awareness. The is with the aim of providing  recommendations for improving and sustaining biosafety levels for medical and other health-related students of the University. \u0000Methodology: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional design conducted amongst 528 randomly selected medical students of PUMS,  Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were interviewer-administered to collect socio-demographic information and  participants’ responses to questions on knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B. Data were analysed using SPSS version 26.0 and  relationships of socio-demographic characteristics and predictive factors with knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B were tested using  binary logistic regression analysis with p value for statistical significance set at <0.05. \u0000Results: A total of 528 students participated in the study, 202 (38.3%) males and 326 (61.7%) females. Most participants (296, 56.1%) were  between 15-19 years of age with mean age of 19 ±2.43 years. The mean (±SD) of participants responses with good knowledge of hepatitis  B was 249±121.5 while for good awareness, it was 181±88.3. The percentage average for good knowledge and good awareness was 47.2%  and 34.2% respectively, with positive correlation between knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B (r=0.720, p<0.0001). Age was significantly associated with participants percentage average knowledge (OR=0.77, 95% CI 0.70-0.84, p<0.0001) and awareness of hepatitis  B (OR=0.84, 95%CI 0.78-0.90, p=0.004). No other factor was significantly associated with knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B  except Ijaw tribe (OR=0.4, 95%CI 0.24-0.66, p=0.034) and attendance of Federal Government College (OR=0.4, 95% CI 0.24-0.68, p=0.046).  \u0000Conclusion: The percentage average good knowledge of 47.2% and awareness of 34.2% for hepatitis B in this study are low,  although most participants in the study were between the ages of 15-19 years and in their first and second year of study. This gives room  for improvement in knowledge and awareness of hepatitis B with progression in age and year of training. Good knowledge and  awareness of hepatitis B are central to the biosafety of medical students. It is recommended that the National Universities Commission  (NUC) and the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN) review the current medical school curriculum to increase the teaching of  medical and health-related students that will impact more on knowledge and awareness of infectious diseases and infection prevention  and control.  ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139618209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ribonucleic acid extraction: A mini-review of standard methods","authors":"Oluwadamilare I. Afolabi","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Different techniques have been proposed for RNA extraction, many of which have found extensive use in biological research. The  introduction of these methods has greatly improved molecular diagnostics, drug discovery, and numerous other research and clinical  endeavors. In this review, the working principles of the most commonly used RNA extraction methods for research and clinical  applications are discussed. Current automation efforts and the quest for more efficient and cost-effective methods are highlighted. \u0000  \u0000French title: Extraction de l'acide ribonucléique: une mini-revue des méthodes standards \u0000Différentes techniques ont été proposées pour l’extraction de l’ARN, dont beaucoup ont été largement utilisées dans la recherche  biologique. L'introduction de ces méthodes a considérablement amélioré le diagnostic moléculaire, la découverte de médicaments et de  nombreux autres efforts de recherche et cliniques. Dans cette revue, les principes de fonctionnement des méthodes d’extraction d’ARN  les plus couramment utilisées pour la recherche et les applications cliniques sont discutés. Les efforts d'automatisation actuels et la  recherche de méthodes plus efficaces et plus rentables sont mis en évidence. ","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139618495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discordant rate between empirical antibiotics administered and antimicrobial susceptibility in infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria","authors":"J. Igunma, P.V.O. Lofor","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Early initiation of appropriate antibiotics is key to the effective management of severe bacterial infections. The initiation of  targeted antibiotic therapy is possible only when the causative organism is isolated. As a result, antibiotics are usually administered on an  empirical basis guided by the clinical presentation, local antibiotic guidelines and other relevant histories. Generally, empirical  antibiotics differ for both community- and hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), as a result of which common HAI pathogens such as  Pseudomonas aeruginosa should be deliberately targeted, because most routine antibiotics are ineffective against them. \u0000Methodology: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study involving the review of the clinical consults sent to clinical microbiologists at  the University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH) between January and December 2022. The consults were analyzed for the initial  diagnosis, reasons for the invitation and empirical antibiotics administered. Other relevant informations were obtained from the  laboratory records. Susceptibility profiles of P. aeruginosa isolates were compared with the empirical antibiotics administered. Discordant  empirical antibiotic therapy was defined as the administration of antibiotic regimen with no anti-pseudomonal activity. \u0000Results: Of the  256 consults received over the period of study, P. aeruginosa was isolated from 57 (22.3%) patients as pathogens. Out of this, 24.6%  (n=14) received at least one anti-pseudomonas antibiotic, which puts the total discordant rate at 75.4%. Metronidazole (22.7%) and  ceftriaxone-sulbactam (Tandak) (21.5%) were the most commonly prescribed empirical antibiotics. The most common reason for  consultation was a diagnosis of sepsis at 40.2% followed by pan-resistant isolates at 34.8% \u0000Conclusion: Although the commonly  prescribed antibiotics in our setting are broad spectrum, they lack coverage for P. aeruginosa which is one of the most common  pathogens implicated in HAIs.   \u0000  \u0000French title: Taux de discordance entre les antibiotiques empiriques administrés et la sensibilité aux antimicrobiens dans les infections  causées par Pseudomonas aeruginosa dans un hôpital tertiaire au Nigeria \u0000Contexte: L'instauration précoce d'un traitement antibiotique approprié est essentielle à la prise en charge efficace des infections  bactériennes graves. L’instauration d’une antibiothérapie ciblée n’est possible que lorsque l’organisme causal est isolé. En conséquence,  les antibiotiques sont généralement administrés sur une base empirique, guidée par la présentation clinique, les directives locales en  matière d'antibiotiques et d'autres antécédents pertinents. En général, les antibiotiques empiriques diffèrent à la fois pour les infections nosocomiales et celles nosocomiales (IAS), de sorte que les agents pathogènes courants des IAS, tels que Pseudomonas aeruginosa,  doivent être délibérément ciblés, car la plupart des antibiotiques courants s","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":" 79","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139619410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes among apparently healthy women with normal and abnormal cervical cytology in Kaduna State, Nigeria","authors":"D. Adejo, M. Aminu, E. Ella, O.A. Oguntayo, O. F. Obishakin","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Background: About 99.7% of cervical dysplasia and cancer cases are caused by persistent genital high-risk human papillomavirus  (hrHPV) infection. Most HPV infections are subclinical and self-limiting but may persists in about 5 to 10% of infected women, resulting in  pre-cancerous lesions that can progress to invasive cancer years later. This study is aimed at detecting hrHPV among apparently healthy  women of reproductive age in Kaduna State, thus providing more information for effective control of HPV and cervical cancer in Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: Cervical smears were taken from 515 randomly selected apparently healthy women across selected secondary and tertiary  facilities from 3 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in each Senatorial Zone of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Liquid-based cytology (LBC)  technique was used to collect cervical smears and prepare smears for cytology study, while the remaining samples were stored at -80oC  for molecular studies. HPV DNA were extracted from the samples and amplified by convectional PCR using specific hrHPV (HPV 16,18,31 and 45) primer sets and a broad spectrum MY09/11 and GP5+/6+ primers for a wider range of HPV genotypes. Data were analysed using  the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 and relationship between prevalence of hrHPV and socio-demographic  factors such as age and marital status were determined using Chisquare or Fisher Exact test with p<0.05 considered statistically  significant. \u0000Results: The prevalence of total HPV and hrHPV infections in the study population was 11.8% (61/515) and 9.3% (48/515) respectively. A  total of 100 HPV genotypes were detected by PCR in the 61 positive smears, with 66 hrHPV types from 48 women, and 34 other HPV types  from 13 women. The frequency of hrHPV genotypes detected was HPV 31 (5.8%, n=30), HPV 45 (4.1%, n=21), HPV 16 (1.7%, n=9), and HPV  18 (1.2%, n=6), with other HPV genotypes (6.6%, n=34). The frequency of cervical dysplasia was 6.4% (33/515), which was significantly  associated with all HPV genotypes except HPV 16. Single HPV infection was seen in 31 (51.8%) women while multiple infections were seen  in 30 (49.2%), with double infection in 21 (34.4%) and triple infections in 9 (14.7%). \u0000Conclusion: The prevalence of hrHPV infection was  high among women in Kaduna State, Nigeria. DNA-based screening for hrHPV genotypes and production of new vaccine that will protect  against the predominant hrHPV genotypes are thus recommended for the prevention of cervical cancer in Nigeria, Africa and beyond.   \u0000  \u0000French title: Prévalence des génotypes du virus du papillome humain à haut risque chez les femmes apparemment en bonne santé  présentant une cytologie cervicale normale et anormale dans l'État de Kaduna, au Nigeria  \u0000  \u0000Contexte: Environ 99,7% des cas de dysplasie cervicale et de cancer sont causés par une infection génitale persistante au papillomavirus  humain à haut risque (hrHPV). La plupart des infections au VPH sont subcliniques et sp","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"47 20","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139528149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Faecal carriage of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-PE) in children under five years of age at a tertiary hospital in southwest Nigeria","authors":"S. Abayomi, O.T. Oladibu, O.A. Lawani, K.I. Owolabi, A.O. Alabi, M.O. Onigbinde","doi":"10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v25i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The main reservoir of Enterobacterales is the human gut, which has been reported as a source of hospital acquired  infection. Enterobacterales carrying the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) genes have emerged over the years as significant  multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens, that have hindered effective therapy of infections caused by them, and limited treatment to a small  number of drugs such as carbapenems, leading to selection pressure and emergent resistance to carbapenems. The objective of  this study was to determine the faecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (ESPL-PE) among children under 5 years of age at the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria. \u0000Methodology: A total of 144 children under 5 years of age were consecutively recruited over a period of 5 months from the paediatrics outpatient clinic, children emergency, paediatrics ward, and neonatal unit of the hospital. Rectal swabs were collected from selected  children and transported to the medical microbiology laboratory of the hospital for inoculation on MacConkey agar plates and aerobic  incubation at 37oC for 24 hours. All positive growth on the culture plates were identified by colony morphology, Gram stain reaction and conventional biochemical tests scheme. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disc diffusion method against selected  antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by the double disc synergy test (DDST). Association of risk factors with ESBL-PE faecal  carriage was determined using Chi‑square or Fisher Exact test, with statistical significance set at p< 0.05. \u0000Results: The prevalence of ESBL-PE faecal carriage was 37.5% (54/144), with 34.7% (50/144) for Escherichia coli and 2.1% (3/144) for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The overall resistance rate of both ESBL and non-ESBL producing isolates were to ampicillin (100.0%), amoxicillin- clavulanic acid (96.2%), ceftazidime (94.3%) and ciprofloxacin (90.6%), while resistance to carbapenems was low at 22.2%. Significant risk  factors associated with ESBL-PE faecal carriage were age group 24-59 months (p=0.0187), prior intake of antibiotics (p=0.014), and intake  of antibiotics without prescription (p=0.0159), while gender (p=0.8877), mother’s education level (p=0.3831) and previous hospital visit  (p=0.8669) were not significantly associated with faecal ESBL carriage. \u0000Conclusion: The relatively high faecal carriage rate of ESBL-PE in  children <5 years of age in our study highlights the risk for antimicrobial resistance transmission within the hospital and community.  \u0000  \u0000French title: Transport fécal d'entérobactéries productrices de β-lactamases à spectre étendu (ESBL-PE) chez des enfants de moins de  cinq ans dans un hôpital tertiaire du sud-ouest du Nigéria \u0000  \u0000Contexte: Le principal réservoir d’Enterobacterales est l’intestin humain, qui a été signalé comme source d’infections nosocomiales. Les  Entérobactéries porteuses des gènes des β-","PeriodicalId":7415,"journal":{"name":"African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology","volume":"49 24","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139527646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}