International journal of epidemiologic research最新文献

{"title":"Changing Pattern of Mortality in First and Second COVID-19 Waves: A Comparative Study From Kerala, India","authors":"Manu Mathews, Ramesan K, Harikrishnan Mohan, Simi Kurian, Farha Ahmed Payyanil Karlath, B. Divakaran, B. Valliot, S. K","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: India has seen a two-wave pattern of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections. The comparative characteristics of these two waves remain largely unknown. Changing trends in the demographic and clinical characteristics of the deceased COVID-19 patients in these two waves helped to identify the vulnerable population and guide public health interventions to decrease mortality. Methods: We obtained COVID-19 death summaries from the medical records of a large tertiary healthcare centre in North Kerala, India. Two groups of COVID-19 deaths were selected: the first group included patients who died in the first wave between 1 July 2020 and 31 December 2020 (n=311), and the second group included those who died in the second wave between 1 March 2021 and 30 June 2021 (n=431). Results: The mortality in the second wave in young patients (≤50 years) was 2.2% higher (11.8% vs. 9.6%, P=0.346) and that in elderly patients (≥80 years) was 7.7% higher (19.95% vs. 12.2%, P=0.005) compared to the first wave. The average duration from symptom onset to death also significantly decreased in the second wave. Further, there was an increased proportion of COVID-19-related deaths in patients with diabetes in the second wave (59.3% vs. 51.7%, P=0.025). The main cause of death was respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia in both waves. Conclusion: The second COVID-19 wave was different from the first wave with more deaths in the young and elderly, a shorter duration from symptom onset to death, and an increase in the proportion of deaths with diabetes, maternal deaths, and deaths in those without any pre-existing comorbidities.","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47990189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Poisoning Prevalence and its Related Factors in Patients Referred to Farsan’s Hospital During 2018-2019, Iran","authors":"Majid Kabiri, S. Hosseini, F. Veisi, S. Mortezaei, A. Ahmadi, Zeinab Agashteh, Setare Fazel","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Poisoning is one of the main medical emergencies that is divided into intentional and unintentional types. According to previous records on poisoning attributed to Farsan’s hospital, Iran, the current study focused on investigating its prevalence, type, and poisonous agent. Methods: In the descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, the registered data of 557 poisoned patients during 2018-2019 were used by a consensus method. Age, gender, residence, type, and agent of poisoning and hospitalization were employed as explanatory variables. Data were extracted from medical records and entered into the standard checklist. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were applied for data analysis. Finally, the chi-square test and independent t test were used to analyze variables in SPSS 22.0. Results: Among a total of 557 poisoning cases, 70% were intentional, 52.1% were related to males, 66% lived in cities, 38.2% were in the age group of 16-30 years, and 58% were associated with drug and opioid use. In addition, 31.4% occurred in spring and about 85% of them were discharged in 2 days. The poisonous agent was different between genders (P≤0.001). Intentional poisoning was more prevalent in youth compared to the elderly and children. Further, poisonous agents demonstrated a significant difference according to the poisoning type, as in intentional poisoning opioids, drugs, and toxins had been used more than the other agents (P≤0.001). Conclusion: In this study, most poisoning cases were intentional, related to males and young individuals, and those residing in cities, and occurred via opioids and drugs. Therefore, it is suggested that more comprehensive studies should be conducted about the cultural and socioeconomic status of vulnerable groups and provide them with appropriate training and attention.","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48973671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Towards COVID-19 in Iran: A Population-Based Study","authors":"Samaneh Torkian, V. Khosravi, Reza Etesami, Z. Jaafari, Mohammad Ali Morowatisharifabad, A. Ahmadi, N. Khanjani","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic has far been the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. Protective measures are still one of the most effective methods for controlling COVID-19. Practicing hygiene and control measures are largely influenced by knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranians towards COVID-19 as well as the demographic factors related to it in April and May, 2020. Methods: The study population in this cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical, and web-based study included 3736 Iranian individuals who were collected via convenience sampling method. A validated Iranian knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) Questionnaire about COVID-19 was used for collecting the required data. Ordinal multivariate generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were applied to analyze data. Results: The majority of participants (88.1%) had considerable knowledge, the right attitude (91%), and good practices (90.3%). In the multivariate models, factors related to greater knowledge were age>20 years (P<0.001), living in the urban area (P=0.030), holding a master’s or doctoral degree (P=0.044), and a moderate financial status (P=0.001). Females displayed mor positive attitude (P=0.035). Variables related to more favorable practices were age>20 years (P<0.001), and having a good (P=0.003) or moderate (P=0.038) financial status. Conclusion: It was concluded that the participants had good knowledge and a positive attitude, as well as adopted sound practices regarding COVID-19. However, this conclusion might not have been generalizable to entire Iranian community; therefore, it was recommended that preventive measures against COVID-19 should receive continued monitoring and emphasis.","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43369137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is There a Need to Assess the Health Status of School-Age Students When Reopening Schools Following the COVID-19 Pandemic?","authors":"Sajad Bagherian, Simin Nafian, J. Baker","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.17","url":null,"abstract":"1Department of Sport Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran 2Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran 3Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong http://ijer.skums.ac.ir","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45281364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of the Effect of Nutrition Education Based on BASNEF Model on Decreasing Blood Lipid Profile","authors":"Soheila Samieipour, E. Tavassoli, F. Aliakbari, Homamodin Javadzade, M. Reisi, Fariba Fathollahi Dehkordi, Leili Rabiei","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.15","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Dyslipidemia is one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease (CVD); however, it can be prevented and controlled via observing and adherence to a diet. This study aimed at determining the effect of nutrition education based on BASNEF model on decreasing blood lipid profile. Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 150 people with a high blood lipid profile who referred to Shahrekord laboratories in 2020. The samples were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. In order to measure blood lipids such as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC), 15 mL of venous blood samples were collected after 12 hours fasting before the intervention and again 2 months after the intervention. The intervention group received nutrition education based on BASNEF model, and the collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic variables. TG levels in the intervention group decreased significantly after the intervention (P<0.001). In addition, TC and LDL levels decreased significantly in the intervention group after the intervention (P<0.001), while the level of HDL index in the intervention group increased significantly after the intervention. Nonetheless, there was no significant difference in these indices in the control group after the intervention (P>0.05). Conclusion: The significant decrease in blood lipids after a short period indicates the effect of nutrition education based on BASNEF model and adherence to proper diet on controlling blood lipids. Therefore, recommending people to adhere to a proper diet can help raise people’s nutritional awareness and reduce blood lipids.","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48537158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nucleus Accumbens Fractional Anisotropy and Children’s Body Mass Index: Moderating Role of Race and Family Income","authors":"S. Assari","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) functional and morphometric features mayinfluence children’s body mass index (BMI). Recent evidence, however, suggests that the functionand structure of the NAcc may have different predictive abilities for the BMI for the sub-groups ofchildren from different racial and socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds. Using the AdolescentBrain Cognitive Development data, this study investigated racial and SES differences in the associationbetween NAcc microstructure (i.e., fractional anisotropy) and childhood BMI. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 9497 children aged 9 and 10. Data were collected from21 sites across 15 states in the United States. Then, the mixed-effects regression model was appliedfor data analysis. The predictor variable of interest was NAcc fractional anisotropy measured usingdiffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI). The main outcome of interest was children’s BMI values,which were treated as a continuous variable. Covariates included gender, age, and family structure.Race (White, Black, Asian, and Other/mixed) and family income (<USD 50,000, USD 50,000-100,000,and USD100,000+) were the effect modifiers (moderators). Results: Higher average NAcc fractional anisotropy in dMRI was predictive of lower levels of theBMI, and net of covariates. However, this inverse association between the average intensity of thenormalized T2-weighted image and the BMI was stronger in children from Hispanic, low income, andlow-educated backgrounds compared to non-Hispanic, high-income, and high-educated backgrounds. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that although NAcc fractional anisotropy is linked to children’sBMI, this link is not invariant across racial and SES groups. The issue of whether or not obesogenicenvironments alter the implications of NAcc for childhood BMI needs further investigation. For diversegroups, NAcc microstructures may have different magnitudes of associations with childhood BMI.","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44843487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of Severe Outcomes With Underlying Diseases Among Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study","authors":"P. Mohaghegh, Mohammadtaher Eslami, F. Ahmadi, M. Sofian, Rasool Karimi","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.16","url":null,"abstract":"Predicting the outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) with comorbidities has been an interesting subject of study in the field of medicine. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics, radiologic features, and severe outcomes of COVID-19 among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with or without underlying comorbidity diseases. In this retrospective cohort study conducted from 1 June 2020 to 30 September 2020, 320 hospitalized cases with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and admitted to public hospitals in Arak, Iran, were examined. The mean±SD age of the patients was 56.78±20.06 years. The comorbidity group showed a substantially greater percentage of defined nodular pattern in chest X-ray (7.6% vs 2%, P=0.024) and plural effusion in CT scan findings (9% vs 0%, P=0.004). Intensive care unit (ICU) admission (6.9% vs. 0.6%, P=0.003), mechanical ventilation (5.0% vs. 0.6%, P=0.018), and death (6.3% vs. 0.0%, P=0.002) were higher in the comorbidity group. Comorbidity group had a considerably greater ratio of ICU admission, invasive ventilation, and mortality.","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42900265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Age Groups in Improving Life Expectancy of Iran During 1976-2016","authors":"Mohammad Sasanipour","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: At least, during the last half-century, the mortality rate in Iran has decreased significantly, and life expectancy at birth has increased. To better understand the mechanisms of improving the health situation in Iran, this study sought to examine the contribution of age groups in improving life expectancy at birth during 1976 -2016. Methods: The required life tables for the years 1976, 1986, and 1996 were taken from previous studies. Furthermore, life tables for 2006 and 2016 were calculated using the data from the registration system of the Ministry of Health. Then, the contribution of each age group in improving life expectancy in Iran by sex was estimated using the Arriaga decomposition method, and data analysis was conducted by creating a template in Excel software. Results: The life expectancy at birth for men and women in Iran has increased by 18.7 and 21.5 years, respectively, during 1976–2016. Infant mortality was the most important factor in increasing life expectancy with 6.5 and 6 years for women and men, respectively. In addition, over time, the share of early deaths has decreased, and instead, old-age deaths have played a more prominent role in improving the life expectancy of men and women in Iran. Conclusion: Today, increasing life expectancy for both sexes is mainly achieved through reducing the mortality of the older population, and achieving more years for life expectancy is mainly due to comprehensive development, especially reducing health inequalities and increasing life expectancy at older ages.","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44519511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Mortality From Cerebrovascular Accident in Patients Admitted to Sina (Farshchian) Educational-Medical Hospital of Hamadan in 2018-2019","authors":"Mehrdad Maleki Jamasbi, H. Azami, Hadis Ebrahimi Neshat, Kamran Alipoor, Payam Karimian","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.05","url":null,"abstract":"Background and aims: Cerebrovascular accidents are a major cause of death and disability in many countries. Therefore, the epidemiological indicators are highly important in the case of these patients’ mortality. The present study aimed to determine the epidemiology of mortality due to cerebrovascular accidents in patients admitted to Sina (Farshchian) hospital of Hamadan within 2018-2019. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data of deceased patients were collected from one-year medical records in the neurology wards of Sina (Farshchian) hospital in Hamadan using the census method and a researcher-made checklist. The exclusion criteria were the cause of death except for cerebrovascular accident and incompleteness of data in patient’s medical record. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods and SPSS 21. Results: Out of the 1196 patients admitted to the neurology wards, 159 cases died, and this rate was nearly equal between men and women. The highest mortality frequency belonged to ischemic type (83%), people over 60 years old (83%), illiterate (77.4%), urban (69.2%), self-employed (42.8%) individuals, and those with a history of underlying disease (73.6%), no history of smoking (90.6%), previous stroke (78.6%), and family history of stroke (99.4%). Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that certain groups such as the elderly, illiterates, urban residents, self-employed, and people with underlying diseases had a higher mortality rate due to cerebrovascular accidents. Thus, special attention to these groups in health planning can be efficient in reducing the mortality of these accidents.","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42725349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 and Statistical Challenges","authors":"S. Kheiri","doi":"10.34172/ijer.2022.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijer.2022.01","url":null,"abstract":"Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019, there has been an explosion of statistics and information about the disease, the number of cases, the number of deaths, and the number of recoveries. During this period several statistical and mathematical models have been developed and used to predict the disease. Much of this information has been helpful and paved the way for disease control; however, inaccurate or ambiguous information has been published in some cases, which can briefly be divided into three main categories. The first category is related to the publication of official statistics by governmental centers in countries, which has faced many errors. Although some of these errors are unintentional due to the definition of the disease based on definitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, death within 28 days of infection, or due to the similarity of the disease outcomes with other diseases,1 in many cases, the statistics regarding the disease and its consequences have been presented by governments with a manipulation, mainly on the small number of patients with COVID-19.2 This issue caused a great deal of controversy among academic centers, and many of them attempted to explore the differences between the official statistics provided by countries and other types of data based on other sources. Fewer reports on the actual number of positive cases of the disease may lead to false optimism and thus negligence in dealing with COVID-19 and an increase in the number of patients. The second category contributes to incorrect or incomplete use of statistical indexes. During this period, some information has occasionally been published by some public media in which statistical indexes have not been used correctly and appropriately. For example, mentioning the percentage of increase in positive cases over a specified period of time without mentioning the base number or the percentage of deaths without mentioning the number, can provide incorrect information to the audience. The presentation of incomplete statistics and information is considered among the examples of lying with statistics, indicating that academic researchers need to tackle and challenge this disagreeable phenomenon.3 The third category belongs to the challenges of epidemiological modeling in COVID-19. With the advent of COVID-19, many models emerged to predict its incidence and consequences. Although many of the predictions were true, some of them were incorrect or inaccurate. The main reasons for the inaccuracy of these predictions were the consideration of incorrect or weak assumptions, the existence of incomplete data, the shortterm view, the use of point estimates instead of interval estimates, and the lack of a multidimensional view of the problem. Accordingly, considering the above-mentioned points and findings from the observed problems in predicting the course of the disease and the resulting mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic, one can hope for the ability to m","PeriodicalId":73448,"journal":{"name":"International journal of epidemiologic research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47075165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}