Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery最新文献

{"title":"Anterior Odontoid Screw Fixation: Current Advances in Indications and Techniques.","authors":"Gianpaolo Jannelli, Benedetta Fazzolari, Andrea Brunori, Aria Nouri, Enrico Tessitore, Alberto Delitala","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-22008-0_12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-22008-0_12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Odontoid fractures (OFs) are one of the most common fractures of the upper cervical spine, estimated to represent 9-15% of all cervical fractures. Although their relative frequency, its optimal management is still debated. When surgery is required, anterior odontoid screw fixation (AOSF) offers several advantages, such as preservation of neck rotation, reduced surgical risk, and shorter hospital stay. However, only well-selected patients are eligible for this procedure, and an accurate interpretation of imaging as well as an optimal surgical timing should be taken into account to identify who may be the \"best candidates\".</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The aim of this narrative review is to report the current advances in the treatment of OFs by AOSF. We will focus on surgical details, including minimally invasive surgery, as well as on pre- and postoperative critical aspects.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>With regard to preoperative imaging, type II b OFs (with fracture line oriented from anterior superior to posterior inferior) typically present favourable configuration to be treated by AOSF. Furthermore, a fracture gap >2 mm, an angulation >11° and a displacement >2 mm as well as timing duration from injury to surgery >7 days are predictors of non-union after AOSF. With regard to surgical technique, compared to traditional open technique, MIS procedures are more and more reported. This approach can be performed percutaneously under fluoroscopy or navigation guidance. Finally, the use of a single, bicortical lag screw is strongly suggested to compress the fractured bone surfaces, to reduce the fracture gap and to obtain the best mechanical stability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our review suggests that AOSF is an effective option in the treatment of type II OFs. However, a meticulous assessment of preoperative images is mandatory, and particular attention has to be paid to fracture configuration, gap, angulation, displacement and ligament integrity. With regard to elderly population, the possibility of wearing rigid collar should be considered, and recent literature reports encouraging results even without any treatment. If a surgical intervention is required, the timing from injury to the operation represents a crucial parameter, making early decisions an important element in the management of type II OFs. Compared to the traditional open approach, minimally invasive AOSF is reliable, promotes faster recovery and in select cases can be performed even under sedation.</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"56 ","pages":"269-282"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148378301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decisional Tree for Pineal Tumors.","authors":"Carmine Mottolese, Federico Di Rocco, Alexandru Szathmari","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pineal tumors are rare and it is important that they have to be treated by actors involved in their care. The first thing to do is the realization of the routine radiological studies necessary to establish if the tumor is located only in the pineal region or if there is bifocal localization or if the tumor is associated with a metastatic diffusion. Cerebral MRI represents the golden standard for diagnosis, associated, especially in children, to a spinal study. The study of pineal markers, the alpha protein, total human choroid gonadotrophin (hCG), and the free beta HCG, in the blood and in the CSF is of paramount importance to avoid unnecessary surgery because their presence means that we are in the face of a germ cell tumor. The age of patients is an important factor to consider because some lesions are more frequent in the pediatric age, in contrast to other tumors, which are more frequent in adult age. The decision of the choice of treatment sometimes can be difficult and for this the discussions in multidisciplinary concentration groups are necessary and these discussions should be organized also in emergencies to ensure all patients, at any time, are guaranteed of the best treatment.Surgery has a great place for treatment of benign lesion, while chemotherapy and radiotherapy have to be reserved for more malignant tumors according to the definitive histological and genetic studies of the lesions.</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"54 ","pages":"151-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of Pineal Tumors.","authors":"Alexandru Szathmari, Camilla de Laurentis, Carmine Mottolese","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Although rare, the pineal region tumors are differently reported in the literature around the world. Regardless of whether a physician practices in eastern regions such as Japan, Europe, or America, the frequency with which they encounter these pathologies is distinct, as is their experience. Understanding the incidence of pineal tumors or their subtypes is crucial for their diagnosis and management in various therapeutic models.</p><p><strong>Analysis of the data from the literature: </strong>Comprehensive complementary research was conducted on PubMed. We use these MeSH terms: pinealoma, glioma, brain neoplasms, germ cell and embryonal, epidemiology, and incidence in different combinations. After analysis, from 568 initial articles, only 40 were found relevant. Most of the results on the incidence in the general population are updates of national databases. The main are SEER reported by the CBTRUS for the USA and BTRJ for Japan. Data from single institutional series was divided regarding the incidence of pineal region tumors (PRTs) in the general population, the frequency compared to central nervous system tumors, and regarding the histological subtypes in the PRT group. Data from the Lyon Pineal Region Tumor Registry is also analyzed in the discussion.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A thorough understanding of the incidence and characteristics of pineal gland and pineal region tumors is essential for improving their recognition and management. Through dedicated databases, the epidemiological and survival information can be correlated with histology and with molecular data allowing for a better understanding of tumoral subtypes and facilitate personalized therapeutic management. In this context, the French Pineal Tumor Registry is an essential tool: it offers a comprehensive overview of statistics, treatment modalities, and survival, while also enabling international comparisons. This registry is part of a modern, multidisciplinary approach, facilitating the clinical and therapeutic evaluation of different protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"54 ","pages":"17-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Melatonin: Some Aspects of Biochemistry, Physiology, and Pharmacology.","authors":"Bruno Claustrat, Claude Gronfier","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Melatonin is a hormone synthesized by the pineal gland from tryptophan as a precursor and serotonin as an intermediate. It is secreted during the night and displays a peak around 3 a.m., depending on the individual chronotype. This rhythm is generated by an endogenous biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus and entrained to the light/dark cycle (circadian rhythm). The roles of melatonin are numerous, but this hormone is described as a messenger of nighttime to the body, a modulator of circadian rhythmicity in mammals (including humans), and a regulator of seasonal rhythms in photoperiodic animals. Melatonin, as a hormone message controlled by the central circadian clock, distributes temporal cues to the complex network of peripheral circadian clocks found in a multitude of target structures. This message favors the adaptation of the entire organism to the photoperiod. In this way, melatonin plays the role of an endogenous synchronizer capable of reinforcing the circadian rhythms, stabilizing them and maintaining their phase relationships (internal synchronization), which contributes to a physiological coherence. In fact, melatonin is not the sleep hormone, but it reinforces the contrast between day/night and activity/sleep. Further, exogenous administration of melatonin favors sleep onset (soporific effect) and influences the endogenous melatonin rhythm (advancing or delaying it according to the time of administration; a so-called chronobiotic activity) via the circadian clock. This chronobiotic activity is the pharmacological basis for the treatment of dysrhythmia (jet lag syndrome, delayed-sleep phase syndrome, non-24 circadian sleep disorder in blind people, etc.).</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"54 ","pages":"49-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pineal Tumors and Pineal Region Tumors.","authors":"Ronan Tanguy","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_16","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_16","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tumors of the pineal region (PRTs) are rare and heterogeneous, accounting for less than 1% of intracranial neoplasms. They encompass pineal parenchymal tumors (PPTs), germ cell tumors (GCTs), and other histologies, such as gliomas or meningiomas. Radiotherapy remains a cornerstone of their management, with techniques and doses tailored to tumor biology and dissemination risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review summarizes current principles and practices in radiotherapy for PRTs, based on tumor subtype and extent of disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For pineocytoma (WHO grade I), gross total resection (GTR) provides excellent outcomes, while adjuvant radiotherapy (50-54 Gy) or stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is reserved for subtotally resected cases. Pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation (PPTIDs) (grades II-III) display variable aggressiveness; GTR remains the main prognostic factor, and adjuvant RT (50-54 Gy) improves overall survival, with craniospinal irradiation (CSI, 23-36 Gy + boost) indicated in disseminated disease. Pineoblastoma (PB) is an aggressive embryonal tumor requiring multimodal therapy: CSI (36 Gy + boost to 54-55.8 Gy) combined with chemotherapy yields 5-year OS rates >70% in children ≥3 years, though outcomes remain poor in younger or metastatic patients. Papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) (WHO II-III) typically recurs locally despite surgery; adjuvant focal radiotherapy (≈50 Gy) is recommended. The recently described desmoplastic myxoid tumor, SMARCB1-mutant shows intermediate behavior, with limited data supporting focal RT ≥54 Gy. Among germ cell tumors, pure germinomas-highly radiosensitive-achieve >90% 5-year OS with reduced-volume RT whole-ventricular irradiation (WVI, 24 Gy + boost) has replaced historical CSI. Non-germinomatous GCTs (NGGCTs) require combined chemotherapy and RT; CSI + boost achieves 70-90% 5-year OS. Proton therapy is increasingly employed to limit long-term neurocognitive and secondary cancer risks.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Management of pineal region tumors relies on an integrated approach combining surgery, radiotherapy, and, when indicated, chemotherapy. Advances in conformal and particle techniques have optimized the therapeutic ratio, while molecular classification now guides risk-adapted treatment. Future studies should refine dose-volume strategies and integrate biological markers to further personalize care.</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"54 ","pages":"269-294"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"History of Treatment of Pineal Tumors.","authors":"Carmine Mottolese, Alexandru Szathmari, Federico Di Rocco, Pierre-Aurélien Beuriat","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pineal gland for a long time aroused the interest of scholars' philosophical and religious current of thought.Its history started in China in 2697 BC and in the Indu culture it was considered the centre of spiritual forces or the centre of vital energy. Herophilus (325-280) studied the pineal gland with anatomical dissection and considered the gland as the valve that permitted the flow of the vital \"pnuema.\"Descartes (1596-1650), a French philosopher, gave a great impulsion to the studies on the role of the pineal gland. The location of the soul in the pineal gland was again proposed as it acts in the control of the human body. The human intellectual soul was characterized by the immortality, the free will, and the reason that characterize the power of imagination, the intellectual elaboration, and the faculty of commemoration, respectively.Ahlborn and Rabl-Ruckhardt (1839-1906) showed the similarity between the nonmammalian pineal gland and the primary optic vesicles. The visual function of the pineal gland was reported also by Helena Blavatsky (1831-1891) and a new era for its role started.In 1958 the hormone of the gland, the melatonin, was discovered by Lerner. Successively it demonstrated a variability of the production of the hormone in function of the exposition to light or dark and the implication in the control of the circadian rhythm. The theory of function of the internal clock of the pineal and the control of the circadian rhythm of an organism began to take form.At the same time the classification of the pineal tumor started and the first surgical approaches were proposed. The development of anesthesiology and the surgical tools in the last years permitted to make surgery accessible for patients reducing the rate of sequels and mortality.To know the \"history\" of the pineal gland and of pineal tumors, treatment permits to understand the evolution and the development of ideas concerning the diagnosis and treatment of these rare tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"54 ","pages":"3-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Infratentorial Supracerebellar Approach: The Most Used Avenue for Pineal and Pineal Region Tumors: How We Do It.","authors":"Alexandru Szathmari, Pierre-Aurélien Beuriat, Federico Di Rocco, Carmine Mottolese","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_12","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_12","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The infratentorial supracerebellar approach is the most commonly used surgical approach for pineal and pineal region tumors in the literature (Mottolese et al. Neurochirurgie 61:176-183, 2015).The infratentorial supracerebellar approach is performed through a natural surgical corridor, which is facilitated by the use of the sitting position.This approach is particularly indicated for tumors that are strictly midline and measure no more than 2 cm in diameter (Stein. Surg Neurol 11:331-337, 1979; Stein. J Neurosurg 35:197-202, 1971; Pendl et al. Neurosurgery 26:641-648, 1990).Advances in surgical microscopy, the development and systematic application of microsurgical techniques and the improvements in anesthesia have all contributed to reducing complication and mortality rates, thereby popularizing this approach.We describe the infratentorial supracerebellar approach to the pineal region and we present how we do it.</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"54 ","pages":"213-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biopsy of Pineal Tumors: Endoscopy or Stereotaxic or Neuronavigation Guided?","authors":"A Toutikian, Alexandru Szathmari, Pierre-Aurélien Beuriat, Carmine Mottolese, Federico Di Rocco","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_10","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-032-18608-9_10","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to compare the efficacy, safety, and diagnostic yield of three biopsy approaches for pineal tumors: endoscopy-, stereotaxic-, and neuronavigation-guided techniques.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, encompassing relevant studies published between 1973 and 2023. Data were collected on biopsy success rates, complications, diagnostic accuracy, and procedural variables.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 93 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 1798 patients. We did not find any article considering only neuronavigation. This technique was always associated with the endoscopic or the stereotactic way, so we did not present isolated results. The overall biopsy success rates were comparable for both techniques, ranging from 25% to 100% (We note that three studies reported very low success rates (25%-50%) compared with the remaining 45 studies, which reported success rates ranging from 81.1% to 100%. These studies are discussed, along with our interpretation of these exceptions: (1) Kraichoke et al. (Am J Surg Pathol 12(9):655-660, 1988), success rate = 25% (n = 4); this result is probably due to the early stage of adoption of the technique. (2) Cunliffe et al. (J Neurooncol 93(2):269-274, 2009), success rate = 50% (n = 1); a second biopsy was performed for the same patient because the first one only provides hemorrhagic tissue fragments. (3) Kim et al. (Childs Nerv Syst 39(9):2367-2375, 2023), success rate = 50% (n = 2); one endoscopic procedure had to be stopped because of hemorrhage resulting in poor visualization.). However, endoscopic biopsies demonstrated a slightly lower diagnostic yield (87%) compared to stereotaxic-guided techniques (94.6%). Complication rates were also similar, with minor complications occurring in 4.3%-14.9% of cases and major complications in 0.5%-1.6%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Endoscopic-, stereotaxic-, and neuronavigation-guided biopsy techniques exhibit similar efficacy and safety profiles for sampling pineal tumors. Endoscopy may offer a significant advantage due to the possibility to perform an endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in the same surgical time, but the choice of technique should consider individual patient factors, tumor characteristics, and surgeon expertise. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and optimize biopsy strategies for pineal tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"54 ","pages":"177-196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147876791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4D Neurosurgery-Learning Brain Surgery from an Avatar.","authors":"Giselle Coelho, William David Freeman","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-22008-0_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-22008-0_1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hydrocephalus is one of the most common pediatric neurosurgical conditions worldwide, with an incidence of approximately 6000 new cases in infants annually, 50% of which are congenital. While shunt placement remains a standard treatment, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) combined with choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) has emerged as a less invasive and durable alternative in selected cases. However, ETV-CPC is technically demanding and requires extensive surgical training, especially for pediatric populations. This chapter explores an innovative, mixed-reality simulation model that combines a physical baby simulator with an expert AI-driven avatar to reduce the learning curve for pediatric neuroendoscopy. The training model, designed specifically for use in under-resourced regions such as the Brazilian Amazon region, was evaluated and showed a 41.65% average decrease in surgical errors post-training. This chapter also discusses the global implications of this methodology for neurosurgical training and equitable medical education.</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"56 ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148378270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of Anterior Third Ventricular Tumors: A Comprehensive Review and Clinical Experience.","authors":"Sanjeev Pattankar, Subhashree Hari, Basant K Misra","doi":"10.1007/978-3-032-22008-0_7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-22008-0_7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anterior third ventricular tumors, encompassing colloid cysts, gliomas, craniopharyngiomas, and neurocytomas, are rare intracranial neoplasms that present significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their deep-seated location and proximity to critical neurovascular structures. This chapter synthesizes current literature on their natural history, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies, integrating our clinical experience with 193 cases treated between 1995 and 2023. We explore observation, microsurgical resection, endoscopic surgery, and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), providing an in-depth analysis of surgical techniques, their nuances, benefits, and risks. The commonest diagnosis in our series was colloid cyst (72.5%). We achieved a 81.5% complete resection rate with 12% complications overall. Major studies are reviewed to compare outcomes, and a management algorithm is proposed to guide individualized treatment, emphasizing tumor control and quality of life (QOL) preservation. Additionally, emerging molecular and genetic insights into these tumors, pediatric-specific considerations, quality-of-life outcomes, long-term follow-up strategies, and novel surgical or radiological techniques, reflecting the latest evidence-based advancements in the field, are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":72077,"journal":{"name":"Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery","volume":"56 ","pages":"133-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148378405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}