Journal of the Royal Society of Health最新文献

{"title":"Non-group A streptococci: are they pathogens in the throat?","authors":"M N Chowdhury,&nbsp;A M Kambal,&nbsp;Y A al-Eissa,&nbsp;M R Khaliq,&nbsp;I H al-Ayed,&nbsp;A M al-Sanie","doi":"10.1177/146642409711700307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A total of 3,184 paediatric patients with sporadic pharyngitis was studied at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. In addition, 478 children without pharyngitis who were matched for age and sex were included as controls. Group A beta-haemolytic streptococci (beta HS) were detected significantly more often among the children with pharyngitis than among the controls (8.4% vs 2.3%; p < 0.0001). In contrast, total non-group A and group C beta HS were isolated at lower frequency from the sick than control children (0.9% vs 2.5% and 0.2% vs 1.2% respectively; p < 0.01) while other non-group A beta HS such as groups B, G and F were each isolated in similar frequency from both the sick and control children. We conclude that non-group A beta HS appear not to be as important as aetiological agents of sporadic pharyngitis in these children.</p>","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 3","pages":"160-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642409711700307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20141618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Home visits to elderly patients in Saudi Arabia.","authors":"S A al Shammari","doi":"10.1177/146642409711700309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study was conducted to examine the perception of participating physicians in hospital and primary health care (PHC) on the nature of illness that requires home visits, type and job description of health personnel that should make home visits and other prerequisites needed for successful home visits. A predesigned questionnaire consisting of demographic and professional characteristics of doctors was sent confidentially to randomly selected PHC and hospital doctors during the period January to June 1994. The respondents were asked to give their opinion on the categories of health problems that necessitate home visits, job descriptions of various professionals needed and the prerequisites for the successful running of home visits. Three hundred and ninety-six PHC and 238 hospital doctors participated in the study. PHC doctors were younger, having more females and less qualified than hospital doctors. Both PHC doctors and hospital doctors gave priority to bed-ridden patients and lowest priority to mobile chronically ill patients. PHC doctors were more keen on home visits than hospital doctors. More PHC doctors than their hospital counterparts would like nurses and health visitors to be involved in nursing procedures performed at home except when it comes to notifying doctors about patients' problems. In case of stroke more hospital doctors would like physiotherapists to be involved than PHC doctors and vice versa in the case of osteoarthritis. Most PHC doctors preferred occupational therapists involvement in training patients and the modification of their environment to lead independent lives. More hospital doctors than their PHC counterparts preferred afternoon sessions for home visits. The respondents' views in the present study can be made use of in establishing a home visit programme to the Saudi elderly to need of such services. In addition, the number, qualifications and responsibilities of the various professionals involved in the visit should be re-evaluated after adequate implementation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 3","pages":"174-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642409711700309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20141620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Female circumcision and its health implications: a study of the Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.","authors":"R D Ebong","doi":"10.1177/146642409711700206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A total of 400 subjects was randomly selected from 40 villages in the Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State for the study. The purposes of the study were to: i. identify the 'established benefits' of female circumcision; ii. identify the health hazards that accompany the practice; and iii. create awareness among community members of the ill-effects of the practice. The study discovered a strong belief in the established benefits and poor appreciation of the health hazards of female circumcision by the participants. Recommendations were made for more efforts in public health education programmes on the ill-effects of the practice. Studies were also recommended to be conducted in other parts of the country to assess the level of awareness on the ill-effects of such an operation and the institution of educational programmes where applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 2","pages":"95-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642409711700206","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20168906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and attitudes to HIV and AIDS and sexual practices among university students in Lusaka, Zambia and London, England: are they so different?","authors":"R Baggaley,&nbsp;F Drobniewski,&nbsp;A Pozniak,&nbsp;D Chipanta,&nbsp;M Tembo,&nbsp;P Godfrey-Faussett","doi":"10.1177/146642409711700205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700205","url":null,"abstract":"Surveys conducted among university students in Lusaka, Zambia, and London, England, in 1993-94 revealed comparable AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and sexual practices, despite vast differences between the two countries in AIDS prevalence. Questionnaires were completed by 946 seniors and 294 new students from the University of Zambia in 1993 and 1994 and by 100 seniors and 117 new students from London University in 1994. Both groups of students were quite knowledgeable about transmission of HIV through semen, blood, and vaginal fluid; however, 50% in both settings believed saliva transmits HIV. Although more than two-thirds of Lusaka students, compared with one-fourth of London students, knew or had known someone with HIV, British students had more compassionate, less judgmental attitudes toward AIDS patients. 90% of Lusakan but under 50% of London students worried about catching HIV. By their senior year, 61% of female and 85% of male students in Zambia had had one or more sexual partner compared with 73% and 76%, respectively, in London. 66% of Lusakan and 75% of London students used condoms most of the time with casual partners; with regular partners, these rates were only 23% and 35%, respectively. Lusakan students were less likely than their London counterparts to discuss HIV with their partners. 75% of students in both countries had received some type of AIDS education, but the majority expressed an interest in additional counseling. Recommended, in both settings, are university-based AIDS education programs, with particular emphasis on the importance of condom use with all sexual partners.","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 2","pages":"88-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642409711700205","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20168905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A need to reduce the radon gas hazard in the UK.","authors":"D S Papworth","doi":"10.1177/146642409711700203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700203","url":null,"abstract":"often involves an emotive treatment of the subject. This is understandable because of the fears generated over the past 50 years by nuclear weapons and nuclear power generation. In understanding radioactivity, however, there has to be an appreciation of where it comes from and what distinguishes it from other r forms s of radiation. Radioactivity is radiation that originates in the nucleus of an atom. There are several","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 2","pages":"75-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642409711700203","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20168903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social marketing: a tool not a solution.","authors":"A Montazeri","doi":"10.1177/146642409711700209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a longstanding debate on the contribution of social marketing to public health in general, and to health education and health promotion in particular. This paper presents further discussion from a public health point of view and concludes that priority should be given to health-oriented approaches rather than market-oriented strategies. It is argued that, at best, social marketing is a tool not a solution for health education's and health promotion's problems. To communicate health education messages effectively and efficiently, health needs assessment is recommended as a way forward. It is a public health approach and contains a range of flexible methods in the implementation of health education/promotion programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 2","pages":"115-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642409711700209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20168129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational disease and injury and state compensation.","authors":"A Brooks","doi":"10.1177/146642409711700211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700211","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 2","pages":"123-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642409711700211","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20168131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis and the cow.","authors":"J M Grange,&nbsp;C H Collins","doi":"10.1177/146642409711700210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700210","url":null,"abstract":"The debate about the transmission of tuberculosis from badgers to cattle, which commenced in the early 1970s, has overshadowed the study of human tuberculosis due to the bovine tubercle bacillus, the two-way transmission of the disease between humans and bovines and the role of the former as a reservoir of the disease. The causative organism of tuberculosis, variously known as consumption and phthisis, defied identification until 1882 when Robert Koch published his milestone paper ’Die Aetiologie der Tuberkulose’ in which he described its isolation from both human and bovine material. He did not give it a scientific name but simply referred to it as the ’Tuberkelbazillus’. It was named Bacillus tuberculosis by Zopf ( 188 3 ) and was given its currently valid title Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Lehmann and Neumann (1896). The generic name, meaning fungusbacterium, is an allusion to its fungus-like growth on liquid media. A few years later, an American, Theobald Smith, observed certain morphological and cultural differences between tubercle bacilli isolated from humans and cattle. He referred to these as the ’human’ and ’bovine’ varieties although he warned against the assumption that they were restricted to the hosts after which he named them (Smith, 1898). These varietal names remained in common use for over 70 years, until Karlson and Lessel (1970) proposed the taxon Mycobacterium bovis, which was included in the ’Approved Lists of Bacterial Names’ (Skerman et al, 1980). Some bacteriologists doubt the validity of this separate species and also of another tubercle bacillus, M africanum (Castets et al, 1969), considering them to be variants of M tuberculosis. Although recent studies on genomic relatedness support this view, the separate species names remain in use but they are often grouped together under the unsatisfactory term M tuberculosis complex. Soon after the discovery of the human and bovine tubercle bacilli, ’avian tubercle bacilli’ were isolated from birds and ’coldblooded tubercle bacilli’ from reptiles and amphibians. These terms are obsolete as the organisms now bear specific names. These bacilli, in common with many other mycobacterial species, are essentially environmental saprophytes whereas s","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 2","pages":"119-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642409711700210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20168130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Work-related stress: implications for the employer.","authors":"D A Grayham","doi":"10.1177/146642409711700204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/146642409711700204","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper considers many of the aspects of work-related stress, including problems of definition, the legal duties and responsibilities of employers towards their employees concerning stress. It includes an outline of some of the possible financial consequences (and legal penalties) if employers do not, so far as is reasonably practicable, take appropriate action to remove, reduce or alleviate work-related stressors affecting their employees' health. The paper concludes with a summary of a range of coping strategies which will assist employers to comply with legislative requirements and duties.</p>","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 2","pages":"81-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/146642409711700204","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20168904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tuberculosis: a spectre has returned.","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73989,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Royal Society of Health","volume":"117 2","pages":"73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20168902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}