{"title":"New electrostatically-excited single crystal silicon resonator vibrating in a Thickness-Extensional mode","authors":"M. Ivan, B. Dulmet, G. Martin, S. Ballandras","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502371","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a new patent-pending structure of BAW resonator built on standard silicon wafer and driven by electrostatic force. Thickness-Extensional (TE) modes are exploited, yielding a fundamental frequency near 10 MHz with a 400µm-thick Si wafer. The device is based on a one-port design featuring a 1µm gap submitted to a superimposition of a DC voltage bias and a lesser-amplitude AC excitation. In contrast with conventional bar and plate MEMS resonators relying on structural resonances, our resonators are designed to use an energy-trapping of the TE waves to optimize the Q factor. The structure essentially consists of a single (100) Silicon plate, p-doped and bonded onto a Corning glass substrate by standard anodic bonding. The thin gap required for the electrostatic excitation is machined in the glass layer by Reactive Ion Etching. Extensive electrical and mechanical characterisations were performed. They match rather well the behavior predicted by the theoretical analysis. A compensation of the large static capacitance is needed to give a better access to the motional parameters. Q factors near 9000 have been observed on the fundamental TE-mode, with a sufficient coupling for frequency source applications. The stabilization of a RF oscillator using the resonators is still under development.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"33 1","pages":"221-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86606823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Narita, J. Amagai, M. Aida, Y. Takahashi, I. Nakazawa, M. Nakamura, H. Ujihara, S. Hama
{"title":"Development of QZSS-mobile station","authors":"H. Narita, J. Amagai, M. Aida, Y. Takahashi, I. Nakazawa, M. Nakamura, H. Ujihara, S. Hama","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502401","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502401","url":null,"abstract":"As we designed and constructed the QZSS mobile station, we transported it to Okinawa Electromagnetic Technology Center and Kashima Space Technology Center. At each place we carried out time comparison experiments. This paper describes some results of the time comparison experiments.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"11 1","pages":"361-364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76156954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Raupach, T. Legero, A. Bauch, C. Grebing, C. Hagemann, T. Kessler, A. Koczwara, B. Lipphardt, H. Schnatz, U. Sterr, G. Grosche
{"title":"A small-linewidth absolute optical frequency source","authors":"S. Raupach, T. Legero, A. Bauch, C. Grebing, C. Hagemann, T. Kessler, A. Koczwara, B. Lipphardt, H. Schnatz, U. Sterr, G. Grosche","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502423","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502423","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a system that combines a cavity-stabilized laser, a hydrogen maser and a cesium fountain clock. It provides an optical reference frequency that over the course of half a day drifts with less than 100 µHz/s. Furthermore it allows for a convenient measurement of an absolute frequency in the optical domain.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"41 1","pages":"453-455"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76780086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Sliwczynski, P. Krehlik, L. Buczek, M. Lipinski, J. Kołodziej
{"title":"Fiber optic RF frequency transfer on the distance of 480 km with the active stabilization of the propagation delay","authors":"L. Sliwczynski, P. Krehlik, L. Buczek, M. Lipinski, J. Kołodziej","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502417","url":null,"abstract":"In the paper the results of laboratory experiments are presented concerning the time and frequency transfer in 480 km long electronically stabilized fiber optic link. The fiber optic link comprised nine spooled spans with attenuation between 5–15 dB and eight custom-built bidirectional fiber amplifiers. The Allan deviation measured for frequency transfer at one-day averaging was around 4·10<sup>−17</sup>, whereas time deviation for 1PPS signal was in the range 650–900 fs for averaging times between 10<sup>3</sup>–10<sup>5</sup> s.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"45 1","pages":"424-426"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79520720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Asymmetric spectra of phase modulated transitions of square waves","authors":"M. Underhill","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502434","url":null,"abstract":"Square waves have instantaneous transitions between fixed upper and lower levels. The timing of the rising and falling transitions or ‘edges’ may be modulated in time and phase separately and independently. The resulting spectrum sidebands are a combination of the two transition modulations. In general the modulation spectrum is asymmetric with different upper and lower sideband spectra. This paper reports an investigation into why this should be so. New methods of single sideband modulation and demodulation are proposed.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"42 1","pages":"509-513"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73393683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Eight channel embedded electronic open loop interrogation for multi sensor measurement","authors":"D. Rabus, G. Martin, É. Carry, S. Ballandras","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502420","url":null,"abstract":"One strategy in addressing the issue of selectivity in direct detection gas sensors - and specifically when using piezoelectric acoustic transducers - is to use multichannel measurement approaches in which each sensor is functionalized with a different chemical layer and provides different responses when exposed to a given mixture of gasses. Within this context, an 8-channel open loop embedded electronics operating as a transmission-mode radiofrequency network analyzer has been developed. The frequency ranges generated by the synthesizer is 50 to 160 MHz or 200 to 500 MHz. A low noise phase detection scheme was implemented, in addition to magnitude measurement. This instrument is used with Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) and High-overtone Bulk Acoustic Resonator (HBAR) transducers: in the former case, the open-loop approach allows for an improved measurement dynamics, while in the latter case multiple resonances can be probed sequentially, yielding different acoustic penetration depths in the sensing layer. Demonstration of measurement in liquid phase is provided by characterizing the gravimetric sensitivity of HBARs using copper electrodeposition. Values ranging from 2.2 to 13.1 cm2/g are observed, emphasizing a departure from a perturbative Sauerbrey-like relationship.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"79 1","pages":"436-442"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81212695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Kodet, I. Procházka, J. Blažej, P. Pánek, U. Schreiber, P. Lauber
{"title":"Two way time transfer with picoseconds precision and accuracy","authors":"J. Kodet, I. Procházka, J. Blažej, P. Pánek, U. Schreiber, P. Lauber","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502429","url":null,"abstract":"The first results of a two way time transfer between two timing devices over modest distances with sub-ps precision and a few ps accuracy were the major tasks of this work. The two way time transfer scheme employing a single coaxial cable was applied. Based on our previous results we have designed and constructed a timing device which allows registration of Times of Arrivals of pulses with sub-ps timing resolution, linearity, and stability. The concept of the timing devices enables to carry out time tagging of pulses of interest in parallel to the comparison of the time scales of these timing devices. The two timing devices were located in different laboratories and buildings within one institution. The common clock 5 MHz was referenced to a Cesium clock. The analysis of systematic errors contribution shows that the accuracy of the time transfer well below 10 ps may be achieved. The time transfer was accomplished over distances of the order of hundreds of meters. The main limitation for longer distances is the quality of the coaxial cable used for time transfer together with the amount of radiofrequency interference within the experiment.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"66 3 1","pages":"483-487"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84686033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of NPL Rb fountain frequency standard","authors":"Y. Ovchinnikov","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502342","url":null,"abstract":"The first characterization of the distributed cavity phase frequency shift of the NPL Rb fountain frequency standard is reported. It is shown how the symmetric part of the distributed cavity phase shift can be used to set up the vertical angle of the fountain. The estimated uncertainty of the distributed cavity phase frequency shift of 1.25×10<sup>−16</sup> reduces the total type B uncertainty of the Rb fountain down to 2.4×10<sup>−16</sup>.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"130 1","pages":"96-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84791210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Phononic crystal sensors","authors":"R. Lucklum","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502366","url":null,"abstract":"A phononic crystal device is investigated as a sensor platform combining band gap engineering with resonant transmission. A slit cavity perpendicular to the propagation direction of ultrasound and placed in the middle of a phononic crystal causes a peak in the transmission spectrum with the peak frequency strongly dependent on the speed of sound of the liquid filling the slit. A resonant transmission peak through a plate regularly perforated by holes arranged in square lattice can also be found in case of normal incidence of sound. In this arrangement the peak frequency is strongly dependent on speed of sound of the liquid surrounding the plate and filling the holes. These findings are the basis of two resonant liquid sensor platforms based on phononic crystals.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"75 1","pages":"196-199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89903085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Feldmann, Arvind Balu, Cedric Molard, W. Schafer, Dirk Piester
{"title":"State-of-the-art time link calibration with a mobile TWSTFT station","authors":"T. Feldmann, Arvind Balu, Cedric Molard, W. Schafer, Dirk Piester","doi":"10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502426","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EFTF.2012.6502426","url":null,"abstract":"Two-Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) using geostationary telecommunication satellites has become an important technique for comparing remote timescales. There is a need for periodic calibration of the signal delays along the links which are part of the network for the realization of the International Atomic Time (TAI). In order to minimize the efforts of such TWSTFT calibration campaigns, TimeTech GmbH has assembled a mobile station on a trailer. The trailer contains the usual TWSTFT equipment, including the two-way modem, the up/down converters, filters, and amplifiers, as well as monitoring systems, air conditioner, and weather sensors. The steerable antenna is mounted on top of the trailer. The 1 PPS and 10 MHz signals required as input to the TWSTFT equipment are transferred from inside the timing laboratory by an optical link and two reference generators in a master-slave configuration.","PeriodicalId":6409,"journal":{"name":"2012 European Frequency and Time Forum","volume":"14 1","pages":"462-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87408082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}