Journal of immunological sciences最新文献

{"title":"Polio Outbreak Investigation and Response in The Horn of Africa: 2013-2016.","authors":"Samuel Okiror,&nbsp;Abraham Mulugeta,&nbsp;Iheoma Onuekwusi,&nbsp;Fiona Braka,&nbsp;Sylvesta Malengemi,&nbsp;John Burton,&nbsp;Rustam Hydarav,&nbsp;Brigitte Toure,&nbsp;Bob Davis,&nbsp;Carolyn Gathenji,&nbsp;Chidiadi Nwogu,&nbsp;Joseph Okeibunor","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2021/S2.1104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2021/S2.1104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There has been civil strife, spanning more than two decades in some countries and recurrent natural disasters in the Horn of Africa (HoA). This has consistently maintained these countries in chronic humanitarian conditions. More important however is the fact that these crises have also denied populations of these countries access to access to lifesaving health services. Children in the difficult terrains and security compromised areas are not given the required immunization services to build their immunity against infectious diseases like the poliovirus. This was the situation in 2013 when the large outbreaks of poliovirus occurred in the HoA. This article reviews the epidemiology, risk, and programme response to what is now famed as the 2013-204 poliovirus outbreaks in the HoA and highlights the challenges that the programme faced in interrupting poliovirus transmission here.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A case of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) was defined as a child <15 years of age with sudden onset of fever and paralysis. Polio cases were defined as AFP cases with stool specimens positive for WPV.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2013 and 2016, when transmission was interrupted 20,266 polio viruses were in the Horn of Africa region. In response to the outbreak, several supplementary immunization activities were conducted with oral polio vaccine (OPV) The trivalent OPV was used initially, followed subsequently by bivalent OPV, and targeting various age groups, including children aged <5 years, children aged <10 years, and individuals of any age. Other response activities were undertaken to supplement the immunization in controlling the outbreak. Some of these activities included the use of various communication strategies to create awareness, sensitize and mobilize the populations against poliovirus transmission.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The outbreaks were attributed to the existence of clusters of unvaccinated children due to inaccessibility to them by the health system, caused by poor geographical terrain and conflicts. The key lesson therefore is that the existence of populations with low immunity to infections will necessary constitutes breeding grounds for disease outbreak and of course reservoirs to the vectors. Though brought under reasonable control, the outbreaks indicate that the threat of large polio outbreaks resulting from poliovirus importation will remain constant unless polio transmission is interrupted in the remaining polio-endemic countries of the world.</p>","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7610730/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38953117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation Exercises To Strengthen Polio Outbreak Preparedness in The Horn of Africa: Experiences and Lessons Learnt.","authors":"Samuel Okiror,&nbsp;Chidiadi Nwogu,&nbsp;Obianuju Igweonu,&nbsp;Rustam Hydarov,&nbsp;Djiboui Karim,&nbsp;Farkhard Imambakiev,&nbsp;John Ogange,&nbsp;Annet Kisakye,&nbsp;Joseph Okeibunor,&nbsp;Hemant Shukla","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2021/S2.1107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2021/S2.1107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Poliovirus importations and related outbreaks occurred in the Horn of Africa (HoA) following an initial outbreak, which started in Somalia, spread into Kenya within ten days and later into Ethiopia and gradually to other countries in the region. National preparedness plans for responding to poliovirus introduction were insufficient in many countries of the Region. We describe a series of polio outbreak simulation exercises that were implemented to formally test polio outbreak preparedness plans in the HoA countries, as a step to interrupting further transmission.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Polio Outbreak Simulation Exercises (POSEs) were designed and implemented. The results were evaluated and recommendations made. The roles of outbreak simulation exercises in maintaining regional polio-free status were assessed. In addition, we performed a comprehensive review of the national plans of all for seven countries in the HoA Region.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seven simulation exercises, delivered between 2016 and 2017 revealed that participating countries were generally prepared for poliovirus introduction, but the level of preparedness needed improvement. The areas in particular need of strengthening were national preparedness plans, initial response, plans for securing vaccine supply, and communications.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Polio outbreak simulation exercises can be valuable tools to help maintain polio-free status and should be extended to other high-risk countries and subnational areas in the HoA Region and elsewhere. There is also need to standardize the process and methods for conducting POSE for comparability.</p>","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7610728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38953118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of Polio Outbreak Response in Kenya, 2013 to 2015.","authors":"Chidiadi Nwogu, Johnny Musyoka, Carolyne Gathenji, Rosemary Nzunza, Iheoma Onuekwusi, Joseph Okeibunor, Pascal Mkanda, Hemant Shukla, Shaikh Humayun Kabir, Sam O Okiror","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2021/S2.1103","DOIUrl":"10.29245/2578-3009/2021/S2.1103","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Globally, tremendous improvement has been made in Polio eradication since its inception in 1988. For the third time in a decade, Kenya has experienced a Polio outbreak along the border with Somalia. The affected areas were in Garissa County, replete with previous occurrences in 2006 and 2012. This article, give an account of series of events and activities that were used to stop the transmission within 13 weeks, an interval between the first and the last case of the 2013 outbreak.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In an attempt to stop further transmission and time bound closure of the outbreak, many activities were brought to fore: the known traditional methods, innovative approaches, improved finances and surge capacity. These assisted in case detection, implementation, and coordination of activities. The external outbreak assessments and the six-monthly technical advisory group recommendations were also employed.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>There were increased case detections of >=2/100,000, stool adequacy >=80%, due to enhanced surveillance, timely feedbacks from laboratory investigation and diagnosis. Sustained coverage in supplemental immunisation of > 90%, ensured that immune profile of >=3 polio vaccine doses was quickly attained to protect the targeted population, prevent further polio infection and eventual reduction of cases coming up with paralysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Overall, the outbreak was stopped within the 120 days of the first case using 14 rounds of supplemental immunisation activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7610717/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38886725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine Storm and its Implication in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","authors":"C. Datta, A. Bhattacharjee","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2020/2.1190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2020/2.1190","url":null,"abstract":"Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is a viral disease caused by novel corona virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) on March 11, 2020. Initial studies have shown the molecular resemblances in the receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 which bind angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) receptors and helps the virus to enter into the host cells to cause infection. Illness caused by COVID19 ranges from mild common cold to life threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ dysfunction and shock. The key step in converting mild disease to severe is immune dysfunction and cytokine dysregulation resulting in “cytokine storm syndrome”. Clinical investigations in patients with COVID-19 have shown that a strong upregulation of cytokine and interferon production is common feature in SARS-CoV2-induced pneumonia, with an associated cytokine storm syndrome. Consequently, spotting of existing approved therapies with proper safety profiles to treat hyperinflammation is very essential in order to reduce COVID-19 associated mortality. Till date, no specific therapeutic drugs or vaccines are available to treat COVID-19. In this review, we intended to describe how cytokine storm is associated with the severity of COVID-19 disease and also tried to find out the best possible way to manage the hyperinflammatory response due to cytokine storm during COVID-19 infection using several interleukin receptor antagonists, inhibitors, intravenous immunoglobulins, cytokine adsorption device and repurposing of pre-existing antiviral and some antimalarial drugs etc. Cytokine Storm and its Implication in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83939218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 Subversion of the Antiviral Interferon Alpha-Response of Lung Macrophages?","authors":"M. Kloc, R. Ghobrial, J. Kubiak","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2020/2.1189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2020/2.1189","url":null,"abstract":"The interferons (IFNs) are the main antiviral immune factors. Currently, various IFNs therapies are used for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV), cancer, and autoimmune diseases. Recently, it has been suggested that IFN-α therapy should be used to lessen the respiratory symptoms in the SARS-CoV-2 virusinfected (COVID-19) patients. The SARS-CoV-2 enters the cells by binding to the Angiotensinconverting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which by recognizing the spike S1 protein of the virus, acts as a virus receptor. Because the expression of ACE2 is induced by IFN-α, the SARS-CoV-2 virus may exploit the anti-viral response by subverting the IFN functions to further its own propagation and infectability. We discuss here how the SARS-CoV-2 may also subvert the immune response of the lung macrophages, which also express ACE2, to exacerbate the severity of the COVID-19 respiratory symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 Subversion of the Antiviral Interferon Alpha-Response of Lung Macrophages? Malgorzata Kloc1,2,3*, Rafik M. Ghobrial1,2, Jacek Z Kubiak4,5* 1The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA 2The Houston Methodist Hospital, Department of Surgery, Houston, Texas, USA 3The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, Houston Texas, USA 4Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), Warsaw, Poland 5UnivRennes, UMR 6290, CNRS, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, Cell Cycle Group, Faculty of Medicine, Rennes, France","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75299021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic and Prognostic value of Immunohistochemistry in Destructive Paediatric Maxillary Pathologies","authors":"P. Jeyaraj","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2020/3.1192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2020/3.1192","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Establishing an accurate diagnosis and probable prognosis of ambiguous, extensive and destructive maxillary pathologies, is imperative for an appropriate, timely and effective treatment modality to be instituted. This is particularly true in the paediatric population, in order to ensure complete elimination of the lesion, with the least possible morbidity, debility, or interference with normal jaw growth.","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87509482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bispecific Antibodies as an Alternative to Antibody Cocktails for SARS-CoV-2: A Mini- Review","authors":"Gavin Yuen, S. Bhanot, Jeremy Steen, Minahil Syed, A. Mardon","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2022/2.1237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2022/2.1237","url":null,"abstract":"Vaccination is a powerful inducer of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and its recent variants. However, it is important to expand the defensive repertoire against this virus as vaccination is not always efficacious or accessible to everyone. Protein therapeutics in the form of monoclonal antibodies have been used to neutralize the Spike protein, but their efficacy has been limited with rapidly evolving mutations. Cocktail antibodies have been used to combat antigenic escape through diversifying antigen recognition and the overall neutralization capacity. However, the production of cocktail antibodies can be costly and requires a high dosage to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. Alternatively, bispecific antibodies have been used, which contain two recognition specificities within the same molecule. This effectively reduces the cost of production and dosage required to achieve a target therapeutic effect. Bispecific antibodies were reported to bind SARS-CoV-2 antigen with nanomolar affinities. The neutralization potentials (IC50 values) within the same studies were generally more efficacious than their cocktail antibody counterparts. Some studies showed that bispecific antibodies could also confer additional neutralization effector functions, such as recruiting the complement system. Although the recognition of variants was diverse, to our knowledge, there is no data to suggest that bispecific antibodies have a broader recognition of variant strains than cocktail antibodies. Future studies should aim to explore the clinical benefits of bispecific antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 and the emerging variant strains to better understand its benefits in treatment.","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86765088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary: An Allele-Specific Functional SNP Associated with Two Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Modulates IRF5 Expression by Long-Range Chromatin Loop Formation","authors":"Hlaing Nwe Thynn, Xiao-Feng Chen, Shanshan Dong, Yan Guo, Tie-Lin Yang","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2020/1.1182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2020/1.1182","url":null,"abstract":"© 2020 Yang TL. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) are two typical inflammatory systemic autoimmune diseases sharing similar pathogenic features. Genetic factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of both diseases1. We have witnessed huge success of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in identifying hundreds of susceptibility genetic variants associated with SLE and SSc, however, over 90% of which are located in noncoding regions. It is challenging and important to translate GWAS findings into biological insights towards clinical applications. Currently, compared with traditional genetic association studies, functional studies characterizing causal functional variants and downstream molecular mechanisms at disease susceptibility loci are still orders of magnitude fewer.","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141227873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunosuppressive drugs in organ transplantation to prevent allograft rejection: Mode of action and side effects","authors":"Elisa Claeys, K. Vermeire","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2019/4.1178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2019/4.1178","url":null,"abstract":"Organ transplantation is a life-saving therapeutic intervention that contributes to a better quality of life in patients with end-stage organ failure. Drastically improved outcome after organ transplantation occurred with the discovery and use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent or treat allograft rejection. Development of several immunosuppressive agents offers the option for a multidrug approach with non-overlapping toxicities. Still, the side effects of these agents can be severe, resulting in a shorter life expectancy for transplant patients compared to the general population. Therefore, the development of new immunosuppressive therapies that promote immune tolerance without the side effects observed today is needed. In this review, we will discuss the mechanism of allograft rejection as well as the mode of action and side effects of currently used immunosuppressive agents. Immunosuppressive drugs in organ transplantation to prevent allograft rejection: Mode of action and side effects","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78526158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunometabolic Links Underlying the Infectobesity with Persistent Viral Infections","authors":"Yongming Sang","doi":"10.29245/2578-3009/2019/4.1176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29245/2578-3009/2019/4.1176","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity and its related comorbidities are prevailing globally. Multiple factors are etiological to cause obesity and relevant metabolic disorders. In this regard, some pathogenic infections including those by viruses have also been associated with obesity (termed especiallky as infectobesity). In this mini-review, I examined recent publications about primary or cofactorial role of viral infections to exacerbate the local and systemic immunometabolic cues that underlie most cofactorial obesity. Major immuno-metabolic pathways involved, including that mediated by interferon (IFN) signaling and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), are discussed. at an inter-systemic level. While excess intake of energy-dense food (such as high-fat diet, HFD) forms a substantial physical factor for adipogenesis, active molecules derived from diet-microbiota interaction in gut, such as short- or long-chain fatty acid (LFA) in HFD, dramatically alter immune and metabolic homeostasis locally and systemically that entails obesity — a globally prevalent disease at the interface of immunity and metabolism involving multiple organs in digestive, endocrine and nervous systems. Major immunological links underlying obesity including local and systemic inflammation, altered cytokine and hormonal regulation, activated immune cells (macrophages, T cells etc.) as briefly listed by each major organ in obesogenesis. From an immunological view, some infections, particularly chronic viral infections as focused here, are associated and even form a reciprocal causality with obesity through their pathogenic intervention with host immune and metabolic systems at various stages of obesity development. Abbreviations: FA, fatty acid; IFN, interferon;","PeriodicalId":73785,"journal":{"name":"Journal of immunological sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79408067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}