免疫学期刊(英文)最新文献

{"title":"The First Pilot Epigenetic Type Improvement of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in a Polymorphic Dopamine D2 (-DRD2/ANKK (Taq1A)), OPRM1 (A/G), DRD3 (C/T), and MAOA (4R) Compromised Preadolescence Male with Putative PANDAS/CANS: Positive Clinical Outcome with Precision-Guided DNA Testing and Pro-Dopamine Regulation (KB220) and Antibacterial Therapies.","authors":"Kenneth Blum, Igor Elman, David Han, Colin Hanna, David Baron, Ashim Gupta, Shan Kazmi, Jag Khalsa, Debasis Bagchi, Thomas McLaughlin, Rajendra D Badgaiyan, Edward J Modestino, Drew Edwards, Catherine A Dennen, Eric R Braverman, Abdalla Bowirrat, Keerthy Sunder, Kevin Murphy, Nicole Jafari, Foojan Zeine, Paul R Carney, Mark S Gold, Kai-Uwe Lewandowski, Alireza Sharafshah, Aryeh R Pollack, Panayotis K Thanos","doi":"10.4236/oji.2024.143006","DOIUrl":"10.4236/oji.2024.143006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with or without streptococcal and other bacterial infections (PANDAS/CANS) are emerging as a featured pediatric disorder. Although there is some controversy regarding treatment approaches, especially related to the behavioral sequelae, we have hypothesized in other published work that it is characterized by the rapid onset of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) in children. We propose utilizing a multi-systems biological approach involving the coupling of genetic addiction risk testing and pro-dopamine regulation (KB220/POLYGEN^®) to help induce \"dopamine homeostasis\" in patients with PANDAS, especially those with known DNA-induced hypodopaminergia. This case study examines a 12-year-old Caucasian male with no prior psychiatric issues who presented with a sudden onset of severe anxiety, depression, emotional liability, and suicidal ideation. The patient underwent genotyping and the genetic addiction risk score (GARS) testing, which revealed risk polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 (-DRD2/ANKK (Taq1A), OPRM1 (A/G), DRD3 (C/T), and MAOA (4R) genes. These polymorphisms have been linked to hypodopaminergia. The patient was subsequently placed on research ID-KB220ZPBMPOLY (POLYGEN^®), and albeit the possibility of bias, based upon self and parental assessment, a marked rapid improvement in psychiatric symptoms was observed. In the second phase of treatment (102 days utilizing KB220), the patient received standard antibody testing, which was positive for Lyme. Antibacterial therapy started immediately, and KB220z was discontinued to provide a wash-out period. A monotonic trend analysis was performed on each outcome measure, and a consistently decreasing trend was observed utilizing antibacterial therapy. Our recommendation, albeit only one case, is to utilize and further research a combined therapeutic approach, involving precision-guided DNA testing and pro-dopamine regulation along with antibacterial therapy, as well as glutathione to address offensive enhanced cytokines, in patients with suspected PANDAS/CANS.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":"14 3","pages":"60-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11539193/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142592386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypothesizing That Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Associated Streptococcal (PANDAS) Causes Rapid Onset of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Behaviors and May Require Induction of \"Dopamine Homeostasis\".","authors":"Kenneth Blum, Catherine A Dennen, Eric R Braverman, Ashim Gupta, David Baron, Bernard William Downs, Debasis Bagchi, Panayotis Thanos, Maureen Pollock, Jag Khalsa, Igor Elman, Abdalla Bowirrat, Rajendra A Badgaiyan","doi":"10.4236/oji.2022.123004","DOIUrl":"10.4236/oji.2022.123004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with group A streptococcal infections (PANDAS) is a concept that is used to characterize a subset of children with neuropsychiatric symptoms, tic disorders, or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), whose symptoms are exacerbated by group A streptococcal (GAS) infection. PANDAS has been known to cause a sudden onset of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS). RDS includes multiple disorders that are characterized by dopaminergic signaling dysfunction in the brain reward cascade (BRC), which may result in addiction, depression, avoidant behaviors, anxiety, tic disorders, and/or OCD. According to research by Blum <i>et al</i>., the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene polymorphisms are important prevalent genetic determinants of RDS. The literature demonstrates that infections like Borrelia and Lyme, as well as other infections like group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS), can cause an autoimmune reaction and associated antibodies target dopaminergic loci in the mesolimbic region of the brain, which interferes with brain function and potentially causes RDS-like symptoms/behaviors. The treatment of PANDAS remains controversial, especially since there have been limited efficacy studies to date. We propose an innovative potential treatment for PANDAS based on previous clinical trials using a pro-dopamine regulator known as KB220 variants. Our ongoing research suggests that achieving \"dopamine homeostasis\" by precision-guided DNA testing and pro-dopamine modulation could result in improved therapeutic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":"12 3","pages":"65-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9670240/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40699766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling Macrophage Polarization and Its Effect on Cancer Treatment Success.","authors":"Valentin Morales,&nbsp;Luis Soto-Ortiz","doi":"10.4236/oji.2018.82004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/oji.2018.82004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Positive feedback loops drive immune cell polarization toward a pro-tumor phenotype that accentuates immunosuppression and tumor angiogenesis. This phenotypic switch leads to the escape of cancer cells from immune destruction. These positive feedback loops are generated by cytokines such as TGF-<i>β</i>, Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-4, which are responsible for the polarization of monocytes and M1 macrophages into pro-tumor M2 macrophages, and the polarization of naive helper T cells intopro-tumor Th2 cells. In this article, we present a deterministic ordinary differential equation (ODE) model that includes key cellular interactions and cytokine signaling pathways that lead to immune cell polarization in the tumor microenvironment. The model was used to simulate various cancer treatments in silico. We identified combination therapies that consist of M1 macrophages or Th1 helper cells, coupled with an anti-angiogenic treatment, that are robust with respect to immune response strength, initial tumor size and treatment resistance. We also identified IL-4 and IL-10 as the targets that should be neutralized in order to make these combination treatments robust with respect to immune cell polarization. The model simulations confirmed a hypothesis based on published experimental evidence that a polarization into the M1 and Th1 phenotypes to increase the M1-to-M2 and Th1-to-Th2 ratios plays a significant role in treatment success. Our results highlight the importance of immune cell reprogramming as a viable strategy to eradicate a highly vascularized tumor when the strength of the immune response is characteristically weak and cell polarization to the pro-tumor phenotype has occurred.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":"8 2","pages":"36-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9286492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40515371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soluble MICB in Plasma and Urine Explains Population Expansions of NKG2D⁺CD4 T Cells Inpatients with Juvenile-Onset Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.","authors":"Satoru Hamada,&nbsp;Andrea Caballero-Benitez,&nbsp;Kate L Duran,&nbsp;Anne M Stevens,&nbsp;Thomas Spies,&nbsp;Veronika Groh","doi":"10.4236/oji.2017.71001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/oji.2017.71001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Abnormal NKG2D ligand expression has been implicated in the initiation and maintenance of various auto-inflammatory disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study's goal was to identify the cellular contexts providing NKG2D ligands for stimulation of the immunosuppressive NKG2D⁺CD4 T cell subset that has been implicated in modulating juvenile-onset SLE disease activity. Although previous observations with NKG2D⁺CD4 T cells in healthy individuals pointed towards peripheral B cell and myeloid cell compartments as possible sites of enhanced NKG2DL presence, we found no evidence for a disease-associated increase of NKG2DL-positivity among juvenile-onset SLE B cells and monocytes. However, juvenile-onset SLE patient plasma and matched urine samples were positive by ELISA for the soluble form of the NKG2D ligands MICA and MICB, suggesting that kidney and/or peripheral blood may constitute the NKG2DL positive microenvironments driving NKG2D⁺CD4 T cell population expansions in this disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":"7 1","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5604888/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35443787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Region Specific Effects of Maternal Immune Activation on Offspring Neuroimmune Function.","authors":"Heping Zhou","doi":"10.4236/oji.2015.52006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/oji.2015.52006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Growing evidence suggests that maternal immune activation has a significant impact on the immuno-competence of the offspring. The present study aimed to characterize region-specific effects of maternal immune activation on the offspring's neuroimmune function. The offspring born to dams treated with saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at gestational day 18 was stimulated with saline or LPS at postnatal day 21, and the mRNA expression of various inflammatory genes in different brain regions of the offspring was analyzed. The offspring born to saline-treated dams exhibited a typical neuroimmune response with elevated levels of cytokines and chemokines following LPS stimulation in all four brain regions examined. In contrast, the offspring born to LPS-treated dams exhibited significantly reduced mRNA induction of cytokines and chemokines following LPS stimulation in the prefrontal cortex but not in the brainstem when compared with pups born to saline-treated dams. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of LPS-induced I-κB<i>ζ</i> was significantly attenuated in the prefrontal cortex when compared with pups born to saline-treated dams. These results suggest that maternal LPS may have differential effects on the neuroimmune function in different regions of the offspring brain, and highlight the importance of maternal milieu in the development of neuroimmune function in the offspring.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":"5 2","pages":"51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517690/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33951495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipopolysaccharide Attenuates CD40 Ligand-Induced Regulatory B10 Cell Expansion and IL-10 Production in Mouse Splenocytes.","authors":"Mei Lin,&nbsp;Jiang Lin,&nbsp;Yuhua Wang,&nbsp;Nathalie Bonheur,&nbsp;Toshihisa Kawai,&nbsp;Zuomin Wang,&nbsp;Xiaozhe Han","doi":"10.4236/oji.2015.51001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/oji.2015.51001","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in B cell-mediated innate and adaptive immunity. It has been shown that interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing regulatory B cells (B10 cells) can negatively regulate cellular immune responses and inflammation in autoimmune diseases. In this study, we determined the effect of TLR4 signaling on the CD40-activated B10 cell competency. The results demonstrated that LPS and CD40L synergistically stimulated proliferation of mouse splenocytes. The percentage of B10 cells in cultured splenocytes was significantly increased after CD40L stimulation but such increase was diminished by the addition of LPS. Such effects by LPS were only observed in cells from WT but not TLR4^-/- mice. IL-10 mRNA expression and protein production in B10 cells from cultured splenocytes were significantly up-regulated by CD40L stimulation but were inhibited after the addition of LPS in a TLR4-dependent manner. This study suggests that LPS-induced TLR4 signaling attenuate CD40L-activated regulatory B10 cell competency.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517687/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33891021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"B Cells with Regulatory Function in Animal Models of Autoimmune and Non-Autoimmune Diseases.","authors":"Mei Lin,&nbsp;Zuomin Wang,&nbsp;Xiaozhe Han","doi":"10.4236/oji.2015.51002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/oji.2015.51002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the identification of B cell subsets with negative regulatory functions and the definition of their mechanisms of action are recent events, the important negative regulatory roles of B cells in immune responses are now broadly recognized. There is an emerging appreciation for the pivotal role played by B cells in several areas of human diseases including autoimmune diseases and non-autoimmune diseases such as parasite infections and cancer. The recent research advancement of regulatory B cells in human disease coincides with the vastly accelerated pace of research on the bridging of innate and adaptive immune system. Current study and our continued research may provide better understanding of the mechanisms that promote regulatory B10 cell function to counteract exaggerated immune activation in autoimmune as well as non-autoimmune conditions. This review is focused on the current knowledge of BREG functions studied in animal models of autoimmune and non-autoimmune diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":"5 1","pages":"9-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517676/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"33891023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total IgA and IgA reactivity to antigen I/II epitopes in HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects.","authors":"V Wallace McCarlie, James K Hartsfield, Janice S Blum, Carlos González-Cabezas, Judith R Chin, George J Eckert, Lorri A Morford, Mark D Pescovitz, Henry Rodriguez, Margherita Fontana, Richard L Gregory","doi":"10.4236/oji.2013.33012","DOIUrl":"10.4236/oji.2013.33012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial adherence to the acquired dental pellicle, important in dental caries (caries), is mediated by receptor-adhesins such as salivary agglutinin binding to <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> antigen I/II (I/II). Ten selected I/II epitopes were chosen to determine their reactivity to human salivary IgA. Previous studies suggested that a specific HLA biomarker group (HLA-DRB1*04) may have differential influence of immune responses to I/II. However, it was not known whether secretory IgA (SIgA) responses to the selected epitopes from HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects were different compared to controls, or across other caries-related factors such as total IgA (TIgA). Thirty-two total subjects were matched according to HLA type, gender, ethnicity and age. HLA genotyping, oral bacterial, immunoglobulin and antibody analyses were performed. A large observed difference emerged with regard to the natural immune reservoir of TIgA in HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects, specifically, a 27.6% reduction compared to controls. In contrast to all other epitopes studied, HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects also exhibited reduced reactivity to I/II epitope 834-853. HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects exhibited lower specific SIgA activity/TIgA to 834-853 and also a lower specific reactivity to 834-853/whole cell <i>S. mutans</i> UA159. Furthermore, HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects exhibited lower responses to I/II in its entirety. The large observed difference in TIgA and the 834-853 reactivity pattern across multiple measures suggest potentially important connections pertaining to the link between HLA-DRB1*04 and caries.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":"3 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c1/f0/nihms525754.PMC3875298.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31998121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activating interactions of sulfanilamides with T cell receptors.","authors":"Stephan Watkins, Werner J Pichler","doi":"10.4236/oji.2013.33019","DOIUrl":"10.4236/oji.2013.33019","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Activation and expansion of drug reactive T cells are key features in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Drugs may interact directly with immune receptors such as the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or the T-cell receptors (TCR) itself, the pharmacological interaction [p-i] concept. To analyze whether the drug sulfamethoxazole (SMX) interacts directly with the TCR and thereby contributing to signaling and T cell activation, we analyze two SMX specific T cell clones (TCC \"1.3\" and \"H13\"). Proliferation to SMX and 11 related sulfanilamides, Ca++ influx in drug stimulated T-cells and the inhibitory effect of non-reactive sulfanilamides on SMX stimulation were analyzed. <i>In silico</i> docking of SMX and related sulfanilamide to the TCR were used to identify possible drug binding sites, and correlated to <i>in vitro</i> data to find the correct docking. In Ca++ influx assays, reactions occurred as early as 14 sec after adding SMX to TCC and APC. The broadly reactive clone (\"H13\") was stimulated by 5 additional sulfanilamide, while one TCC (\"1.3\") was reactive exclusively with SMX but not other sulfanilamides. Competition experiments with sulfanilamide inhibited SMX induced Ca++ influx and proliferation of the TCC 1.3 in a dose dependent way. Docking experiments with SMX and related sulfanilamides confirmed and explained the <i>in vitro</i> data as docking localized binding sites for SMX and the 5 stimulating sulfanilamides on the CDR2<i>ß</i> domain of the clone H13, while the 6 non-stimulatory SA failed to bind. In TCC 1.3, SMX could be docked on the CDR3α of the TCR. The other, non-stimulatory but inhibitory SA could also be docked to the same site. The combined analysis of <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> data show that sulfanilamide can bind directly to TCRs. It shows that TCR, like other receptors, appear to be reamenable to manipulations by small molecules.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":"139-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7613643/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40381405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"T cell receptor variable <i>β</i>20-1 harbors a nucleotide binding pocket in the CDR2<i>β</i> loop.","authors":"Stephan Watkins, Werner J Pichler","doi":"10.4236/oji.2013.33021","DOIUrl":"10.4236/oji.2013.33021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Novel aspects of T cells containing TCRV<i>β</i>20-1 are numerous, ranging from pathogen specific reactivity to specific tissue homing, or possible T cell subsets. Recently, it was demonstrated that TCR itself could become reactive by binding to small molecules free of the pHLA interface. Our work here was to identify a natural ligand binding to an identified pocket on the CDR2<i>β</i> loop of these TCR. Using docking of suspected ligands, we were able to show Guanine and Adenine di- and tri-nucleotides readily bind to the identified site. Comparing these with small molecule sites found on other TCR types, we show this interaction is novel. With further molecular dynamic simulations, these sites are shown to be plausible by conducting simple computational based solubility tests as cross validation. Combined with simple proliferative responses, the identified nucleotides are also shown to have functional consequences by inducing T cell proliferation for CD4/V<i>β</i>20-1 + T cells, while failing to induce proliferation in other T cell isolates. Merging computational and simple cell assays, this work establishes a role of nucleotides in T cells found to contain this TCR sub-type.</p>","PeriodicalId":70343,"journal":{"name":"免疫学期刊(英文)","volume":" ","pages":"165-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7613644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"40381404","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}