{"title":"Preclinical models relevant to Tourette syndrome.","authors":"Neal R Swerdlow, Ashley N Sutherland","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Preclinical models, if used appropriately, can greatly accelerate the understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders. A number of animal models have predictive validity for antidopaminergic compounds that have traditionally been used to suppress motor and vocal tics in TS. Other models have been proposed that may have construct validity for specific hypotheses of infectious/immune and neural circuit etiologies of TS. A more comprehensive set of models is described, based on the hypothesis that primary symptoms of TS, including sensory tics and premonitory urges, result from dysfunction in brain mechanisms that regulate sensorimotor gating. These models utilize operational measures of central gating mechanisms, including PPI of the startle reflex, to achieve predictive validity across a number of different chemical classes of drugs, and to achieve construct validity across broad domains of neurodevelopmental, immune and genetic etiologies of TS. PPI-based animal models offer a number of strong advantages for predictive and mechanistic studies of TS. Ultimately, the utility of these \"deficient gating\" models will be judged by their ability to bring us closer to identifying the causes and effective treatments of this disorder.</p>","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"99 ","pages":"69-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25903761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yazmín Morales, Joseph E Parisi, Claudia F Lucchinetti
{"title":"The pathology of multiple sclerosis: evidence for heterogeneity.","authors":"Yazmín Morales, Joseph E Parisi, Claudia F Lucchinetti","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases (IIDDs) consist of a broad spectrum of disorders that vary in their clinical course, regional distribution, and pathology. Though pathology of these demyelinating disorders demonstrates extensive interindividual heterogeneity, there is notable homogeneity within individual patients. The relation between the diverse underlying pathology of IIDDs and the various clinical, paraclinical, and radiological findings is unclear. Finding less-invasive clinical or paraclinical surrogate markers, which accurately and reliably predict the underlying distinct pathologies within the family of IIDDs, can potentially guide future therapies that better target specific pathogenic mechanisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"98 ","pages":"27-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25790353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Basic mechanisms in status epilepticus: role of calcium in neuronal injury and the induction of epileptogenesis.","authors":"Robert J DeLorenzo, David A Sun","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"97 ","pages":"187-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25774402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Simultaneous electroencephalogram-functional magnetic resonance imaging in neocortical epilepsies.","authors":"Zheng Wang, John R Ives, Seyed M Mirsattari","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"97 ","pages":"129-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25774396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the childhood co-morbidity that most influences the disability burden in Tourette syndrome.","authors":"Martha Bridge Denckla","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>ADHD is a complex co-morbidity, as it is heteregeneous in terms of the clinical subtypes, but also in terms of the circuits involved and the level of involvement within those circuits. Specially focusing on the relationship of ADHD to TS, this author's studies have added some neurobehavioral and some anatomical magnetic resonance imaging evidence suggesting the ADHD occurring with TS, appears like \"garden-variety\" ADHD, at least in the matched research sample. The similarities of neuroanatomical findings in the TS plus ADHD and ADHD groups and their distinctness from neuroanatomical findings in childdren with \"pure TS provide some parallels to the observed similarity of functional deficit in TS plus ADHD and ADHD alone groups and the relative lack of functional deficits in children with TS only. More specifically, the results of a decade of this author's research with the approximately 40% of children with TS who are free of ADHD indicate that they are entirely free of the motor control and executive control deficits of children with ADHD alone or TS plus ADHD, but they do have oculomotor control deficits in the initiation of prosaccades, regardless of their ADHD status. The neuroanatomical data in TS only is also of interest because it reflects increased white matter, particularly in the right frontal lobe and four out of five regions of the corps callosum, including the rostral portion most affiliated with the frontal lobes. It should be emphasized that almost everything summarized abouve is true for boys, whereas samples of girls grouped similarly have not yielded the same results.</p>","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"99 ","pages":"17-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25903757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A genome-wide scan and fine mapping in Tourette syndrome families.","authors":"David L Pauls","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"99 ","pages":"130-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25903766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"PANDAS: to treat or not to treat?","authors":"Robert A King","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"99 ","pages":"179-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25903772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Clinical evidence that epilepsy is not a progressive disorder with special emphasis on epilepsy syndromes that do not progress.","authors":"Peter Camfield, Carol Camfield","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"97 ","pages":"315-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hannes Lohi, Elayne M Chan, Stephen W Scherer, Berge A Minassian
{"title":"On the road to tractability: the current biochemical understanding of progressive myoclonus epilepsies.","authors":"Hannes Lohi, Elayne M Chan, Stephen W Scherer, Berge A Minassian","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"97 ","pages":"399-415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The definition and prediction of intractable epilepsy in children.","authors":"Kevin Farrell, Elaine Wirrell, Sharon Whiting","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7356,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurology","volume":"97 ","pages":"435-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"25775510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}