Acta Pharmaceutica最新文献

{"title":"Intensive critical care and management of asthmatic and smoker patients in COVID-19 infection.","authors":"Dongming Lu,&nbsp;Obaid Yaqoob,&nbsp;Manish Kumar,&nbsp;Ajay Singh Kushwah,&nbsp;Rahul Kumar Sharma,&nbsp;Devinder Kumar,&nbsp;Yogendra Mavai,&nbsp;Rukaiya Khan","doi":"10.2478/acph-2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This century's most serious catastrophe, COVID-19, has been dubbed \"the most life-threatening disaster ever\". Asthmatic persons are even more prone to COVID-19's complex interplay with the underlying inflammatory condition. In order to protect themselves against COVID-19, asthmatic patients must be very vigilant in their usage of therapeutic techniques and drugs (<i>e.g</i>., bronchodilators, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors), which may be accessed to deal with mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19 indications. People with asthma may have more severe COVID-19 symptoms, which may lead to a worsening of their condition. Several cytokines were found to be elevated in the bronchial tracts of patients with acute instances of COVID-19, suggesting that this ailment may aggravate asthma episodes by increasing inflammation. The intensity of COVID-19 symptoms is lessened in patients with asthma who have superior levels of T-cells. Several antibiotics, antivirals, antipyretics, and anti-inflammatory drugs have been suggested to suppress COVID-19 symptoms in asthmatic persons. Furthermore, smokers are more likely to have aggravated repercussions in COVID-19 infection. Being hospitalized to critical care due to COVID-19, needing mechanical breathing, and suffering from serious health repercussions, are all possible outcomes for someone who has previously smoked. Smoking damages airways and alveoli, which significantly raises the risk of COVID-19-related health complications. Patients with a previous record of smoking are predisposed to severe COVID-19 disease symptoms that essentially require a combination of bronchodilators, mucolytics, antivirals, and antimuscarinic drugs, to cope with the situation. The present review discusses the care and management of asthmatic and smoker patients in COVID-19 infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"73 1","pages":"29-42"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10609624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The opposite effect of convulsant drugs on neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase - A possible explanation for the dual proconvulsive/anticonvulsive action of nitric oxide.","authors":"Lourdes A Vega Rasgado,&nbsp;Eva Ramón-Gallegos,&nbsp;Lorena Rodríguez-Páez,&nbsp;Verónica Alcántara-Farfán","doi":"10.2478/acph-2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nitric oxide (NO) participates in processes such as endothelium-dependent vasodilation and neurotransmission/neuromodulation. The role of NO in epilepsy is controversial, attributing it to anticonvulsant but also proconvulsant properties. Clarification of this dual effect of NO might lead to the development of new antiepileptic drugs. Previous results in our laboratory indicated that this contradictory role of NO in seizures could depend on the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoform involved, which could play opposite roles in epileptogenesis, one of them being proconvulsant but the other anticonvulsant. The effect of convulsant drugs on neuronal NO (nNO) and endothelial NO (eNO) levels was investigated. Considering the distribution of neuronal and endothelial NOS in neurons and astrocytes, resp., primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes were used as a study model. The effects of convulsant drugs pentylenetetrazole, thiosemicarbazide, 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline on NO levels were studied, using a spectrophotometric method. Their effects on NO levels in neurons and astrocytes depend on the concentration and time of treatment. These convulsant drugs caused an increase in nNO, but a decrease in eNO was proportional to the duration of treatment in both cases. Apparently, nNO possesses convulsant properties mediated by its effect on the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, probably through GABA_A receptors. Anticonvulsant properties of eNO may be the consequence of its effect on endothelial vasodilation and its capability to induce angiogenesis. Described effects last as seizures do. Considering the limitations of these kinds of studies and the unexplored influence of inducible NO, further investigations are required.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"73 1","pages":"59-74"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10609626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sodium butyrate attenuate hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory response and renal injury in diabetic mice.","authors":"Man Yan,&nbsp;Yan-Yan Zhang,&nbsp;Yue Xi,&nbsp;Long-Kun Ding,&nbsp;Chang Sun,&nbsp;Li-Juan Qu,&nbsp;Xin Qian,&nbsp;Jing-Wen Xu,&nbsp;Wen Sun,&nbsp;Liang Wu","doi":"10.2478/acph-2023-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2023-0008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The activation of the monocyte-macrophage system and the damage to the renal and pancreatic tissue are common complications in patients with diabetes induced by hyper-glycemia. This study aimed to evaluate the effect and mechanism of butyrate (NaB), a metabolite of intestinal flora, on inhibiting the inflammatory response of human monocyte-macrophages (THP-1 cells) induced by high glucose and the damage of pancreatic and renal tissue in diabetic mice. The results showed that high concentration glucose significantly up-regulated the expressions of IL-1β, TNF-α, and NLRP3 in THP-1 cells and mouse spleen, and that NaB could inhibit the overexpression of those genes. The abundance of Beclin-1, LC3B and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in THP-1 cells is increased due to the high glucose concentration, and NaB can inhibit the genes responsible for upregulating the expression. In diabetic mice, vacuolar degeneration of renal tubules was observed. Then we observed that some of the epithelial cells of the renal tubules were exfoliated and some formed tubules. NaB could alleviate these pathological lesions, but NaB cannot alleviate pancreatic injury. Our results indicated that NaB could be used for the prevention and adjuvant treatment of diabetic kidney injury.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"73 1","pages":"121-132"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10609625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The <i>in vitro</i> anticancer effects of FS48 from salivary glands of <i>Xenopsylla cheopis</i> on NCI-H460 cells <i>via</i> its blockage of voltage-gated K⁺ channels.","authors":"Weichen Xiong,&nbsp;Huizhen Fan,&nbsp;Qingye Zeng,&nbsp;Zhenhui Deng,&nbsp;Guanhui Li,&nbsp;Wancheng Lu,&nbsp;Bei Zhang,&nbsp;Shian Lai,&nbsp;Xin Chen,&nbsp;Xueqing Xu","doi":"10.2478/acph-2023-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2023-0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Voltage-gated K⁺ (K_v) channels play a role in the cellular processes of various cancer cells, including lung cancer cells. We previously identified and reported a salivary protein from the <i>Xenopsylla cheopis</i>, FS48, which exhibited inhibitory activity against K_v1.1-1.3 channels when assayed in HEK 293T cells. However, whether FS48 has an inhibitory effect on cancer cells expressing Kv channels is unclear. The present study aims to reveal the effects of FS48 on the K_v channels and the NCI-H460 human lung cancer cells through patch clamp, MTT, wound healing, transwell, gelatinase zymography, qRT-PCR and WB assays. The results demonstrated that FS48 can be effective in suppressing the K_v currents, migration, and invasion of NCI-H460 cells in a dose-dependent manner, despite the failure to inhibit the proliferation. Moreover, the expression of K_v1.1 and K_v1.3 mRNA and protein were found to be significantly reduced. Finally, FS48 decreases the mRNA level of MMP-9 while increasing TIMP-1 mRNA level. The present study highlights for the first time that blood-sucking arthropod saliva-derived protein can inhibit the physiological activities of tumour cells <i>via</i> the Kv channels. Furthermore, FS48 can be taken as a hit compound against the tumour cells expressing K_v channels.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"73 1","pages":"145-155"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10609627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent approaches in the drug research and development of novel antimalarial drugs with new targets.","authors":"Naveen Kumar Reddy Chinnappanna,&nbsp;Gopi Yennam,&nbsp;Chaitanya Budagam Haima Naga Venkata Chaitanya,&nbsp;Shinu Pottathil,&nbsp;Pobitra Borah,&nbsp;Katharigatta N Venugopala,&nbsp;Pran Kishore Deb,&nbsp;Raghu Prasad Mailavaram","doi":"10.2478/acph-2023-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2023-0001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malaria is a serious worldwide medical issue that results in substantial annual death and morbidity. The availability of treatment alternatives is limited, and the rise of resistant parasite types has posed a significant challenge to malaria treatment. To prevent a public health disaster, novel antimalarial agents with single-dosage therapies, extensive curative capability, and new mechanisms are urgently needed. There are several approaches to developing antimalarial drugs, ranging from alterations of current drugs to the creation of new compounds with specific targeting abilities. The availability of multiple genomic techniques, as well as recent advancements in parasite biology, provides a varied collection of possible targets for the development of novel treatments. A number of promising pharmacological interference targets have been uncovered in modern times. As a result, our review concentrates on the most current scientific and technical progress in the innovation of new antimalarial medications. The protein kinases, choline transport inhibitors, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors, isoprenoid biosynthesis inhibitors, and enzymes involved in the metabolism of lipids and replication of deoxyribonucleic acid, are among the most fascinating antimalarial target proteins presently being investigated. The new cellular targets and drugs which can inhibit malaria and their development techniques are summarised in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"73 1","pages":"1-27"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10619429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of tranquilization therapy in elderly patients suffering from chronic non-communicable diseases: A meta-analysis.","authors":"Jing Li,&nbsp;Jing Li,&nbsp;Yulan Cui,&nbsp;Honggeng Li,&nbsp;Xiaoxuan Hou,&nbsp;Fang Zhao,&nbsp;Qing Zhao,&nbsp;Junlan Zhao,&nbsp;Pengchao Lin","doi":"10.2478/acph-2023-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2023-0003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current meta-analysis searched the literature connected to different tranquilizers used to treat elderly people and assessed it in terms of dose, types of outcomes and adverse effects, to determine a safe and acceptable tranquilizer and its optimal dose. A systematic literature review was undertaken for randomized controlled trials, case-control, retrospective and prospective studies on the use of tranquilizers in elderly patients, using PubMed, Ebsco, SCOPUS and Web of Science. PICOS criteria were used to select studies, and pertinent event data was collected. This meta-analysis includes 16 randomized control trials spanning the years 2000 to 2022, using the data from 2224 patients. The trials that were included used various tranquilizers such as diazepam, alprazolam, temazepam and lorazepam, and indicated high treatment efficacy and low adverse effects. With a <i>p</i>-value of 0.853 for Egger's test and 0.13 for Begg's test, the current meta-analysis shows a minimal probability of publication bias. A recent meta-analysis supports the use of tranquilizers in older people to treat sleeplessness, epilepsy or anxiety, but only at modest doses, because large doses are harmful and produce numerous withdrawal symptoms.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"73 1","pages":"43-57"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9193835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>In vitro</i> effects of ascorbic acid on viability and metabolism of patients' osteosarcoma stem cells.","authors":"Marijana Šimić Jovičić,&nbsp;Maja Pušić,&nbsp;Maja Antunović,&nbsp;Maja Ledinski,&nbsp;Lucija Librenjak,&nbsp;Robert Kolundžić,&nbsp;Tomislav Ribičić,&nbsp;Vladimir Trkulja,&nbsp;Inga Urlić","doi":"10.2478/acph-2022-0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2022-0040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stagnation in novelties of osteosarcoma (OS) treatment indicates the need for new therapeutic methods. OS cancer stem cells (OS-CSC) are taught to have the ability to self-renew and develop mechanisms of anticancer drug resistance, and this is why it is difficult to eradicate them. Their metabolism has been recognized as a potential target of therapeutic action. Ascorbic acid (AA) is considered to act pro-oxidative against OS-CSC <i>in vitro</i> by oxidative effect and by inhibition of glycolysis. This study examined an <i>in vitro</i> impact of AA on OS-CSC metabolism isolated from patients' biopsies, with the aim of better understanding of OS-CSC metabolism and the action of AA on OS-CSC. OS-CSC were isolated using a sphere culture system and identified as stem cells using Hoechst 33342 exclusion assay. Determination of the dominant type of metabolism of OS-CSC, parental OS cells, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) and U2OS OS lineage before and after AA treatment was done by Seahorse XF (Agilent). Cytotoxicity of high-dose AA was confirmed by the MTT test and was proven for all the examined cell types as well as HEK293. Seahorse technology showed that OS-CSC can potentially use both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and can turn to glycolysis and slow metabolic potential in unfavorable conditions such as incubation in AA.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"72 4","pages":"599-613"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9600792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic alliance impact on analgesic outcomes in a real-world clinical setting: An observational study.","authors":"Jordi Barrachina,&nbsp;César Margarit,&nbsp;Blanca Andreu,&nbsp;Thomas Zandonai,&nbsp;Pura Ballester,&nbsp;Javier Muriel,&nbsp;Esperanza Cutillas,&nbsp;Ana M Peiró","doi":"10.2478/acph-2022-0035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2022-0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A good therapeutic alliance is relevant for healthcare providers exposed to patients' suffering, especially since patients and physicians may understand the painful experience differently. Our aim was to explore the impact of therapeutic alliance on analgesic outcomes in a real-world interdisciplinary pain unit (PU). A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on outpatients (<i>n</i> = 69) using opioids on a long-term basis for the treatment of chronic non-cancer pain, where clinical pharmacologists and pharmacists advised patients about their opioid treatment. Responses to the patient-doctor relationship questionnaire (PDRQ), sociodemographic and clinical information (pain level, quality of life and hospital use) were collected, whereas pharmacology data (analgesic prescription, adverse events, and compliance) were obtained from electronic health records. Patients were predominantly middle-aged (75 % women, 72 % retired), experiencing moderate pain (VAS 40-70 mm) on average, and under a high morphine equianalgesic dosage (95 ± 88 mg per day, mainly tapentadol or fentanyl). Patients with better PDRQ outcomes, and therefore better therapeutic alliance, showed lower pain intensity than patients with worse PDRQ outcomes (pain intensity: high scores 60 ± 47 mm and medium scores 60 ± 45 mm <i>vs</i>. low scores 80 ± 75 mm, <i>p</i> < 0.01). Along with this, pain intensity was lower when patients affirmed that, thanks to the health-care providers, they \"gained new insight\", \"felt better\", or \"felt content with their doctor's treatment\". What´s more, patients who affirmed \"I benefit from the treatment\" experienced increased pain relief (benefit 40 ± 30 <i>vs</i>. non-benefit 19 ± 26 mm, <i>p</i> = 0.010) and improved quality of life (benefit 33 ± 25 <i>vs</i>. non-benefit 18 ± 16 mm, <i>p</i> = 0.031). However, there was a percentage of patients who did not fully understand the provided information, which is something to be taken into account to improve in clinical routine. Therapeutic alliance supported by pharmacist experts on pain management can be an effective strategy to improve analgesic outcomes. Further efforts are needed to improve communication strategies for pain management. Future directions of research should include the analysis of the role of the pharmacist in poly-professional consultations as related to the advice of patients about their medication, and the mutual trust with the patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"72 4","pages":"529-545"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9600793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic action between a synthetic cannabinoid compound and tramadol in neuropathic pain rats.","authors":"Geovanna Nallely Quiñonez-Bastidas,&nbsp;Ulises Osuna-Martínez,&nbsp;Ana Laura Reda-Licea,&nbsp;Manuel López-Ortíz,&nbsp;Ignacio Regla,&nbsp;Andrés Navarrete","doi":"10.2478/acph-2022-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2022-0037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the present study the interaction of cannabinoid, PhAR-DBH-Me [(<i>R</i>, <i>Z</i>)-18-((1<i>S</i>,4<i>S</i>)-5-methyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-yl)-18-oxooctadec-9-en-7-ylphenyl-acetate] and tramadol in two neuropathy models, as well as their possible toxic effects, was analyzed. The anti-allodynic effect of PhAR-DBH-Me, tramadol, or their combination, were evaluated in neuropathic rats. Furthermore, the effective dose 35 (as the 35 % of the anti allodynic effect) was calculated from the maximum effect of each drug. Moreover, the isobolographic analysis was performed to determine the type of interaction between the drugs. A plasma acute toxicity study was carried out to assess the hepatic, renal, and heart functions after an individual or combined administration of the drugs, as well as histology using the hematoxylin-eosin or Masson-trichome method. PhAR-DBH-Me, tramadol, and their combination produced an antiallodynic effect on spinal nerve ligation (SNL) and cisplatin-induced neuropathic pain in rats. Moreover, PhAR-DBH-Me and tramadol combination showed a synergistic interaction in neuropathic pain rats induced by SNL but not for cisplatin-induced neuropathy. On the other hand, changes in renal and hepatic functions were not observed. Likewise, analysis of liver, kidney and heart histology showed no alterations compared with controls. Results show that the combination of PhAR-DBH-Me and tramadol attenuates the allodynia in SNL rats; the acute toxicology analysis suggests that this combination could be considered safe in administered doses.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"72 4","pages":"509-527"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9231862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of <i>in vitro</i> gastrointestinal digestion on the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> leaves decoction and commercial capsules.","authors":"Yubo Zhou,&nbsp;Yingxin Yang,&nbsp;Minyan Ma,&nbsp;Lingyun Xie,&nbsp;Aijuan Yan,&nbsp;Wen Cao","doi":"10.2478/acph-2022-0033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/acph-2022-0033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> leaves (GBL) decoction and commercial capsules were digested using an <i>in vitro</i> model. Thirty-six active compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis based on the MS/MS patterns (precursor ions and product ions) and retention times, in comparison with reference standards. Most compounds in GBL showed a significant decrease during intestinal digestion, with an exception of vanillic acid and biflavonoids. Bioaccessibility values of chemical compositions varied between decoction and capsules samples. Also, significant reductions of total flavonoids and total phenolic content was observed after <i>in vitro</i> digestion. Both, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazo-line-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging capacity decreased after gastric digestion, but increased during intestinal digestion. Nevertheless, different behaviour was observed in reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Compared to the pH of digestion, the influence of digestive enzymes on the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of GBL was relatively minor. Overall, these results may help provide a valid foundation for further investigations on bioactive compounds and the pharmacodynamics of GBL.</p>","PeriodicalId":7034,"journal":{"name":"Acta Pharmaceutica","volume":"72 4","pages":"483-507"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9600797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}