Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica最新文献

{"title":"2bRAD-M sequencing reveals differences in serum, tumor and paraneoplastic tissue microbiota in colorectal cancer patients.","authors":"Sun Wenchang, Yan Shushan, Zhao Lu, Lv Qianwen, Zhao Chunbo, Dai Wenqing, Zhang Yan, Li Wanxiang, Wang Honggang","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02675","DOIUrl":"10.1556/030.2025.02675","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant disease associated with substantial morbidity and mortality rates, and the implementation of early screening has been shown to greatly enhance survival outcomes. Currently, early screening methods for CRC rely on stool-based tests and colonoscopy; however, the limited adherence of patients to these screening protocols hinders their widespread adoption. The utilization of innovative microbiological sequencing technique known as 2bRAD-M holds promise for the detection of low biomass samples. In this study, the 2bRAD-M technique was employed to ascertain a diverse microbiota consisting of different microorganisms in the serum of patients diagnosed with CRC, as well as in the serum of healthy control individuals. This study included 3 patients with non-metastatic CRC and 3 healthy individuals. Additionally, the microbiota present in CRC tumor tissues and paraneoplastic tissues were also examined. Furthermore, the metabolic pathways of these microorganisms were predicted. The findings indicated that the microbiota community structures in serum and tissues were distinct, while the microbiota composition in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues was largely similar. Microbiota in serum such as Enterobacteriaceae and tissue-associated RC9、Ralstonia may serve as novel biomarkers for CRC screening. Our results suggest that both serum microbiota and cancer tissue microbiota can serve as a valuable basis for conducting early in vitro screening for CRC.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":"203-211"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigations of Escherichia coli ST131 and H30Rx subclone from clinical samples.","authors":"Elif Aydin, Selahattin Celebi, Ozgur Celebi, Demet Celebi, Ali Taghizadehghalehjoughi","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02710","DOIUrl":"10.1556/030.2025.02710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Escherichia coli is a highly adaptable Gram-negative bacterium, commonly part of the gut microbiota in humans and animals, yet capable of causing severe extraintestinal infections. Among its lineages, Sequence Type 131 (ST131) has emerged as a globally disseminated, multidrug-resistant, high-risk clone with remarkable capacity for systemic infections. This study provides a comprehensive molecular epidemiological characterization of 160 clinical E. coli isolates, collected between 15.09.2021 and 28.02.2022, assessing antimicrobial resistance profiles, virulence gene carriage, phylogenetic group distribution, prevalence of ST131 and H30Rx subclone, and biofilm-forming capacity. Isolates were identified by conventional and automated methods, with molecular analyses performed via in-house PCR assays. Our results reveal a striking 69.38% prevalence of ST131, with 95.5% harboring virulence genes and 81.99% exhibiting biofilm formation. Notably, ST131-positive isolates demonstrated extensive resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes, including ESBL production, and were dominated by the H30Rx subclone. Specifically, 73.87% of ST131 isolates were ESBL-positive, fluoroquinolone resistance was observed in 81.37%, while aminoglycoside resistance rate remained very low. The H30Rx subclone was strongly associated with ESBL positivity and multidrug resistance. Moreover, integron carriage diversity and strong association with fimA virulence gene further highlight the adaptive versatility of this clone. Given that ST131 and its H30Rx subclone are recognized as global pandemic lineages associated with multidrug resistance and severe infections, their detection in our cohort emphasizes both the clinical relevance and the public health risk posed by these clones. Our findings underscore the urgent need for targeted surveillance and control strategies, offering novel epidemiological insights into the molecular diversity and clinical threat posed by E. coli ST131 in Turkey.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":"226-236"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of pertussis in children: A retrospective study of 306 cases in Wuxue, China.","authors":"Jie Chen, Ming Zhang, Yantao Wu, Qian Zhang","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1556/030.2025.02683","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pertussis in children from Wuxue, China, focusing on age-specific patterns in clinical presentation, laboratory findings and outcomes. A retrospective case-control study was conducted on 306 pediatric patients hospitalized with pertussis at Wuxue First People's Hospital between May 2023 and June 2024. Patients were stratified into three age groups: infants (2-12 months, n = 82), preschool children (1-6 years, n = 127), and school-aged children (7-13 years, n = 97). Age-matched healthy controls (n = 306) were included for hematological comparisons. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and GraphPad Prism 9.5.0. Infants exhibited the most severe clinical profiles, with significantly elevated leukocyte and lymphocyte parameters compared to older groups (P < 0.001). The incidence of pneumonia was the highest in infants (82.93% vs. 33.07% in preschool and 22.68% in school-aged children, P < 0.001). ROC analysis highlighted lymphocyte percentage as a reliable diagnostic marker in infants (AUC = 0.7620). Seasonal peaks occurred in spring (61.44%) and winter (20.91%). Notably, 84.32% of infected children were fully vaccinated, indicating waning immunity. Macrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis strains were identified in 7.19% of cases however, co-trimoxazole was effective against these resistant strains. Severe pertussis occurred in 14.05% of cases, predominantly in infants (81.40%, P < 0.001). Age is a critical factor in pertussis presentation. The high vaccination rate among cases underscores issues of waning immunity, necessitating updated immunization strategies. Emerging macrolide resistance warrants vigilance, with co-trimoxazole serving as an effective alternative for therapy. Infants require prioritized surveillance and prompt management.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145197642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial resistance rates of Campylobacter species isolated from clinical samples during 2010-2011 and 2023-2024 in Serbia.","authors":"Zoran Tambur, Biljana Miljković-Selimović, Vladimir Biočanin, Ivan Stanojević, D Kljajić, Bojan Rakonjac, Nina Bulajić","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02685","DOIUrl":"10.1556/030.2025.02685","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Campylobacteriosis is the most frequent zoonosis in Europe and its most important human pathogens are Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Resistance of Campylobacter to fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines, previously recommended for treatment of prolonged or complicated disease, has been emerging. We examined phenotypic resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and imipenem in 150 Campylobacter isolates from human stool during 2010-2011 and the same number of strains during 2023-2024, using the antimicrobial gradient method in both periods, to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Comparing the two periods, resistance rate of C. jejuni increased by 35% and 38.43% to tetracyclin and ciprofloxacin, respectively and decreased by 0.83% to erythromycin. Prevalence of resistance in C. coli increased by 42.59% and 42.01% against tetracyclin and ciprofloxacin, respectively and all isolates were sensitive to erythromycin. Resistance of C. jejuni to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid decreased by 0.96% and increased by 3.70% in C. coli. All isolates showed sensitivity for imipenem in both periods, while only 2% of C. jejuni strains were resistant to gentamicin in 2023-2024. The difference of mean MICs for all antibiotics was statistically significant in two examined periods, with exception of those for erythromycin both in C. jejuni and C. coli. In 2023-2024, 79 isolates of C. jejuni and 22 isolates of C. coli were resistant against two and more antibiotics, most frequently tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. The present study provides evidence that in Campylobacter spp. the antimicrobial resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline is on rise in Serbia. Our findings are in accordance with recent reports from countries geographically close to Serbia.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":"256-260"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cefiderocol as an alternative antibiotic therapy for treating severe Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections.","authors":"Paiboon Vattanaviboon, Skorn Mongkolsuk, Nisanart Charoenlap","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02676","DOIUrl":"10.1556/030.2025.02676","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen that causes life-threatening hospital-acquired infections. This microorganism possesses a diverse array of chromosome-encoded antimicrobial resistance genes, which render it inherently multidrug-resistant (MDR). Its ability to acquire additional antimicrobial resistance via mutations and the horizontal transfer of resistome elements from neighboring microbial communities has further contributed to the development of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and even pandrug-resistant (PDR) strains. These strains are resistant to routinely used antibiotics, including the first-line drug trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole as well as levofloxacin and minocycline. Recently, cefiderocol - a siderophore-conjugated cephalosporin - was developed for clinical use. This antibiotic has shown high in vitro efficacy against clinically relevant MDR gram-negative pathogens. Cefiderocol efficiently transverses the outer membrane of bacteria via iron transport systems and exhibits high stability against β-lactamases. An injectable form of cefiderocol has received Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia, and ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia caused by drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Clinical data on the use of cefiderocol for S. maltophilia infections remain limited, however, some in vitro, in vivo, and case studies have demonstrated its efficacy and successful treatment of MDR S. maltophilia infections. Given the narrow range of therapeutic options currently available, cefiderocol presents a promising alternative for the effective management of severe S. maltophilia infections. Nevertheless, the potential for the emergence of resistance remains a significant concern, as emerging evidence suggests that S. maltophilia may acquire resistance following exposure to this antibiotic.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":"171-179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145074106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity of ceftazidime-avibactam combinations against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed by checkerboard method.","authors":"Serpil Genç, Ayten Nur Uzun, Hilal Tanriverdi","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02686","DOIUrl":"10.1556/030.2025.02686","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study is to detect the carbapenemase type and to determine the in vitro effects of ceftazidime/avibactam-colistin, ceftazidime/avibactam-meropenem and ceftazidime/avibactam-tigecycline combinations against Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates. A total of 35 CRKP isolates were included to the study. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem, colistin and tigecycline were determined by broth dilution method. Synergistic effects of ceftazidime/avibactam-colistin, ceftazidime/avibactam-meropenem and ceftazidime/avibactam-tigecycline were investigated by microdilution checkerboard method. Carbapenemase genes (blaOXA-48, blaNDM, blaKPC, blaIMP, blaVIM) were detected by multiplex PCR. All of the isolates were resistant to meropenem, whereas 77.1% of the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam and 14.3% of the isolates were resistant to colistin.The carbapenemase genes of the CRKP isolates were determined as 17 OXA-48+NDM, 9 KPC, 6 OXA-48, 1 NDM, 1 KPC+NDM and 1 KPC+OXA-48. Ceftazidime/avibactam-colistin, ceftazidime/avibactam-meropenem and ceftazidime/avibactam-tigecycline combinations were synergistic against 5.7% (2/35), 17.1% (6/35), and 5.7% (2/35) of the isolates, respectively. Ceftazidime/avibactam-meropenem was the most effective synergistic combination in our study, showing synergism in 17.1% of isolates, however, the synergistic effect varied depending on the CRKP isolate tested.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":"220-225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145074111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic characteristics of vancomycin intermediate Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients in Tehran, Iran: CC/ST8 is a serious threat.","authors":"Mehdi Goudarzi, Mozhgan Raigani, Zahra Salehi, Masoumeh Navidinia, Mohammad Javad Nasiri, Hossein Goudarzi","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02639","DOIUrl":"10.1556/030.2025.02639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) strains represent a serious public health concern. It is crucial to investigate the genetic diversity, biofilm formation, and virulence analysis of VISA isolated from hospitalized patients. During the two-year study period, 42 VISA were obtained from 520 S. aureus isolates collected from various clinical samples, corresponding to a prevalence of 8.1%, as determined by the broth microdilution method. These VISA isolates were further characterized using biofilm formation, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, SCCmec typing, spa typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and PCR analysis for detecting resistance (erm(B), tet(M), mecC, msr(B), mecA, mupA, vanA, aac(6')-Ie/aph(2˝), mupB, msr(A), erm(C), erm(A), vanB, ant(4')-Ia, and aph(3')-IIIa), biofilm (clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, ebp, cna and bap) and virulence (eta, etb, pvl, and tst) genes. Our results indicated that the 42 VISA isolates belonged to three clonal complexes, including CC8 (78.6%), CC22 (11.9%), and CC5 (9.5%). The vast majority of S. aureus isolates belonged to CC8/ST239-SCCmec III/t037 (42.9%). Our result revealed that PVL-positive strains belonged to CC/ST5-SCCmec IV/t002 (9.5%), CC/ST8-SCCmec IV/t008 (19%), and CC/ST22-SCCmec IV/t790 (7.1%) while TST-positive isolates belonged to CC8/ST239-SCCmec III/t030 (9.5%) and CC8/ST239-SCCmec III/t037 (35.7%). The majority of HLMUPR isolates belonged to CC8/ST239-SCCmec III/t037 (14.3%), followed by CC/ST8-SCCmec IV/t008 (7.1%), CC8/ST239-SCCmec III/t030 (4.8%), and CC/ST5-SCCmec IV/t002 (2.4%) lineages carrying mupA. The highest frequency of VISA strain with iMLSB phenotype belonged to the CC8/ST239-SCCmec III/t037 (11.9%) clonal lineage. The study highlights that genetic diversity and characteristics of the VISA strains should be closely and continuously monitored. Besides that, importance of measures to prevent the transmission of VISA to treat such infection were urgently needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":"237-247"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in poultry from Tamaulipas, Mexico.","authors":"Kristell A Rodriguez Chavez, Antonio Mandujano, José Vázquez Villanueva, Gildardo Rivera, Virgilio Bocanegra García, Ana Verónica Martínez-Vázquez","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02660","DOIUrl":"10.1556/030.2025.02660","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has increased, making it difficult to treat infections that are associated with increasing morbidity and mortality. The presence of strains resistant to several antibiotics, such as ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC), in livestock has been reported in several countries, posing a potential risk to consumer health. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry in Tamaulipas, Mexico. Poultry cloacal samples were taken for the identification of ESBL-EC, antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined, the virulence genes (stx1, stx2 and hlyA) and classification of phylogroups were detected by PCR. The results showed an average prevalence of 17.5% (28/160) ESBL-EC strains in poultry. All strains (28/28) were resistant to ampicillin and ceftriaxone. On the contrary, all strains were sensitive to amikacin, netilmicin, and nitrofurantoin. A total of 64.2% (18/28) of strains were MDR. The 32.1% (9/28) of the strains belonged to the B2 and D phylogroups, which are considered pathogenic groups, with 33.3% (3/9) MDR. This indicates that poultry in Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, is a reservoir of pathogenic strains with antibiotic resistance and MDR, which may pose a risk to public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":"272-279"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144938522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elucidating the interplay between gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorder. New insights and therapeutic perspectives.","authors":"Maria Mavridou, Maria Anna Kyriazidi, Sotiris Varlamis, Petros Skepastianos, Stella Mitka, Vasileios Papaliagkas, Maria Chatzidimitriou","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02663","DOIUrl":"10.1556/030.2025.02663","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a wide range of cognitive, behavioural and communication impairments. Children with autism have a distinctive and underdeveloped range and volume of gut bacteria (microbiome) which is often not related to their diet. Evidence gathered throughout years of research suggests that the pathway between gut bacteria and the central nervous system, referred to as the gut-brain axis (GBA), has a profound effect on the social behaviours of autistic children. The gut microbiome has been shown to play a vital role in the manifestation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms as gut dysbiosis - an imbalance in the gut microbiome - affects brain development through processes regulated by the neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and autonomic nervous systems. Although dysregulation of the gut microbiome and subsequent disruption of GBA are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of autism, the underlying mechanisms and the extent to which the microbiome contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders remain unclear. In this review, we focus on understanding the complex and multidirectional interplay between gut microbiota and ASD based on evidence mounted over the years. Furthermore, we examine how genomics, metabolomics and microbiome components can be integrated to unravel this multifactorial disorder. The ability to understand the underlying mechanisms involved in ASD will pave the way for future advancements in therapy and treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":"180-192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144881830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut microbiome composition and its impact on response to allergen immunotherapy in adult patients with allergic rhinitis.","authors":"Zhiqiang Huo, Jun Gu, Jian Wu, Chenxu Wang","doi":"10.1556/030.2025.02661","DOIUrl":"10.1556/030.2025.02661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to examine the relationship between gut microbiome diversity, immune modulation, and allergen immunotherapy (AIT) effectiveness in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). A prospective cohort study was conducted on 450 participants: 300 adult patients with allergic rhinitis, who were eligible for AIT, and 150 healthy controls. The Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) and the Rhinitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) were used to assess symptom severity and the impact of AR on daily life. Blood and stool samples were collected at baseline and after six months of AIT for microbiome analysis. The stool samples were analyzed with the 16S rRNA gene V4 region, followed by sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The microbial composition and diversity were assessed using the QIIME2 pipeline, and taxonomic assignments were made using the SILVA reference database. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were quantified using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Flow cytometry was used to quantify T-regulatory cells (Tregs). Cytokine levels (IL-10, IL-4, IFN-γ) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Allergic rhinitis patients and healthy controls were matched for age and weight; however, AR patients had a significantly higher BMI (P = 0.0006). Baseline TNSS and RQLQ scores were significantly worse in AR patients compared to controls (P < 0.001), but both improved significantly after six months of AIT (P < 0.001). AR patients demonstrated reduced gut microbial diversity (P = 0.028), distinct microbial profiles, and lower levels of SCFAs, indicative of dysbiosis. Immune markers in AR patients revealed lower levels of IL-10 and T-regulatory cells (P < 0.05, P < 0.001) and higher levels of IL-4 and Th2 cells (P < 0.001). Proteobacteria were associated with a decrease in TNSS and an improvement in RQLQ scores (P < 0.05). Allergen immunotherapy improves symptoms and quality of life in AR patients. This may potentially influence immune and microbial imbalances. Proteobacteria may have a protective role in allergic rhinitis, suggesting their potential as a biomarker or therapeutic target in the management of AR.</p>","PeriodicalId":7119,"journal":{"name":"Acta microbiologica et immunologica Hungarica","volume":" ","pages":"193-202"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144726357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}