{"title":"Advances in the Research on Brown Carbon Aerosols: Its Concentrations, Radiative Forcing, and Effects on Climate","authors":"Shuai Li, Hua Zhang, Zhili Wang, Yonghang Chen","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.220336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220336","url":null,"abstract":"Brown carbon (BrC) are important light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols in the atmosphere, and it is of great significance to study the climate effects of BrC for regional or global climate change. This paper reviews recent advances in research on the radiative forcing of BrC, its effects on temperature and precipitation, and snow/ice albedo. Recent research suggests that: (1) Climate effects of aerosols can be represented more accurately when including BrC absorption in climate models; the regions with the highest global mean surface BrC concentrations estimated by models are mostly Southeast Asia and South America (biomass burning), East Asia and northeast India (biofuel burning), and Europe and North America (secondary sources); estimates of BrC radiative forcing are quite erratic, with a range of around 0.03–0.57 W m –2 . (2) BrC heating lead to tropical expansion and a reduction in deep convective mass fluxes in the upper troposphere; cloud fraction and cloud type have a substantial impact on the heating rate estimates of BrC. The inclusion of BrC in the model results in a clear shift in the cloud fraction, liquid water path, precipitation, and surface flux. BrC heating decreases precipitation on a global scale, particularly in tropical regions with high convective and precipitation intensity, but different in some regions. (3) Uncertain optical properties of BrC, mixing ratio of radiation-absorbing aerosols in snow, snow grain size and snow coverage lead to higher uncertainties and lower confidence in the simulated distribution and radiative forcing of BrC in snow than BC. To reduce the uncertainty of its climate effects, future research should focus on improving model research, creating reliable BrC emission inventories, and taking into account the photobleaching and lense effects of BrC.","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70294181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheng-Lun Lin, Hongjie Zhang, M. Lin, Shih-Wei Huang
{"title":"The Unignorable Near-ground PM2.5, UFP, PAHs, and BC Levels around a Traffic Prohibited Night Market","authors":"Sheng-Lun Lin, Hongjie Zhang, M. Lin, Shih-Wei Huang","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.220331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220331","url":null,"abstract":"In some special densely populated areas, the background atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) concentration is very high, which makes near-ground (NG) exposure a major problem endangering human health. In our study, the night market in Chiayi City was selected as the research object and collected the 24-hour PM 2.5 samples through the federal reference method (FRM), characterizing the mass concentration, water-soluble ionic components, carbon specious, metal compositions and source contributions of PM 2.5 . To better analyze the contribution of traffic sources under different sampling conditions, the mobile real-time monitoring system was used to analyze the quality of NG-PM 2.5 , the number of ultra-fine particles (UFP), the concentration of black carbon (BC) and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) before and after the traffic restriction. Results indicated the concentration of PM 2.5 was 7.26 – 58.6 mg m – 3 . In chemical analysis, secondary contents e.g., carbonaceous and ionic components accounted for ~ 60% of the PM 2.5 , supporting the importance of long-range transport. However, the traffic contribution accounted for ~ 30% and hardly changed between different samples, which was not conducive to source apportionment. Through traffic restriction, it was found that all kinds of pollutants increased significantly before restriction, and even after restriction, the concentrations of PM 2.5 and BC increased 131% and 151% in low concentration season. In the high concentration season, the traffic restriction significantly reduced the NG-UFP and NG-PAH concentration by 27% and 55%, respectively, but NG-BC and NG-PM 2.5 was almost unaffected. Therefore, besides the contribution of traffic source, emissions from cooking activities are very important for the increase of NG-PM 2.5 levels in the night market area.","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70294551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effects of Synthesis Conditions on Rare Earth Doped Iron Oxide Catalyst for Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with NH3","authors":"Ying Wei, Bingquan Wang, Ruiyi Ren, Rui Wang","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.220438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220438","url":null,"abstract":"A series of rare earth-doped Fe-based oxide catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method as Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalysts. The effects of the various rare earth species, doping amount of Sm, calcination temperature and the kind of precipitant on the deNO x activity of the catalysts were systematically investigated. The SO 2 resistance performance was tested on the optimal catalyst. The catalysts have been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), The X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunner Emmet Teller (BET). The results showed that the doping of Sm significantly improves the removal efficiency of Fe-based oxides. Sm 0.075 Fe 0.925 catalyst showed the optimal deNO x performance and excellent resistance to SO 2 . At the optimal doping rate (0.075), the denitrification rate was close to 100% between 200 and 250 ° C. The calcination temperature has a significant effect on the catalyst. The order of catalytic activity for different calcination temperatures was 350 ° C ≈ 400 ° C > 450 ° C > 500 ° C. The Sm 0.075 Fe 0.925 achieved 100% the de-NOx efficiencies at calcination temperatures of 350–400 ° C. It was also found that the deNO x performance of the catalyst prepared by using NH 3 ·H 2 O as the precipitating agent was better than the catalyst prepared by using (NH 3 ) 2 CO 3 or NaOH as the precipitating agent. Normally a small amount of SO 2 would render the catalyst inactive, but the Sm 0.075 Fe 0.925 catalyst was basically regenerated after 0.05% SO 2 removal in this resistance test.","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Novel Sustainable Semiconductor/Metal-organic Framework Coated Electret Filter for Simultaneous Removal of PM2.5 and VOCs","authors":"Yu Zhang, Zan Zhu, Wei-Ning Wang, S. Chen","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.220445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220445","url":null,"abstract":"A MIL-125-NH 2 metal-organic framework (MOF) coated electret filter, named E-MOFilter, was previously developed to simultaneously remove PM 2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 µ m in aerodynamic diameter) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs, e","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70295995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheng-Lun Lin, Yunzhou Deng, M. Lin, Shih-Wei Huang
{"title":"Do the Street Sweeping and Washing Work for Reducing the Near-ground Levels of Fine Particulate Matter and Related Pollutants?","authors":"Sheng-Lun Lin, Yunzhou Deng, M. Lin, Shih-Wei Huang","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.220338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220338","url":null,"abstract":"This research focuses on the properties of near-ground fine particles (PM 2.5 ), ultrafine particles (UFP), black carbon (BC), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in traffic area. The effects of street sweeping and washing on pollutant levels are evaluated. The X Road with sewage ditch was selected for the stationary samplings to determine the differences between the atmospheric PM 2.5 mass concentration, their composition, and potential sources before/after street cleaning processes, as well as the effect of the sewage existence. Results show that there were certain reductions of PM 2.5 after the street washing, especially for the road section with drainage ditch. The chemical mass balance model then pointed out the traffic contribution on PM 2.5 significantly reduced on the downwind site (from 25.7% to 16.5%). Besides, the spatial distribution of the near-ground PM 2.5 , UFP, BC, and PAHs were monitored by a mobile platform on an appropriate long, straight, and not heavily traffic Road Y. The monitoring took place at 1 h-before, during washing/sweeping, at 1 h-after, at 1 d-after, at 2 d-after three cleaning strategies, including only sweeping, washing-before-sweeping, and sweeping-before-washing. The monitoring then mapped out the hot spot distribution of pollutants. The PM 2.5 mass, UFP number, BC, and PAH concentrations before the street sweeping is 155 µ g m –3 , 1.2 × 104 # cm –3 , BC 3633 ng m –3 , and 36 ng m –3 . The UFP number concentration of suspended particles after street washing had a trend to reduce, avoided the deterioration of air quality. The strategy, “sweeping-before-washing”, was the best operation method among three to suppress the UFP number concentration by 42%, while all three strategies could effectively reduce the PAH levels. The primary pollutants are more easily reduced by the street-cleaning process, while the secondary one did not.","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70294243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Hini, Kexin Gao, Yi Zheng, Maimaiti Simayi, S. Xie
{"title":"Emission Characteristics, OFPs, and Mitigation Perspectives of VOCs from Refining Industry in China's Petrochemical Bases","authors":"G. Hini, Kexin Gao, Yi Zheng, Maimaiti Simayi, S. Xie","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.220347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220347","url":null,"abstract":"China's petroleum refining industry has set off another climax and has entered a new rapid development by building seven petrochemical bases. Sector-based volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the refining industry in seven petrochemical-developed provinces in China were estimated for 1990–2019 and projected for 2020–2030 under the business-as-usual (BAU), new policy control (NPC), and the highest control (HC) scenarios. Furthermore, speciated VOCs and their ozone formation potentials (OFP) were estimated in 2019. Total VOC emissions from existing refineries were 541.14 Gg in 2019, of which 43.9%, 31.3%, 18.3%, and 6.6% were from fugitive, end-of-pipe, tank storage, and wastewater treatment sources, respectively. Alkanes were the most dominant compound in refineries, accounting for 55.2% of total emissions, followed by alkenes (18.9%) and aromatics (12.5%). Alkenes were the highest contributor to OFP, accounting for 59.5% of total OFP, followed by alkanes (22.3%) and aromatics (13.7%). n-Butane, ethylene, cis-2-Butene, n-Decane, and n-Pentane were the top five species with the highest emissions, accounting for approximately 50% of total emissions. Whilst, ethylene, cis-2-Butene, n-Pentane, n-Butane, and m/p-Xylene were the top five species with the highest contribution to OFPs, accounting for approximately 78% of total OFPs. In 2030, 741.03 and 165.28 Gg more VOC will be released than in 2019 under a non-control condition and the BAU scenario. It is estimated that 75.05 and 228.67 Gg of VOC from all refineries can be reduced under the NPC 2030 and the HC 2030 scenarios. To effectively reduce VOC emissions from refining industries, priority should be given to fugitive emissions by improving and upgrading the production processes and implementing enhanced leak detection and Repair system. More efficient control technologies should be invented for end-of-pipe sources. Vapor recovery systems and secondary seals have great potential for VOC emission reduction from storage tanks.","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70294640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"VOC Emissions from a Rendering Plant and Evaluation for Removal of Pentanal by Oxidization Using Hydrogen Peroxide","authors":"W. Cheng, Chun-Hung Lin, C. Yuan, K.L. Chang","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.220440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.220440","url":null,"abstract":"Rendering plants treat dead livestock and produce grease and bone meal. In a rendering plant, the cooking and drying processes are the main sources of odor emissions. Non-fresh dead livestock reduce the performance of odor control devices, and in Taiwan, the treatment facilities in a rendering plant mostly are operated in a batch feeding, which causes volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in the exhausted gas, that always caused complaints from the nearby neighborhood. This study used respectively ozone and hydrogen peroxide to evaluate the removal efficiencies of pentanal, hexanal and toluene those are common VOCs in the rendering exhaustion. Experimental results indicated that ozone could not effectively reduce aldehydes and toluene, and the residual ozone remaining in the exhaust gas is a secondary air pollutant and irritate the human respiratory tracts. Oppositely, hydrogen peroxide effectively removed pentanal as a feasible VOC treatment oxidant by adding into a contact reactor. When the pentanal exhaustion concentration from the rendering process was around 36.23 ppm in the flue with the flow rates from 100 to 250 Nm 3 min –1 , the reaction rate constant of pentanal for the first-order reaction by aqueous hydrogen peroxide of 1,000 mg L –1 was obtained as 0.536 1 s –1 , and then the pentanal reduced to 0.68 to 2 ppm. Based on the simulation using the Gaussian dispersion model, the concentration ranges of pentanal in the exhausted stream resulted in the pentanal emission rate lower than 0.01 g s –1 , which no longer causes surrounding residents’ complaints.","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70296024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oyun-Erdene Otgonbyamba, G. Ganbat, Ser-Od Khuyag, Enkhjargal Altangerel, Bilguun Ganbold, Altangadas Bayanjargal, Altangerel Bat-Erdene, Bataa Chuluunbaatar, B. Badrakh, S. Batbaatar
{"title":"Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds for Children in Indoor Air, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia","authors":"Oyun-Erdene Otgonbyamba, G. Ganbat, Ser-Od Khuyag, Enkhjargal Altangerel, Bilguun Ganbold, Altangadas Bayanjargal, Altangerel Bat-Erdene, Bataa Chuluunbaatar, B. Badrakh, S. Batbaatar","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.230028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.230028","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured indoors for the first time in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, and quantifies the health risk for children emphasizing the urgent need to improve control for indoor VOCs sources. The 583 samples collected at 144 sites, including new buildings, old apartments, schools, workplaces, kindergartens, baishin, and Mongolian traditional gers , hospitals, schools, and shopping centers are analyzed. Formaldehyde was detected in 95.7% of the samples, while benzene was in 24.2%. The levels of benzene, toluene, and xylene in new and old buildings and apartments exceed the recommended values of AGÖF for volatile organic compounds in indoor air. The probabilistic Monte Carlo simulation method was used to estimate the risk exposure of four types of VOCs (benzene, formaldehyde, toluene, and m,p-xylene) to the health of the study population. The risk of cancer for benzene and formaldehyde is high in the age group of 7 months–4 years, m,p-xylene, and toluene show non-cancer risk in this age group.","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70296727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Analysis of Non-linear Relationship of PM2.5 Mass Concentration with Aerosol Extinction Coefficient and RH in Hefei, China","authors":"Yinan Chen, Shiguo Zhang, Yonghua Wu, Kee Yuan, Jian Huang, Dongfeng Shi, Shunxing Hu","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.230139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.230139","url":null,"abstract":"Optical remote sensing of PM2.5 concentration complements ground-based in situ sampler observations and depends on aerosol extinction-to-mass conversion and meteorological factors. Based on Mie scattering theory, we derived a non-linear analytical expression among the PM2.5 mass concentration, aerosol extinction coefficient, and hygroscopic factor. We analyzed 1-year data of aerosol size distribution, PM2.5, visibility, and relative humidity (RH) and refined the exponential factors for improving PM2.5 estimated from the aerosol extinction coefficient in Hefei, China. Aerosol size distribution data on adjacent days were used to approximate the hygroscopic factors of the aerosols. The measured PM2.5 in 2020 was used to refine the exponential factors relevant to the large aerosol extinction coefficient and RH in the analytical function. Next, we evaluated the derived PM2.5 from aerosol extinction with the tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM), which independently observed PM2.5 in January 2021; their comparisons indicated good consistency and strong correlation with a linear correlation coefficient of R2=0.76. Finally, by applying the analytical function of PM2.5 and aerosol extinction, we obtained the spatial and vertical distribution of PM2.5 from the NASA/CALIPSO-observed aerosol extinction profiles, which showed reasonable agreement and good correlation with the TEOM-measured PM2.5 in several major cities in Anhui Province, China.","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"318 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135059410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comparison of Aerosol Acidity Based on a Direct Measurement Method and a Chemical Thermodynamic Model","authors":"Qinping Song, Kazuo Osada","doi":"10.4209/aaqr.230096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.230096","url":null,"abstract":"Aerosol acidity is an important parameter in aerosol science that affects many chemical reactions in the atmosphere, and it is often estimated using chemical thermodynamic models. The Extended Aerosol Inorganic Model IV (E-AIM IV) is frequently used for this purpose; however, due to the limited number of available direct measurement methods of aerosol acidity, there is still a certain degree of uncertainty with regard to how accurately the simulation results reflect reality. In this study, a new pH testing paper method for the direct measurement of aerosol pH is used to measure the pH (pHmeas) of aerosol particle samples. Based on the data of the ionic constituents of the samples, the E-AIM IV model is then used to estimate aerosol pH (pHest). This study provides a comparison of pHmeas and pHest, revealing that the relationship is satisfactorily approximated by a simple linear regression of pHest = 1.05pHmeas + 0.38 (R2 = 0.90). The strong correlation and slope very close to unity indicate that the pH testing paper method corroborates the outputs of the E-AIM IV model.","PeriodicalId":7402,"journal":{"name":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135653426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}