Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.)最新文献

{"title":"Staphylococcus aureus urinary tract bacteriuria: single-institutional antibiotic susceptibility trends over a decade","authors":"L. Toner, N. Papa, M. Perera, S. Aliyu, Harveer Dev, N. Lawrentschuk, S. Al-hayek","doi":"10.14440/BLADDER.2017.478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14440/BLADDER.2017.478","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a troublesome pathogen which is difficult for clinicians to treat. The purpose of this surveillance program is to assess the prevalence of MRSA urinary tract infections and determine risk factors for methicillin resistance in adults amongst urinary isolates of SA and to describe the antibiotic susceptibilities to guide empirical therapy.Methods: From 2005 through to 2014, we retrospectively reviewed urine cultures recorded in a laboratory database at a university hospital in Cambridge, UK. Susceptibility testing was performed by BSAC (British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy) disc diffusion testing and reported for fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, trimethoprim and vancomycin. Samples were denoted “MRSA” if they were resistant to oxacillin or cefoxitin.Results: In total, 690 cultures were positive for SA, of which 293 (42.5%) were methicillin resistant. The number of SA bacteriuria decreased from around 100 per year to 40 per year. The proportion demonstrating methicillin resistance decreased from around 60% to around 20%. Both methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and nitrofurantoin. MRSA isolates demonstrated some increased resistance to trimethoprim and gentamicin and greatly increased resistance to fluoroquinolones. Urinary catheterization and increasing age were risk factors for methicillin resistance.Conclusion: The incidence of SA and MRSA bacteriuria decreased during the study period. A high degree of resistance to fluoroquinolones was observed in MRSA compared to MSSA. Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility profiles suggests nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim may be useful in treating uncomplicated MSSA and MRSA urinary tract infections without concurrent bacteremia.","PeriodicalId":72421,"journal":{"name":"Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46304386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cystectomy survival outcomes: A single centre experience in Australia","authors":"Richard Hoffmann, C. Logan, M. O’Callaghan, D. Foreman","doi":"10.14440/BLADDER.2017.552","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14440/BLADDER.2017.552","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Survival following cystectomy is influenced by gender, age and initial pathology. We report on variation in biopsy versus final surgical pathology and its impact on survival, five year survival of those undergoing cystectomy for bladder urothelial carcinoma, and evaluate any difference between gender and age.Methods: Patients were selected from our hospital cancer database who underwent a cystectomy for bladder urothelial carcinoma between 1987 and 2015. Patients were considered as having bladder cancer if they had muscle invasive cancer, non-muscle invasive cancer or carcinoma in situ on their final biopsy pathology. Pathology was recorded at last cystoscopy before surgery and based on surgical specimen.Results: One hundred and twenty-five patients were included, 71% male, and 29% female, with a median age at cystectomy of 67.1 years. Fifty-seven point nine percent of patients had no change between their biopsy and cystectomy histopathology and 18.3% of patients were downgraded, 16.6% of patients were upgraded, and 7.1% had incomplete pathology data. Median survival was 4.6 years and overall five year survival 58.2%. There was no significant difference in survival between genders and no difference when comparing between gender and age > 70 and < 70 years. There was no statistical difference in survival between patients who had their final pathology upgraded, downgraded, or confirmed.Conclusions: We found lower rates of variation in biopsy versus surgical pathology than reported elsewhere and did not observe a significant association with survival. Our survival outcomes are similar to those within the literature. Gender did not impact on survival, even when comparing between age > 70 and < 70 years.","PeriodicalId":72421,"journal":{"name":"Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42134585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of filling rate on cystometric parameters in young and middle aged mice.","authors":"Alexandra K Kim,&nbsp;Warren G Hill","doi":"10.14440/bladder.2017.88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14440/bladder.2017.88","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To investigate the effect of changing the bladder filling rate during cystometry in younger (2-3 months) and older (13-14 months) C57BL/6J male mice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cystometry was performed on mice under anesthesia. Voiding cycles were established in each mouse at a pump delivery rate of 17 μl/min. After 30 min, the rate was increased sequentially to 25, 33, 41 and 49 μl/min. Each rate was maintained for 30 min. The following cystometric parameters were quantified: peak pressure amplitude, intercontractile interval (ICI), compliance, micturition pressure threshold and voiding efficiency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Bladder weights were significantly greater in older mice (42 mg <i>vs.</i> 27 mg, <i>P</i> < 0.01), but functional capacities were not different. The pressure amplitudes did not change as filling rate increased, nor did they differ between the 4-month and 13-month-old males. ICIs were not significantly different between young and mature mice. However, both groups exhibited a non-linear reduction in ICI with increasing filling rate, best described by a power curve (<i>R</i>² > 0.93). Compliance was higher in the older mice at low filling rates (17 and 25 μl/min) but this difference diminished at higher rates. Compliance decreased with increasing flow rate in a non-linear manner, again with greater effects at low filling rates. Micturition pressure thresholds increased with increasing flow rate in a linear manner and older mice began voiding at higher pressures than younger. Both young and old mice exhibited voiding efficiencies of ~70%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The rate of volume delivery has complex effects on the timing of voiding and compliance. These findings argue for greater standardization of cystometry protocols and further investigation into afferent signaling to higher centers at different filling rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":72421,"journal":{"name":"Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/24/64/nihms855756.PMC5443651.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35035901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in the MB49 syngeneic, murine model of bladder cancer","authors":"S. White-Gilbertson, M. Davis, C. Voelkel-Johnson, L. Kasman","doi":"10.14440/bladder.2016.73","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14440/bladder.2016.73","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVE The MB49 syngeneic, murine model of bladder cancer has been widely used for more than 35 years. In humans, bladder cancer is one third as prevalent in women as in men, with a trend toward lower prevalence in parous compared to nulliparous women. Our objective was to determine if the MB49 bladder cancer model reproduces the sex differences observed in humans, and to determine its sensitivity to testosterone and the pregnancy hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). METHODS Male and female C57BL/6 mice were implanted with MB49 murine bladder cancer cells, and observed for tumor growth. MB49 dose responses to hCG and dihydrotestosterone were determined in vitro. RESULTS MB49 tumor growth was significantly greater in male mice than female mice. Pregnancy did not affect MB49 tumor growth in female mice. MB49 cells did not proliferate in response to hCG in vitro and the functional receptor for gonadotropins was absent. Dihydrotestosterone strongly stimulated growth of MB49 cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The MB49 murine model of bladder cancer reproduced some aspects of the sex differences observed in humans. Our results suggest that testosterone may stimulate MB49 cell proliferation, which may explain the more rapid MB49 tumor growth observed in male mice.","PeriodicalId":72421,"journal":{"name":"Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66606301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of consolidative surgical therapy in patients with locally advanced or regionally metastatic bladder cancer.","authors":"Mark D Tyson,&nbsp;Sam S Chang,&nbsp;Kirk A Keegan","doi":"10.14440/bladder.2016.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14440/bladder.2016.89","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of radical cystectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissection (RC/PLND) on the survival of patients with locally advanced and/or regionally metastatic bladder cancer is unknown. However, emerging evidence suggests that there may be survival benefit to a subset of select patients with this disease who demonstrate a response to chemotherapy. This article will review the current literature on the role of RC/PLND in the consolidative treatment of locally advanced and regionally metastatic bladder cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":72421,"journal":{"name":"Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/46/14/nihms814309.PMC5336315.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10752246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of the role of HCN channels in β3-adrenoceptor mediated rat bladder relaxation","authors":"M. Kashyap, N. Yoshimura, Phillip P Smith, M. Chancellor, P. Tyagi","doi":"10.14440/bladder.2015.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14440/bladder.2015.44","url":null,"abstract":"Objective The second messenger cAMP is involved in both β3 adrenoceptor (β3-AR) mediated detrusor relaxation and the kinetics of Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. Here we characterized the effect HCN channel activation and possible interaction with β3-AR in bladder. Materials and Methods Bladder tissues from Sprague-Dawley rats and Human organ donors were obtained for studying species-specific expression of HCN channels by real-time qPCR and Western Blot. Effect of β3-agonist on rat bladder strips (0.5 × 0.5 × 7 mm in size) was studied during activation and blockade of HCN channels by Lamotrigine and ZD7288, respectively. Results Expression of all four genes encoding for HCN channels (HCN1-4) was detected separately in bladder mucosa and detrusor from human and rat bladders. Species based differences were evident from relatively higher expression of HCN4 isoform in human bladder and that of HCN1 in rat bladder. Western blot confirmed the findings at mRNA level. Cumulative application β3-AR agonist CL316,243 produced a concentration dependent decrease in resting tension of rat bladder strips expressed as integral of mechanical activity. Pre-incubation of HCN channel blocker ZD 7288 opposed the relaxant effect of CL316,243, whereas co-administration of lamotrigine with CL316,243 at equal molar concentrations caused an additive decrease in resting tension. Cumulative addition of ZD7288 and lamotrigine in absence of CL316,243 showed opposing effects on detrusor contractility. Conclusions Species-specific differences were noted in expression of HCN channels in bladder. Opposing effects ZD7288 and Lamotrigine in the action of β3-AR agonist demonstrate possible functional interaction of HCN channels and β3-AR in detrusor contractility.","PeriodicalId":72421,"journal":{"name":"Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66606292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The human urothelial tight junction: claudin 3 and the ZO-1α⁺ switch.","authors":"Nicholas J Smith,&nbsp;Jennifer Hinley,&nbsp;Claire L Varley,&nbsp;Ian Eardley,&nbsp;Ludwik K Trejdosiewicz,&nbsp;Jennifer Southgate","doi":"10.14440/bladder.2015.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14440/bladder.2015.33","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Tight junctions are multicomponent structures, with claudin proteins defining paracellular permeability. Claudin 3 is a candidate for the exceptional \"tightness\" of human urothelium, being localised to the terminal tight junction (TJ) of superficial cells. Our aim was to determine whether claudin 3 plays an instigating and/or a functional role in the urothelial TJ.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Normal human urothelial (NHU) cells maintained as non-immortalised cell lines were retrovirally-transduced to over-express or silence claudin 3 expression. Stable sublines induced to stratify or differentiate were assessed for TJ formation by immunocytochemistry and transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). Expression of claudin 3, ZO-1 and ZO-1α⁺ was examined in native urothelium by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Claudin 3 expression was associated with differentiation and development of a tight barrier and along with ZO-1 and ZO-1α⁺ was localised to the apical tight junction in native urothelium. Knockdown of claudin 3 inhibited formation of a tight barrier in three independent cell lines, however, overexpression of claudin 3 was not sufficient to induce tight barrier development in the absence of differentiation. A differentiation-dependent induction of the ZO-1α⁺ isoform was found to coincide with barrier formation. Whereas claudin 3 overexpression did not induce the switch to co-expression of ZO-1α^-/ZO-1α⁺, claudin 3 knockdown decreased localisation of ZO-1 to the TJ and resulted in compromised barrier function.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Urothelial cytodifferentiation is accompanied by induction of claudin 3 which is essential for the development of a terminal TJ. A coordinated switch to the ZO-1α⁺ isotype was also observed and for the first time may indicate that ZO-1α⁺ is involved in the structural assembly and function of the urothelial terminal TJ.</p>","PeriodicalId":72421,"journal":{"name":"Bladder (San Francisco, Calif.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c0/3e/nihms667737.PMC4530542.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33917105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}