International journal of evolutionary biology最新文献

{"title":"Allelic Expression of Drosophila Protamines during Spermatogenesis.","authors":"Rachelle L Kanippayoor,&nbsp;Amanda J Moehring","doi":"10.1155/2012/947381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/947381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In typical somatic cells, DNA is tightly organized by histones that are necessary for its proper packaging into the nucleus. In sexually-reproducing animals, the haploid product of male meiosis must be further condensed to fit within sperm heads, thus requiring an even greater degree of packaging. This is accomplished in most organisms by replacing histones with protamines, which allows DNA to be compacted into the reduced space. In mammals, protamines are produced after meiosis is complete and are transcribed by the single allele present in the haploid genome that is to be packaged into the sperm head. Here, we present our findings that protamine expression occurs from both alleles in diploid cells, rather than haploid cells, in two species of Drosophila. The differential allelic expression of protamines likely influences the selective pressures that shape their evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"947381"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/947381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9728884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drosophila melanogaster Selection for Survival of Bacillus cereus Infection: Life History Trait Indirect Responses.","authors":"Junjie Ma,&nbsp;Andrew K Benson,&nbsp;Stephen D Kachman,&nbsp;Zhen Hu,&nbsp;Lawrence G Harshman","doi":"10.1155/2012/935970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/935970","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To study evolved resistance/tolerance in an insect model, we carried out an experimental evolution study using D. melanogaster and the opportunistic pathogen B. cereus as the agent of selection. The selected lines evolved a 3.0- to 3.3-log increase in the concentration of spores required for 50% mortality after 18-24 generations of selection. In the absence of any treatment, selected lines evolved an increase in egg production and delayed development time. The latter response could be interpreted as a cost of evolution. Alternatively, delayed development might have been a target of selection resulting in increased adult fat body function including production of antimicrobial peptides, and, incidentally, yolk production for oocytes and eggs. When treated with autoclaved spores, the egg production difference between selected and control lines was abolished, and this response was consistent with the hypothesis of a cost of an induced immune response. Treatment with autoclaved spores also reduced life span in some cases and elicited early-age mortality in the selected and wound-control lines both of which were consistent with the hypothesis of a cost associated with induction of immune responses. In general, assays on egg production yielded key outcomes including the negative effect of autoclaved spores on egg production.</p>","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"935970"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/935970","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9729451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid Evolution of Assortative Fertilization between Recently Allopatric Species of Drosophila.","authors":"Yasir H Ahmed-Braimah,&nbsp;Bryant F McAllister","doi":"10.1155/2012/285468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/285468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The virilis group of Drosophila represents a relatively unexplored but potentially useful model to investigate the genetics of speciation. Good resolution of phylogenetic relationships and the ability to obtain fertile hybrid offspring make the group especially promising for analysis of genetic changes underlying reproductive isolation separate from hybrid sterility and inviability. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a close relationship between the sister species, Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana, yet excepting their contemporary allopatric distributions, factors that contribute to reproductive isolation between this species pair remain uncharacterized. A previous report has shown reduced progeny numbers in laboratory crosses between the two species, especially when female D. novamexicana are crossed with male D. americana. We show that the hatch rate of eggs produced from heterospecific matings is reduced relative to conspecific matings. Failure of eggs to hatch, and consequent reduction in hybrid progeny number, is caused by low fertilization success of heterospecific sperm, thus representing a postmating, prezygotic incompatibility. Following insemination, storage and motility of heterospecific sperm is visibly compromised in female D. novamexicana. Our results provide evidence for a mechanism of reproductive isolation that is seldom reported for Drosophila species, and indicate the rapid evolution of postmating, prezygotic reproductive barriers in allopatry.</p>","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"285468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/285468","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9743749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analyses of homocitrate synthase genes of ascomycetous yeasts.","authors":"Hiromi Nishida","doi":"10.1155/2012/254941","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/254941","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Most ascomycetous yeasts have 2 homocitrate synthases (HCSs). Among the fungal lysine biosynthesis-related genes, only the HCS gene was duplicated in the course of evolution. It was recently reported that HCS of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has an additional function in nuclear activities involving chromatin regulation related to DNA damage repair, which is not related to lysine biosynthesis. Thus, it is possible that the bifunctionality is associated with HCS gene duplication. Phylogenetic analysis showed that duplication has occurred multiple times during evolution of the ascomycetous yeasts. It is likely that the HCS gene duplication in S. cerevisiae occurred in the course of Saccharomyces evolution. Although the nucleosome position profiles of the two S. cerevisiae HCS genes were similar in the coding regions, they were different in the promoter regions, suggesting that they are subject to different regulatory controls. S. cerevisiae has maintained HCS activity for lysine biosynthesis and has obtained bifunctionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"254941"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/254941","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9728880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences in Chemical Sexual Signals May Promote Reproductive Isolation and Cryptic Speciation between Iberian Wall Lizard Populations.","authors":"Marianne Gabirot,&nbsp;Pilar López,&nbsp;José Martín","doi":"10.1155/2012/698520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/698520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Interpopulational variation in sexual signals may lead to premating reproductive isolation and speciation. Genetic and morphological studies suggest that the Iberian wall lizard, Podarcis hispanica, forms part of a \"species complex\" with several cryptic species. We explored the role of chemical sexual signals in interpopulational recognition between five distinct populations of Iberian wall lizards in Central Spain. Results showed that these populations differed in morphology and in composition and proportion of chemical compounds in femoral gland secretions of males. Tongue-flick experiments indicated that male and female lizards discriminated and were more interested in scents of lizards from their own area (i.e., Northern versus Southern populations), but did not discriminate between all populations. Moreover, only males from the populations that are geographically located more far away preferred scent of females from their own population. These data suggest that, at least between some populations, there may be reproductive isolation mediated by chemical signals and cryptic speciation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"698520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/698520","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9367574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genome Signature Difference between Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus thermophilus.","authors":"Hiromi Nishida,&nbsp;Reina Abe,&nbsp;Taishi Nagayama,&nbsp;Kentaro Yano","doi":"10.1155/2012/205274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/205274","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The extremely radioresistant bacteria of the genus Deinococcus and the extremely thermophilic bacteria of the genus Thermus belong to a common taxonomic group. Considering the distinct living environments of Deinococcus and Thermus, different genes would have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer after their divergence from a common ancestor. Their guanine-cytosine (GC) contents are similar; however, we hypothesized that their genomic signatures would be different. Our findings indicated that the genomes of Deinococcus radiodurans and Thermus thermophilus have different tetranucleotide frequencies. This analysis showed that the genome signature of D. radiodurans is most similar to that of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, whereas the genome signature of T. thermophilus is most similar to that of Thermanaerovibrio acidaminovorans. This difference in genome signatures may be related to the different evolutionary backgrounds of the 2 genera after their divergence from a common ancestor.</p>","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"205274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/205274","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9374941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clarifying some fundamental errors in herries' \"a chronological perspective on the acheulian and its transition to the middle stone age in southern Africa: the question of the fauresmith\" (2011).","authors":"Lawrence Barham","doi":"10.1155/2012/230156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/230156","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herries provides a timely review of the archaeological and dating evidence of the transition from the Acheulean to the Middle Stone Age (MSA) in southern Africa, however, in relation to the site of Twin Rivers, Zambia he makes several fundamental errors of interpretation that demand correction. The stratigraphic sequence of the site is admittedly complex, but it deserves a more careful analysis than that offered by Herries. This detailed response by the most recent excavator of the site addresses Herries critique by placing the site in its historical context and then dealing with the central issue of the association of dated speleothem with the surviving archaeological deposits. Herries is shown to have mistakenly combined the dates from two separate cave passages and to have misunderstood the published sections, plans, and taphonomic assessment of each excavation area. His reinterpretation of the site as being significantly younger than published is based on a conflation of unrelated data.</p>","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"230156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/230156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9375080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids.","authors":"Paul C Kirchberger,&nbsp;Kristina M Sefc,&nbsp;Christian Sturmbauer,&nbsp;Stephan Koblmüller","doi":"10.1155/2012/716209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/716209","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hybridization among littoral cichlid species in Lake Tanganyika was inferred in several molecular phylogenetic studies. The phenomenon is generally attributed to the lake level-induced shoreline and habitat changes. These allow for allopatric divergence of geographically fragmented populations alternating with locally restricted secondary contact and introgression between incompletely isolated taxa. In contrast, the deepwater habitat is characterized by weak geographic structure and a high potential for gene flow, which may explain the lower species richness of deepwater than littoral lineages. For the same reason, divergent deepwater lineages should have evolved strong intrinsic reproductive isolation already in the incipient stages of diversification, and, consequently, hybridization among established lineages should have been less frequent than in littoral lineages. We test this hypothesis in the endemic Lake Tanganyika deepwater cichlid tribe Bathybatini by comparing phylogenetic trees of Hemibates and Bathybates species obtained with nuclear multilocus AFLP data with a phylogeny based on mitochondrial sequences. Consistent with our hypothesis, largely congruent tree topologies and negative tests for introgression provided no evidence for introgressive hybridization between the deepwater taxa. Together, the nuclear and mitochondrial data established a well-supported phylogeny and suggested ecological segregation during speciation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"716209"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/716209","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9380449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chromatin evolution and molecular drive in speciation.","authors":"Kyoichi Sawamura","doi":"10.1155/2012/301894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/301894","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Are there biological generalities that underlie hybrid sterility or inviability? Recently, around a dozen \"speciation genes\" have been identified mainly in Drosophila, and the biological functions of these genes are revealing molecular generalities. Major cases of hybrid sterility and inviability seem to result from chromatin evolution and molecular drive in speciation. Repetitive satellite DNAs within heterochromatin, especially at centromeres, evolve rapidly through molecular drive mechanisms (both meiotic and centromeric). Chromatin-binding proteins, therefore, must also evolve rapidly to maintain binding capability. As a result, chromatin binding proteins may not be able to interact with chromosomes from another species in a hybrid, causing hybrid sterility and inviability.</p>","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":"2012 ","pages":"301894"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/301894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9432064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of speciation.","authors":"Kyoichi Sawamura,&nbsp;Chau-Ti Ting,&nbsp;Artyom Kopp,&nbsp;Leonie C Moyle","doi":"10.1155/2012/820358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/820358","url":null,"abstract":"“Speciation” was largely “speculation” two decades ago, at least with respect to a detailed and comprehensive mechanistic understanding of the origin of new species. Despite elegant classical work examining the genetic basis of interspecific differences and reproductive isolation and complementary studies of the ecological factors that can contribute to species divergence, speciation researchers lacked the tools to dissect the specific forces, traits, and genes involved. Thanks to the recent advances in molecular biology and genomic sequencing, detailed study of speciation is becoming feasible in many animal and plant groups. In fact, a dozen of “speciation genes” responsible for reproductive isolation between sibling species have been identified at the molecular level. Further, genetic changes leading to morphological differentiation among related species have been elucidated, supported by phylogenetic analyses at high resolution. We invited investigators to contribute both original research and review articles that would stimulate the continuing efforts to understand speciation and species differentiation from all perspectives, not only the genetic mechanisms but also the ecological and evolutionary causes. \u0000 \u0000Among the seven original articles in this special issue, four were Drosophila studies. Two of them focus on the mechanisms of reproductive isolation. A. Takahashi et al. in “Cuticular hydrocarbon content that affects male mate preference of Drosophila melanogaster from west Africa” identified a polymorphic chemical cue involved in mate recognition between sibling species. Y. H. Ahmed-Braimah and B. F. McAllister in “Rapid evolution of assortative fertilization between recently allopatric species of Drosophila” described an example of postmating/prezygotic isolation, where heterospecific fertilization after mating is compromised due to disruptions in sperm storage and motility. Often, reproductive isolation evolves more rapidly than any morphological traits so that the only way to distinguish recently diverged species is through mating experiments. Y.-F. Li et al. in “DNA barcoding and molecular phylogeny of Drosophila lini and its sibling species” showed that molecular variation can also be widely shared between sibling species despite strong reproductive isolation between them. To understand why reproductive isolation can evolve so rapidly compared to other traits, L. Muller et al. in “Inter- and intraspecific variation in Drosophila genes with sex-biased expression” examined the evolution of gene expression and protein sequences and found that genes with male-biased expression tend to diverge rapidly compared to the rest of the genome. \u0000 \u0000Three other original articles deal with reproductive isolation in vertebrates, specifically fish or reptiles. D. Bierbach et al. in “Divergent evolution of male aggressive behavior: another reproductive isolation barrier in extremophile poeciliid fishes?” reported a rare case study of behavioral isolat","PeriodicalId":73449,"journal":{"name":"International journal of evolutionary biology","volume":" ","pages":"820358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2012/820358","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30656142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}