Infectious diseases & immunity最新文献

{"title":"Organoid application in virology research: Recent progress and emerging directions.","authors":"Wen Sheng, Huiqiang Wang, Yuhuan Li","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organoids, as <i>in vitro</i> three-dimensional structures derived from stem cell differentiation, have emerged as cutting-edge technologies in biomedical research due to their effectiveness in mimicking the complex architectures and physiological functions of human organs. Currently, researchers worldwide are extensively exploring the application of organoids in virology and have achieved remarkable progress. These innovations have enabled the successful cultivation of various viruses <i>in vitro</i>, the modeling of viral infection processes, and the clarification of cell tropism and host factor interactions. They have also advanced systematic explanations of related pathogenic mechanisms, providing an important avenue for antiviral drug screening and vaccine design. This paper elaborates on the biological characteristics of organoids, summarizes the methodologies for establishing virus-infected organoid models, and reviews advances in research on viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, influenza viruses, hepatitis viruses, Zika virus, and human noroviruses. This review will clarify how organoids have profoundly changed our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of viruses and accelerated the clinical translation of antiviral strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"299-307"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682815/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expert consensus on competency enhancement of pertussis prevention, diagnosis, and management for healthcare professionals through medical-preventive integration.","authors":"Mei Zeng, Aiqiang Xu, Wenhong Zhang, Fu-Sheng Wang, Rongmeng Jiang, Jiehao Cai, Kaihu Yao, Yiping Chen, Yi Xu, Zhuoying Huang, Xiaodong Sun, Hui Zheng, Zhujun Shao, Jing Bi, Biquan Chen, Mingliang Chen, Xing Chen, Yibing Cheng, Huiling Deng, Yanling Ge, Yingli He, Daojiong Lin, Xiaomei Liu, Xiang Ma, Adong Shen, Jianmei Tian, Ye Tian, Chaomin Wan, Dan Wu, Hongmei Xu, Yongsheng Xu, Dongchi Zhao, Hua Zhou, Yu Zhu, Zhiqiang Zhuo, Jingjing Li","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000223","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As pertussis resurgence has become a significant public health issue globally in recent years, the 2024 outbreak attracted substantial attention in China. Experts from various disciplines, including clinical medicine and public health, jointly formed an expert working group to analyze the current epidemiological characteristics of pertussis and bottleneck issues in the nation's prevention and control of the infection. The working group developed the consensus and formulated recommendations and suggestions found here based on the concept of integrating medical care and prevention, evidence from the existing literature, and good principles of clinical practice. The group sought to enhance pertussis prevention, diagnosis, and management competencies for healthcare professionals by focusing on multidimensional core issues regarding the epidemiological characteristics of pertussis resurgence, the effectiveness and safety of vaccines containing pertussis and vaccination practices, and comprehensive case management and treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis regimens in the context of drug resistance background. It also recognized the importance of strengthening the collaborative monitoring between medical and prevention departments, as well as the monitoring level and public education through medical and preventive collaboration. The consensus aids in sustainably promoting and dynamically adjusting China's pertussis prevention and control strategies.</p><p><strong>Guideline registration: </strong>This expert consensus has been registered with the Guidelines International Network and is available in the International Guidelines Library (https://guidelines.ebmportal.com/expert-consensus-competency-enhancement-pertussis-prevention-diagnosis-and-management-healthcare).</p>","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"251-268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682813/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary innate immune remodeling in <i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia with adaptive immunodeficiency.","authors":"Lin Gu, Wan Peng, Hanyujie Kang, Yuling Xu, Jieqiong Li, Zhaohui Tong, Nan Song","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong><i>Pneumocystis</i> pneumonia (PCP) is a severe fungal infection that predominantly affects individuals with compromised immune systems, specifically those with adaptive immunodeficiency. The mechanisms governing the remodeling of the innate immune system in the context of PCP, particularly in the presence of complete adaptive immunodeficiency, remain insufficiently elucidated. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in a murine PCP model, we reveal how innate immune responses are remodeled in the absence of adaptive immunity, providing new mechanistic insights into PCP pathogenesis and a foundation for targeted therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An experimental model of PCP was established using male CB-17 SCID mice with adaptive immunodeficiency. Mice were weight-matched into six pairs and randomly divided into a PCP group and a control (CON) group (<i>n</i> = 6 per group) using a computer-generated random sequence; PCP mice received an intranasal instillation of 1 × 10⁶ cysts in 100 μL sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) under isoflurane anesthesia, whereas CON mice received an equal volume of sterile PBS alone. Lung tissues were collected for scRNA-seq to profile pulmonary innate immune cells. Bioinformatic analyses were employed to characterize several subsets of monocyte-derived macrophages, and immunofluorescence and quantitative reverse transcription PCR were used to validate these findings.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>scRNA-seq indicated an expansion of <i>Ccr2</i> ⁺ monocyte-derived <i>Nckap5</i> ⁺ macrophages in PCP mice, which was associated with anti-inflammatory features and activation of pro-proliferative pathways. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway using Adezmapimod effectively reversed the induction of <i>Nckap5</i> (4.463 ± 0.125 <i>vs.</i> 0.991 ± 0.052, <i>P</i> < 0.001) and the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including <i>Il10</i> (44.090 ± 1.246 <i>vs.</i> 4.131 ± 0.151, <i>P</i> < 0.001), <i>Arg1</i> (2.455 ± 0.135 <i>vs.</i> 0.918 ± 0.018, <i>P</i> < 0.001) and <i>Tgf</i> <i>β</i> (1.147 ± 0.043 <i>vs.</i> 0.994 ± 0.031, <i>P</i> < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study advances understanding of PCP pathogenesis and identifies <i>Nckap5</i> ⁺ macrophages as a potential therapeutic target for patients with compromised immune systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"269-278"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current status and challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of psittacosis.","authors":"Long Xu, Chi Zhang, Wanwan Shi, Jiaxi Ma, Guiqiang Wang","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000199","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psittacosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium <i>Chlamydia psittaci</i>. Despite over a century of research, its global burden remains underestimated owing to non-specific symptoms, poor clinical recognition, and limited diagnostic capacity. This review synthesizes epidemiological evidence from 1879 to 2024, outlining transmission routes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies, with a focus on advances in molecular diagnostics and the management of high-risk populations and complications. Surveillance data document recurrent outbreaks across Europe, North America, and Asia, with a notable increase in reported cases in China and Europe since 2020. The disease spectrum spans from atypical pneumonia to life-threatening systemic complications, including neurological, cardiac, and pregnancy-related involvement. Conventional methods, such as culture and serology, are constrained by biosafety requirements and cross-reactivity, while polymerase chain reaction, metagenomic next-generation sequencing, and targeted next-generation sequencing provide superior sensitivity but face the challenges of cost and standardization. Tetracyclines remain the mainstay of therapy, macrolides are recommended for pregnant women and children, and newer tetracycline derivatives show promise in severe or refractory cases. Psittacosis should be recognized as a systemic disease of both clinical and public health importance. Future efforts must prioritize standardizing molecular diagnostic workflows, validating novel antimicrobials in clinical practice, and incorporating psittacosis surveillance into public health systems while raising awareness, broadening diagnostic access, and optimizing therapeutic strategies to enable early detection, precision treatment, and effective control.</p>","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"279-290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682824/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bepirovirsen improves the functional cure of chronic hepatitis B through novel mechanisms.","authors":"Qing-Lei Zeng, Junliang Fu","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000220","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"245-247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682823/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The current role, challenges, and future prospects of infectious disease physicians in the comprehensive management of hepatocellular carcinoma: A cross-sectional survey.","authors":"Jiang-Nan Peng, Ya-Chao Tao, Tao-You Zhou, Xue-Zhong Lei, En-Qiang Chen","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000215","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"308-310"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682821/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Early initiation of antiviral treatment for two infants with acute HBV infection: Beneficial or unfavorable?","authors":"Peiyao Fan, Jing Li, Shishu Zhu, Fu-Sheng Wang","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mother-to-child transmission is the major route of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children, and antiviral therapy is generally deferred in infancy due to presumed immune tolerance. Here, we report the clinical course and treatment response of two infants younger than 6 months with HBV infection who initiated antiviral therapy due to elevated serum transaminase levels indicative of an immune-active status. Notably, Case #01 achieved a functional cure after 25 months of antiviral treatment. Case #02 did not achieve a functional cure but attained HBV DNA clearance and HBeAg seroconversion at 12 and 5 months of therapy, respectively. At the last follow-up visit (month 67), the HBsAg level of Case #02 was 10.70 IU/mL. These findings suggest that early antiviral intervention, initiated before 6 months of age, may be beneficial for infants with HBV infection who are in an immune-active status. A potential treatment window may exist even during early infancy; however, treatment strategies should be individualized and guided by careful clinical assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"311-314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current progress in the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets of acute-on-chronic liver failure through multiomics approaches.","authors":"Yingying Yu, Mengyao Li, Yunbo Xie, Fu-Sheng Wang, Ming Shi","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000212","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a severe clinical syndrome that develops in patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis. It is characterized by a high mortality rate, rapid progression, and complex pathological mechanisms. As it often involves multiorgan failure (e.g., of the liver, kidneys, and brain), traditional clinical indicators have limited predictive value and cannot support accurate, personalized treatment. However, the rapid development of omics sequencing technologies in recent years (e.g., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics) has provided unprecedented opportunities to analyze the molecular mechanisms of ACLF, discover novel biomarkers, and develop precise intervention strategies. Multiomics technology is an approach that systematically studies complex biological mechanisms of ACLF by integrating data from multiple omics disciplines. This approach overcomes the limitations of single-omics techniques, and offering a more comprehensive view of disease mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and precision medicine. In this review, we summarize studies on whole-genome sequencing, single-cell ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing, proteomics, lipidomics, and metabolomics in patients with ACLF and discuss associations between expression patterns, disease progression and prognosis, and the interconnections among multiomics.</p>","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"291-298"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682809/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A cog in the Weil: A case report of severe leptospirosis.","authors":"Anam Azhar, Iman Ali, Maha Azhar, Namitha Govinda","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000218","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The nonspecific presentation of leptospirosis and delays in serologic confirmation often make its diagnosis challenging. The presence of comorbidities or potential drug toxicities, which can mimic or obscure clinical findings, further adds to this diagnostic difficulty. Here, we present the case of a 46-year-old male with well-controlled HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy, who presented with a four-day history of fever, malaise, and jaundice. The patient is a pilot with recent travel to the United Kingdom and prior travel throughout North America, Central America, and the Caribbean. On admission, he was febrile and tachycardic, with laboratory studies demonstrating elevated creatinine and transaminases. Broad-spectrum antibiotics were initiated and subsequently de-escalated to doxycycline, while antiretroviral therapy was temporarily held. A renal biopsy demonstrated acute tubulointerstitial nephritis. The patient improved clinically with doxycycline, with normalization of liver and kidney function by the time of discharge. Post-discharge serologic testing returned positive for <i>Leptospira</i> IgM antibodies, confirming the diagnosis of Weil's disease. This case underscores the diagnostic challenges of leptospirosis, particularly in patients without clear exposure histories, and highlights the importance of early empiric therapy when clinical suspicion is high.</p>","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"319-321"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682800/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome, anti-infectives, and artificial intelligence: Decoding host-microbe dynamics.","authors":"Xiang Li, Shimiao Shao, Yueyue He, Qiong Zhang","doi":"10.1097/ID9.0000000000000217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/ID9.0000000000000217","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73371,"journal":{"name":"Infectious diseases & immunity","volume":"6 4","pages":"248-250"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13682801/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149240763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}