AACE Clinical Case ReportsPub Date : 2024-11-05eCollection Date: 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2024.11.001
Sina Jasim
{"title":"Editorial for November/December Issue of AACE Clinical Case Reports.","authors":"Sina Jasim","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.11.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aace.2024.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 6","pages":"219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680755/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AACE Clinical Case ReportsPub Date : 2024-09-05eCollection Date: 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2024.08.011
Mohammed Fareeduddin Farooqi, Muhammad Arshad Mehmood, Maria Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Salman, Adnan Agha
{"title":"Extensive Deep Vein Thrombosis in a Young Man Taking Tirzepatide for Weight Loss.","authors":"Mohammed Fareeduddin Farooqi, Muhammad Arshad Mehmood, Maria Khan, Hafiz Muhammad Salman, Adnan Agha","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.08.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.08.011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Obesity and rapid weight loss are risk factors for developing deep vein thromboses (DVTs). Our aims were to present a patient who developed extensive DVT after relatively rapid and severe weight loss that followed taking tirzepatide and to raise the awareness among health care professionals regarding the risk of DVT that can be associated with significant weight loss due to these agents.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>We present the case of a 20-year-old young man, with raised body mass index of >35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, who was initiated on tirzepatide treatment for weight loss, with 12-kg weight lost over 6 weeks. The patient did not have any risk factors for thrombophilia including family history, any recent travel, immobilization, recent infections, or recent surgeries. He presented with left leg swelling, and physical examination revealed signs of proximal DVT, and ultrasound Doppler and computed tomography venography confirmed extensive left-sided DVT with complete obstruction of the common femoral and iliac veins. He underwent mechanical thrombectomy and was maintained on anticoagulation therapy. His investigations for thrombophilia screening excluded any other cause for DVT, with the etiology attributed to possibly rapid weight loss.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Newer and potent glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists like tirzepatide are commonly used nowadays to induce weight loss in obese patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adequate risk assessments and close monitoring should be performed in patients initiating glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, particularly if they have risk factors for developing venous thromboembolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 6","pages":"261-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680757/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AACE Clinical Case ReportsPub Date : 2024-09-04eCollection Date: 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2024.08.010
Nishant Kumar, Mihail Zilbermint
{"title":"Development of Nonketotic Hyperglycemia Requiring High-Dose Insulin After Supratherapeutic Amlodipine Ingestion.","authors":"Nishant Kumar, Mihail Zilbermint","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.08.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.08.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Calcium channel blockers, when taken in overdose quantities, can cause hyperglycemia requiring so-called hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic therapy. The objective of this report was to describe a patient with calcium channel blocker toxicity resulting from overdose of amlodipine.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>A 74-year-old man presented with a fall and loss of consciousness. Prior to this event, he consumed 88 tablets of amlodipine. Medical history was significant for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cerebrovascular accident. His vital signs were heart rate of 51 beats/min, blood pressure of 162/137 mm Hg, oxygen saturation of 94% on room air, and respiratory rate of 16 breaths/min. The patient soon became hypotensive. The blood glucose level was 227 mg/dL. Urinalysis was negative for ketones. The patient was diagnosed with calcium channel blocker toxicity and admitted to the intensive care unit. He received continuous insulin infusion and dextrose 25% in water for 5 and 7 days respectively, with a peak insulin infusion rate of 850 U/h. After discontinuation of medications, the glucose level, blood pressure, and heart rate were 82 mg/dL, 127/68 mm Hg, and 86 beats/min, respectively, and he returned to prior functional status.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Amlodipine is a long-acting dihydropyridine class calcium channel blocking drug. In the overdose setting, amlodipine inhibits calcium uptake by myocytes and release of insulin from pancreatic beta cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this case, high-dose insulin euglycemic therapy was effective in the treatment of amlodipine overdose and should be considered in similar cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 6","pages":"257-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680758/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
AACE Clinical Case ReportsPub Date : 2024-09-02eCollection Date: 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2024.08.008
Azra Rizwan, Malik Saad, Saira Fatima, Abdullah Ameen, Shabbir Akhter
{"title":"Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma in the Background of Non-neoplastic Toxic Nodular Goiter.","authors":"Azra Rizwan, Malik Saad, Saira Fatima, Abdullah Ameen, Shabbir Akhter","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.08.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/objective: </strong>Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an uncommon thyroid cancer (TC), rarely found in hyperfunctioning goiter.</p><p><strong>Case report: </strong>We present a case of a woman treated for breast carcinoma (BCA) found to have a benign hyperfunctioning nodular goiter, its likely transformation to MTC, and its treatment. Family history revealed papillary thyroid cancer in her nephew.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Most TCs in hyperfunctioning nodules are differentiated carcinomas. Familial MTC or MTC in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 is the expected genetic association in this case.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The association of BCA and MTC may have been coincidental, given the high prevalence of BCA in females. It could have been the result of a common genetic precursor of both tumors and/or treatment modality such as external beam radiation therapy used to treat BCA. This case highlights the importance of considering MTC as a potential diagnosis even in cases of hyperfunctioning nodular goiter. We call for consideration of calcitonin level measurement in the workup of thyroid nodules in select cases. Close follow-up of thyroid nodules, particularly in patients with another primary malignancy, is important because of possible common genotype triggers.</p>","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 6","pages":"249-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11680752/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142902291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Insulin-Induced Severe Lipohypertrophy","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.03.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.03.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 5","pages":"Pages 214-215"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2376060524000294/pdfft?md5=5d90a46849e5662dc8e0c72d72285530&pid=1-s2.0-S2376060524000294-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140270636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Justin Lee BA , Sabitha Sasidharan Pillai MD , Avani Ganta MD , Chanika Phornphutkul MD , Jose Bernardo Quintos MD
{"title":"Noonan Syndrome and Celiac Disease in an Adolescent With Short Stature and Delayed Puberty","authors":"Justin Lee BA , Sabitha Sasidharan Pillai MD , Avani Ganta MD , Chanika Phornphutkul MD , Jose Bernardo Quintos MD","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><p>We present an adolescent male with Noonan syndrome (NS) and celiac disease (CD) who attained normal adult height with growth hormone (GH) treatment and gluten-free diet (GFD).</p></div><div><h3>Case Report</h3><p>A 15 ½ year old healthy male presented with short stature and delayed puberty. His mother and maternal grandmother were short with heights 142.2 cm and 147.3 cm, respectively. Examination showed bilateral epicanthal folds and down slanting eyes like his mother, fifth finger clinodactyly, height 147.5 cm (<1%; standard deviation score, −2.96), growth velocity 2.5 cm/y, weight 48.2 kg (11%; standard deviation score, −1.24), Tanner 2 pubic hair and Tanner 1 genitalia. Midparental target height was 169.1 cm. He had normal screening studies for GH deficiency and thyroid disorders, prepubertal gonadotropins and testosterone levels, and normal total immunoglobulin A, and elevated antitissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A 134.7units/mL (0-20). Bone age was 13 years. Genetic evaluation revealed heterozygous missense variant of <em>BRAF</em> gene in him and his mother confirming a diagnosis of NS. He was diagnosed with CD by intestinal biopsy. Patient was started on GH therapy and a GFD with subsequent improvement in growth velocit (6.8-12.3 cm/y) and advancement of puberty. The patient stopped GH therapy at 17 ½ years with a height 165.9 cm.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Coexistence of NS caused by <em>BRAF</em> missense variant and CD has not been previously reported. Our patient attained normal adult height with GH therapy and GFD.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>NS and CD can co-occur and addressing both these disorders can help patients attain normal height potential.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 5","pages":"Pages 174-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2376060524000476/pdfft?md5=004ad85fce71f9dab13ce526064a2153&pid=1-s2.0-S2376060524000476-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142162751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Non–Islet-Cell Tumor Hypoglycemia Secondary to Malignant Phyllodes Tumor of the Breast","authors":"Si Min Lee MRCP, MMed, MBBS (Hons) , Timothy Peng Lim Quek MRCP, MMed, MRCPSG, Dip, MSc, DLSHTM, DipRCPath, MBBS (Hons) , Cherng Jye Seow MBBS, DFD, GDFM, MRCP, MRCPS, MCI , Pei Shan Yeo MBBS, MRCP, MMed","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><p>Non–islet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) is an uncommon condition, of which only a few cases caused by malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast have been reported. We describe a case of NICTH secondary to malignant phyllodes tumor with good response to glucocorticoid therapy.</p></div><div><h3>Case Report</h3><p>A 62-year-old woman with a rapidly enlarging left breast mass presented with drowsiness and a capillary blood glucose level of 32.4 mg/dL. Her plasma glucose and insulin levels were 36.0 mg/dL (reference range, 72-144 mg/dL) and 0.6 mIU/L (reference range, 0.0-25.0 mIU/L), respectively. Her beta-hydroxybutyrate and c-peptide levels were undetectable. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II levels were 37 μg/L (reference range, 43-220 μg/L) and 1062 ng/mL (reference range, 333-967 ng/mL), respectively, with an IGF-II:IGF-I molar ratio of 29.4. Prednisolone 30 mg per day was initiated with improvement in hypoglycemia. Outpatient flash glucose monitoring profile was stable with mild hypoglycemia (glucose level, 54-68.5 mg/dL) detected 5% of the time. The patient underwent left mastectomy with axillary clearance 4 weeks later. Histology was reported as malignant phyllodes tumor with extensive ductal carcinoma in situ. Prednisolone was stopped after surgery. The patient was treated with letrozole and adjuvant radiotherapy. There was no recurrence of hypoglycemia during the subsequent 24-month follow-up.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>The mainstay of treatment for NICTH is surgical resection of the culprit tumor. Although glucocorticoid treatment has also been widely used for NICTH, few reports have demonstrated efficacy for NICTH secondary to phyllodes tumor.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>We report a rare case of malignant phyllodes tumor of the breast resulting in NICTH and demonstrated good response to glucocorticoids as a bridge to definitive surgery.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 5","pages":"Pages 193-197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2376060524000658/pdfft?md5=765556a5900883b749836cdeae2b03f0&pid=1-s2.0-S2376060524000658-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141838534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Margaret C. Slack MD , Samantha Sovich MD , Chana R. Sachs MD , Dorothy Martinez MD , Run Yu MD
{"title":"A Case of Nonislet Cell Tumor Hypoglycemia Due to Metastatic Salivary Myoepithelial Carcinoma","authors":"Margaret C. Slack MD , Samantha Sovich MD , Chana R. Sachs MD , Dorothy Martinez MD , Run Yu MD","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><p>Nonislet cell tumor hypoglycemia (NICTH) is an uncommon cause of hypoglycemia due to a relative surplus of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) or its precursor molecule. The diagnosis is confirmed by an elevated ratio of IGF-2 to insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Myoepithelial carcinoma (MECA) is a rare and aggressive salivary gland cancer that has not been previously associated with NICTH.</p></div><div><h3>Case Report</h3><p>A 63-year-old female with a past medical history of metastatic salivary MECA, type 2 diabetes mellitus previously on metformin, hypertension, and hypothyroidism presented to her oncologist for chemotherapy and was found to have a serum glucose of 30 mg/dL (reference: 65-99). She was admitted for further diagnostic work-up which revealed an insulin level of <1 μU/mL (reference: 3-25), C-peptide <0.5 ng/mL (reference: 1.1-4.3), IGF-1 of 15 ng/mL (reference: 41-279), and IGF-2 of 147 ng/mL (reference: 180-580) with an IGF-2:IGF-1 molar ratio of 10, consistent with NICTH. The patient’s hypoglycemia unfortunately was quite resistant to treatment, requiring a combination of corticosteroids, continuous dextrose infusion, and somatostatin injections. The patient died 3 weeks after presenting with hypoglycemia.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Salivary MRCAs commonly contain pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 oncogene rearrangements which are associated with increased IGF-2 production and may predispose patients to hypoglycemia.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This case demonstrates that NICTH can be associated with metastatic salivary MECA. The hypoglycemia in this scenario is challenging to manage and is associated with poor prognosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 5","pages":"Pages 184-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2376060524000579/pdfft?md5=51d41b02dbd27353823bd2ef581d43d8&pid=1-s2.0-S2376060524000579-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142162791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Treatment of Bisphosphonate-Associated Atypical Femur Fracture With a Combination of Teriparatide and a Novel Surgical Technique","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><p>Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) caused by long-term bisphosphonate use are associated with high rates of delayed healing and nonunion.</p></div><div><h3>Case Report</h3><p>A 64-year-old woman with osteopenia on alendronate for 15 years sustained a displaced left AFF following a fall from standing height. Imaging showed an acute displaced transverse diaphyseal left femur fracture with lateral cortical thickening and beaking. She underwent an open reduction and internal fixation with insertion of a cephalomedullary nail placed in compression mode, utilizing a novel technique involving intraoperative removal of the endosteal hypertrophied cortical bone at the fracture site. Alendronate was stopped and teriparatide was initiated postoperatively. Radiographs at 3.5 months postsurgery showed evidence of normal fracture union with mature callus formation.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>AFFs caused by prolonged bisphosphonate use have a high rate of delayed healing and nonunion due to abnormal bone remodeling. Use of teriparatide postoperatively has been shown to reduce healing time in small observational studies in surgically treated patients. Our case demonstrates an expedited healing time of 3.5 months using teriparatide combined with a novel surgical technique involving removal of a portion of the abnormally remodeled bone and placement of an intramedullary nail in compression mode.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our case demonstrates an expedited healing time of 3.5 months compared to the average reported healing time for AFF of 10.7 months, supporting the use of the combination of teriparatide and a novel surgical technique.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 5","pages":"Pages 170-173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2376060524000464/pdfft?md5=ae0dffd2b476cdfe83bacb296492c509&pid=1-s2.0-S2376060524000464-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141034914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Case Report: IgG4-Related Disease Presenting With Isolated Hypophysitis","authors":"Suhaib Radi MD , Michael Tamilia FRCPC","doi":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.aace.2024.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background/Objective</h3><p>IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated condition that affects multiple organs, including the pituitary gland. Here we present a patient with isolated pituitary involvement of IgG4-RD mimicking pituitary apoplexy.</p></div><div><h3>Case Report</h3><p>A 49-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight loss. Her blood pressure was low, and she appeared euvolemic with the rest of physical examination being noncontributory. Her electrolytes showed low serum sodium of 118 mmol/L (normal 135-145). Further investigations were significant for low morning cortisol of 20 nmol/L (N:100-500) and low adrenocorticotropic hormone. Magnetic resonant imaging of the pituitary fossa showed a pituitary macroadenoma with hemorrhagic transformation. She was started on glucocorticoids and levothyroxine before undergoing surgical removal of the pituitary tumor. The pathology was positive for IgG-4-related hypophysitis (IgG4-RH) with no evidence of pituitary tumor.</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>IgG4-RD is an immune-mediated condition that can affect many organs including the pituitary gland, in the form of hypophysitis. IgG4-RH can affect anterior, posterior, or both pituitary lobes. In 2011, Leporati et al developed a diagnostic criteria for IgG4-RH which includes the following: imaging, serology, histopathology, and response t glucocorticoids. The mainstay of treatment is glucocorticoids and hormone replacement therapy.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>IgG4-RH might be underestimated and should be suspected in those with hypophysitis or unknown cause of hypopituitarism. Moreover, pituitary macroadenoma with hemorrhagic transformation and panhypopituitarism should be considered as rare and unusual presentations of IgG4-RD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7051,"journal":{"name":"AACE Clinical Case Reports","volume":"10 5","pages":"Pages 202-205"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2376060524000683/pdfft?md5=3c9f551996e65e782a97d56123e4c827&pid=1-s2.0-S2376060524000683-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141709198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}