Encyclopedia最新文献_第9页

Food, Climate Change, and the Challenge of Innovation 粮食、气候变化和创新挑战

Encyclopedia Pub Date : 2023-07-05 DOI: 10.3390/encyclopedia3030060

Daniel Durán-Sandoval, F. Uleri, Gemma Durán-Romero, A. López

{"title":"Food, Climate Change, and the Challenge of Innovation","authors":"Daniel Durán-Sandoval, F. Uleri, Gemma Durán-Romero, A. López","doi":"10.3390/encyclopedia3030060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3030060","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is a shift in the climate’s condition that lasts for an extended period, usually decades or longer, and that may be detected by changes in the mean and variability of its parameters. The full spectrum of players and their related value-adding activities, that are a part of the food supply chain, including the disposal of food items derived from agriculture, forestry, or fisheries, are collectively called food systems. Food systems are a component of their larger economic, social, and environmental contexts. Finally, food security is the condition in which all individuals consistently have physical and financial access to adequate safe, nutritious food that satisfies their dietary needs and food choices for an active and healthy life. Climate change and its relationships with food systems and security are complex since food systems significantly contribute to climate change. However, climate change impacts food systems unpredictably, leading to food insecurity through adverse impacts on the four dimensions of food security: utilization, access, food availability, and stability. Climate change adaptation plans are urgent and include measures such as flood and climate protection, waste management and recycling, climate-smart agriculture, and analytical climatic conditions innovation equipment on agricultural processes and activities. Nevertheless, addressing the climate crisis and its adverse impacts on food security through the activation and promotion of innovation needs reliable information and intervention in many different but interconnected fields, such as institutional design, philanthropy, novel partnerships, finance, and international cooperation. In this context, this paper analyses the relationship between climate change, agriculture, and global–local strategies to ensure food security and also discusses policies’ role in fostering innovation for supporting local agro-food systems and their capacity to sustain societal needs.","PeriodicalId":72905,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45310869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Integrated Optics: Platforms and Fabrication Methods 集成光学：平台和制造方法

Encyclopedia Pub Date : 2023-06-28 DOI: 10.3390/encyclopedia3030059

M. A. Butt

引用次数: 1

Flash Radiotherapy: Innovative Cancer Treatment 闪光放疗:创新的癌症治疗

Encyclopedia Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.3390/encyclopedia3030058

J. Chow, H. Ruda

{"title":"Flash Radiotherapy: Innovative Cancer Treatment","authors":"J. Chow, H. Ruda","doi":"10.3390/encyclopedia3030058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3030058","url":null,"abstract":"Flash radiotherapy (Flash-RT) is an innovative technique used in radiotherapy for cancer treatment because it delivers an extremely high dose of radiation (>40 Gy/s) to the tumour in a very short period of time, typically within a fraction of a second. This ultra-fast delivery of radiation distinguishes Flash-RT from conventional radiotherapy, which typically involves the delivery of radiation over a longer time period, often several minutes. Studies conducted in cell and preclinical models suggested that Flash-RT may spare normal tissues from radiation-related side effects, such as skin toxicity, gastrointestinal complications, and damage to organs-at-risk. This is believed to be due to the unique normal tissue response to the ultra-high dose rate. Nevertheless, while Flash-RT shows promising results in preclinical and early clinical studies, one should note that the technique is still in the early stages of development. This entry provides a comprehensive exploration of the immense potentials of Flash-RT, covering its background, mechanisms, radiation sources, recent experimental findings based on cell and preclinical models, and future prospects. It aims to provide valuable insights into this innovative radiotherapy technology for anyone interested in the subject.","PeriodicalId":72905,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43232627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Cycloadditions and Cyclization Reactions via Post-Synthetic Modification and/or One-Pot Methodologies for the Stabilization of Imine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks 通过合成后修饰和/或一锅法稳定亚胺基共价有机框架的环加成和环化反应

Encyclopedia Pub Date : 2023-06-25 DOI: 10.3390/encyclopedia3030057

Elena Gala, M. Ramos, J. Segura

引用次数: 0

Geometry-Based Deep Learning in the Natural Sciences 自然科学中基于几何的深度学习

Encyclopedia Pub Date : 2023-06-21 DOI: 10.3390/encyclopedia3030056

Robert Friedman

{"title":"Geometry-Based Deep Learning in the Natural Sciences","authors":"Robert Friedman","doi":"10.3390/encyclopedia3030056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia3030056","url":null,"abstract":"Nature is composed of elements at various spatial scales, ranging from the atomic to the astronomical level. In general, human sensory experience is limited to the mid-range of these spatial scales, in that the scales which represent the world of the very small or very large are generally apart from our sensory experiences. Furthermore, the complexities of Nature and its underlying elements are not tractable nor easily recognized by the traditional forms of human reasoning. Instead, the natural and mathematical sciences have emerged to model the complexities of Nature, leading to knowledge of the physical world. This level of predictiveness far exceeds any mere visual representations as naively formed in the Mind. In particular, geometry has served an outsized role in the mathematical representations of Nature, such as in the explanation of the movement of planets across the night sky. Geometry not only provides a framework for knowledge of the myriad of natural processes, but also as a mechanism for the theoretical understanding of those natural processes not yet observed, leading to visualization, abstraction, and models with insight and explanatory power. Without these tools, human experience would be limited to sensory feedback, which reflects a very small fraction of the properties of objects that exist in the natural world. As a consequence, as taught during the times of antiquity, geometry is essential for forming knowledge and differentiating opinion from true belief. It not only provides a framework for understanding astronomy, classical mechanics, and relativistic physics, but also the morphological evolution of living organisms, along with the complexities of the cognitive systems. Geometry also has a role in the information sciences, where it has explanatory power in visualizing the flow, structure, and organization of information in a system. This role further impacts the explanations of the internals of deep learning systems as developed in the fields of computer science and engineering.","PeriodicalId":72905,"journal":{"name":"Encyclopedia","volume":"229 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136355763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fungal Endophytes: An Alternative Biocontrol Agent against Phytopathogenic Fungi 真菌内生菌:一种可替代的植物病原真菌生物防治剂

Encyclopedia Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/encyclopedia3020055

Alviti Kankanamalage Hasith Priyashantha, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Li Lu, Saowaluck Tibpromma

引用次数: 1

Reactive Transport Processes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 质子交换膜燃料电池的反应传输过程

Encyclopedia Pub Date : 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.3390/encyclopedia3020054

Ting Min, Ruiyuan Zhang, Li Chen, Qiang Zhou

引用次数: 0

Obesity vs. Metabolically Healthy Obesity in East Asia 东亚肥胖与代谢健康肥胖

Encyclopedia Pub Date : 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.3390/encyclopedia3020053

Bryan J. Mathis, Kiyoji Tanaka, Yuji Hiramatsu