Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America最新文献

{"title":"In-vitro antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia hirta against some clinical isolates","authors":"Kareem Titilope, E. Rashidat","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.169.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.4.169.174","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to investigate the antibacterial activities of both ethanol and water extracts of Euphorbia hirta against some pathogens: Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae. The agar diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activities of the extracts against the pathogens while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by graphical method. Antibacterial sensitivity test indicated that the extracts of E. hirta inhibited the growth of all the organisms to varying degree. Significantly little or no zone of inhibition was observed when E. hirta extracts were tested on H. influenzae. Dry leaf extracts of E. hirta produced the highest zones of inhibition on Salmonella typhi. The dry extracts produced MIC values ranging between 2.78mg/ml to 41.92mg/ml for all the organisms while that of the fresh ethanol extracts ranged from 0.27mg/ml to 20.13mg/ml.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90067065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of wheat yield under different fertilizer types, application and doses at Northern Sudan State","authors":"S. Mahgoub, Y. Ibrahim","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.125.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.125.130","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted during the successive seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Dongola, Northern State, Sudan. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of fertilizer doses, types and application methods on the grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Experimental method is a split-split plot trial with four replications. The main plot was composed of tow methods of fertilizer application (broadcasting and localized placement) in randomized complete block design. Subplots consisted of tow types of compound fertilizers (Urea + Triple super phosphate) and Nitrophoska. Sub-subplots consisted of four doses of each fertilizer. Yield components of wheat which were investigated in this study included number of grains per spike, thousand grains weight, spike index, grain yield and harvest index. In this study the general trend was that the increase in fertilizer dose highly significant increased number of grains per spike in the second season, grain yield in both seasons, but there were no significant difference in thousand grains weight and spike index which were not affected. The results showed that the fertilizer doses significantly decreased harvest index. Generally the results show that there were no significant differences in yield components between the fertilizer types and between the application methods.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81583012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physiological and biochemical responses of five nerica rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) to water deficit at vegetative and reproductive stage","authors":"P. Sikuku, G. Netondo, J. Onyango","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.93.104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.93.104","url":null,"abstract":"Food shortage is a major problem in sub Saharan Africa as population increases. Over 89% of Kenyans are food poor and are malnourished especially in rural areas. NERICA (New Rice for Africa) are high yielding rainfed rice varieties with early maturity and has shown high potential to revolutionize rice farming even in Africa’s stress afflicted ecologies. However, NERICA varieties vary in their response to water deficit. A pot experiment was conducted in 2009 at the Maseno University Botanic garden, to evaluate the responses of five NERICA varieties (NERICA1, NERICA 2, NERICA 3, NERICA 4 and NERICA 5) to water deficit during their vegetative or reproductive stage of their development. The response pattern of physiological and biochemical parameters to water deficit imposed at different growth stages might provide basis for selecting the most tolerant variety to water deficit in order to stabilize yield and solve food crisis. The treatments were; T1-irrigating the pots with a litre of water after every two days (Control), T2-water deficit at vegetative stage in which water was withheld by irrigating the plants using one litre of water after every six days from 30-50 days after planting; T3-water deficit at reproductive stage in which water was withheld by irrigating the plants using one litre of water after every six days from 51-71 days after planting. Water deficit caused a significant reduction in physiological parameters i.e. growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and biochemical parameters i.e. chlorophyll and protein content both at vegetative stage and at reproductive stage. However, Growth parameters i.e. plant height, root length and plant dry weight were affected more by water deficit imposed at the vegetative stage as compared to water deficit imposed at the reproductive stage while chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll content and protein content were affected more by water deficit imposed at reproductive stage as compared to water deficit at reproductive stage. The results indicate that NERICA 2 and 4 were tolerant as compared to NERICA 1, 3 and 5 to water deficit occurring at vegetative stage or reproductive stage because their growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and biochemical parameters were least affected.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72909902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Length-Weight relationship and condition factor of tilapia species grown in marine and fresh water ponds","authors":"A. Nehemia, J. D. Maganira, C. Rumisha","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.117.124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.117.124","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to describe the differences in Length-Weight relationship and condition factor of Tilapia zillii and Oreochromis urolepis urolepis reared in full strength sea water (FSSW) and fresh water (FW) ponds. The environmental condition in FSSW and FW ponds were also analyzed to determine their impacts on Length-Weight relationship and condition factor on both species. The regression coefficient \"b\" exhibit negative allometric growth in FW and positive allometric growth in FSSW for both species. The value of exponent \"b\" and condition factor (K) for T. zillii in FW and FSSW (in the bracket) were found to be 2.94 (3.3) and 2.07 (0.74) respectively. On the other hand the value of exponent \"b\" and condition factor (K) for O. urolepis urolepis in FW and FSSW (in the bracket) were found to be 2.81 (3.46) and 0.86 (0.53) respectively. Though both species performed well in FW, the study also revelead that farming of these tilapia species in FSSW can be feasible if water quality parameters are properly monitored.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79047038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of green manure and NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L) in the mount Cameroon region","authors":"E. Egbe, B. Fonge","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.82.92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.82.92","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out in the Mount Cameroon region to evaluate the effects of green manure and fertilizer on the growth and yield of maize. There were eight treatments: Calliandra prunings, Calliandra prunings + fertilizer (60kg/ha NPK), Gliricidia prunings, Gliricidia prunings + fertilizer, Senna prunings, Senna prunings + fertilizer, fertilizer only (120 kg/ha NPK) and control. Results showed that biomass of prunings in the first pruning was highest in Calliandra (5314kg/ha) and this was significantly different from those of Senna (2909kg/ha) and Gliricidia (2112kg/ha). Nitrogen input from the prunings was highly significant (P<0.05) in Calliandra prunings (217 kgN/ha) and least in Gliricidia species (69.0kgN/ha). Maize grain yield in the different treatments was not significantly different in the first and second planting seasons. The highest grain yield during the third cropping season was observed in Calliandra + fertilizer (4696kg/ha) and least in control (3332kg/ha). It was also noted that nitrogen uptake was highest in plots supplied with fertilizer only and lowest in control. Weed biomass was highest in control and in plots supplied with fertilizer only. Soil chemical changes after three cropping periods showed variable changes in treatments. There was decrease in bulk density in plots supplied with Calliandra prunings.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88602628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ammonium salts on the biodegradation of used transformer oil using locally isolated microorganisms","authors":"A. Ayandele, O. Fagade","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.131.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.3.131.139","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89073935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxicity screening of n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of Lablab purpureus (L.) leaves","authors":"F. Nasrin, I. Bulbul, Y. Begum, Sayema Khanum","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.2.43.48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.2.43.48","url":null,"abstract":"In the present study the antimicrobial & cytotoxic activity of crude extracts (Chloroform, n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate) of leaves of Lablab purpureus L. were studied. Antimicrobial activity was tested against eleven important pathogenic bacteria including both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and three fungi. The bacteria are B. megaterium, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi, S. typhi, Shigella boydii, S. dysenteriae and Vibrio mimicus & V. parahemolyticus. Disc diffusion technique was used for invitro antibacterial and antifungal screening. Here kanamycin disc (30g /disc) was used as standard for antibacterial study. The extracts showed antimicrobial activity against most of the bacterial strains with an average zone of inhibition of 8-20mm. The tested fungi are Saccharromyces cerevaceae, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The extracts showed moderate to good antifungal activity with an average 9 -15 mm zone of inhibition. Among the three solvent extracts used, the most effective extract was found to be n-Hexane extract and maximum activity (20 mm, zone of inhibition) found against Staphylococcus aureus with Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 64g/ml. The maximum zone of inhibition for chloroform extract showed 17mm against Bacillus subtilis and E.coli with MIC 128g/ml and 32g/ml respectively. The maximum zone of inhibition for Ethyl acetate extract showed 17mm against Vibrio mimicus with MIC values of 64g/ml .Cytotoxicity test was also studied by Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay and compare with LC50 values of standard Vincristin sulphate as a positive control. The results illustrated significant cytotoxicity against A. salina, with LC50 13.88µg/ml, 19.17µg/ml and 17.97µg/ml for n-Hexane, Chloroform and Ethyl acetate extracts respectively.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83001823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological study of four populations acridians (Insecta Orthiptera) areaof El-aouana (Jijel-Algeria)","authors":"F. Tekkouk","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.2.57.68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.2.57.68","url":null,"abstract":"The study focuses on Acridoidea Orthoptera recorded in four stations represented in one of the largest sites of the Algerian EL-AOUANA (JIJEL) coastline. The work carried out by sampling from May to December 2006 showed the presence of 22 species in 10 families. The similarity and distance matrices indicate that station fact sheet (S1) is almost similar with the (S3) fallow and cultivated environment (S4) .about the basis of ranks frequencies, the vegetation distribution diagrams shows the existence of four groups of locust corresponding to the 4 studied stations. The analysis of the levels for the resulting integration of the classification of the stations shows that can hold two separate groups of stations.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87949214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacological action of integument extracts of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus on albino mice","authors":"M. Al-Dosary, K. Tahir","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.2.49.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.2.49.56","url":null,"abstract":"Extracts were prepared from the tergum and sternum of male and female red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, using acetone, chloroform and diethyl ether. Pharmacological actions were examined in mice. All of the extracts showed certain behavioral actions that included central nervous system inhibition and stimulation with no effects on pain perception or temperature regulation.Two of the extracts labeled numbers 1 and 2 (acetone and chloroform extracts of the female insect tergum) were found to exhibit cardiac depressant effects. Extract No.1 induced time- dependent bradycardia ( up to 40% inhibition of heart rate) that was significantly antagonized by atropine. It also enhanced calcium chloride- induced bradycardia in mice. Insect extract No.2 also exhibited cardiac depressant effect (up to 37.5%bradycardia) that was not affected by atropine.The extract significantly blocked calcium chloride-induced bradycardia. Extracts No.1 and 2 seemed to contain muscarinic and calcium channel bloking components, respectively. Isolation of these components may pave the way for discovery of potential cardiac depressants that may be useful in treatment of certain cardiac dysrrhythmias.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90619536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic variability of body composition traits in Sudanese Native large Beladi Chicken","authors":"A. Khalid, Ibrahim Saeed Yousif, Mahmoud I Omer, K. Elamin","doi":"10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.2.69.76","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2012.3.2.69.76","url":null,"abstract":"This work was conducted to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters for body weight, carcass traits and visceral portions of the native large Beladi chicken. Data set consisted of 1114 observations obtained from 50 sires and 150 dams were analyzed using Harvey’s SLMLMW (1990) to obtain variance and covariance components for genetic parameters estimates. The average body weight at twelve weeks of age (800.74± 162.98g) was lower than that of exotic strains at slaughter age. The results exhibited significant differences between sexes for all traits measured with males being heavier than females. As proportion of body weight at 12 weeks of age the hot carcass weight was 63.30 percent, whereas breast, thigh, drum and leg constituted 24.60, 15.50, 14.70 and 30.10 percents of the cold carcass weight respectively. Moreover, the abdominal fat, gizzard, heart, liver and shanks represented 0.72, 2.4, 0.55, 2.38 and 4.04 percents of live body weight at 12 weeks of age respectively. The heritability estimates for body weight at 12 weeks of age and carcass traits ranged from moderate to high. This indicates the possibility of improving these traits in local chicken using selection procedures. The heritability estimates for visceral portions were low. The genetic correlation estimates for body weight and carcass traits, body weight and abdominal fat and carcass weight and abdominal fat were high and positive. Therefore attempts to improve body weight in indigenous chicken may lead to concomitant increase in carcass traits including abdominal fat. Keyword: Body composition, Genetic variability, Native chicken.","PeriodicalId":7409,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90515759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}