地质学期刊(英文)最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Recent Tectonic Activity along the Yamuna Basin, Garhwal Region, NW-Himalaya, India: Based on Morphotectonic Analysis","authors":"Prerna Gahlaut, R. C. Patel, R. Ayyamperumal, Madhusudan Sati, Dinesh Chandra Nainwal","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.1112036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.1112036","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Analysis of Single Pile in Liquefied Soils Considered as Newtonian Fluid","authors":"Sun Jinjing, Zhang Xinlei, Wang Zhihua, G. Hongmei, Lian Xu","doi":"10.4236/OJG.2021.112002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/OJG.2021.112002","url":null,"abstract":"Case histories have shown that the liquefaction-induced soil lateral spreading is one of the main causes of damage to pile foundations subjected to seismic loading. Post-liquefaction soil behaves similarly to a viscous fluid. This study investigated the effect of soil lateral spreading on a single pile based on fluid mechanics in which the liquefied soils were treated as Newtonian fluids. A numerical simulation on a single pile embedded in a fully saturated sandy foundation was conducted and compared with shake table tests. The lateral flow effect and the effect of shear strain rate were discussed. After liquefaction, the acceleration of the foundation shows that there are no obvious spikes and finally reaches a stable state. The presented method can predict the pile response better than p-y curve method. A parametric study was performed to explore the effect of several influence factors on pile behaviors. The results show that the pile head displacement decreases and the maximum bending moment at pile bottom increases with the increase of bending stiffness. With the same pile bending stiffness, the displacement and bending moment of pile increase with the increase of soil viscosity and acceleration amplitude.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"11 1","pages":"19-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How a New Geology and Glacial Paradigm Explains Colorado South Platte-Arkansas River Drainage Divide Topographic Map Evidence, USA","authors":"E. Clausen","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.1111029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.1111029","url":null,"abstract":"United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps (available at the USGS National Map website) are used to determine development of the asymmetric South Platte River drainage basin (south of Denver) by noting low points (referred to as divide crossings) where south-oriented floodwater channels once crossed the South Platte-Arkansas River drainage divide. Twelve groups of observed divide crossings are described most of which show evidence for flood-formed diverging and converging channels including where divide crossings are cut across Thirtynine Mile volcanic field ejectamenta. A new Cenozoic geologic and glacial history paradigm requires southeast- and south-oriented floods to have flowed across what is now the east-west continental divide to reach the southeast-oriented Arkansas River valley and to have eroded the divide crossings before north-oriented South Platte River valley headward erosion captured the flow. Such floods are not consistent with accepted Cenozoic geologic and glacial history interpretations, but are consistent with new paradigm interpretations (developed to explain Missouri River drainage basin topographic map drainage system evidence) in which a thick continental ice sheet (located where large continental ice sheets are usually reported to have been) deeply eroded the underlying bedrock and caused crustal uplift to create a deep “hole” with a deep “hole” rim segment roughly following today’s Wyoming and northern Colorado east-west continental divide and then continuing eastward along what is now the Mis-souri-Arkansas River drainage divide. The new paradigm results in a Cenozoic geologic and glacial history in which immense south-oriented continental ice sheet meltwater floods first flowed in a south direction across the rising deep “hole” rim and were then forced by rim uplift to flow along the rim subsequently in north directions into the developing deep “hole”.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indicating the Role of Geological Conditions in Shaping the Hareer Anticline, Iraqi Kurdistan Region","authors":"V. Sissakian, Ala A. Ghafur, N. Al-Ansari, Hawkar A. Abdulhaq, Hassan O. Omer","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.1112034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.1112034","url":null,"abstract":"The Hareer anticline is within the High Folded Zone, facing southwards towards the Low Folded Zone. Both zones are part of the Outer Platform of the Arabian Plate. Moreover, both zones are part of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt located within the Zagros Foreland Basin. Although the Hareer anticline is a double plunging anticline oriented in a NW-SE trend, both plunges are abnormal. The northwestern plunge is gradually passing to the southwestern limb of the Pirat anticline; although there is a very shallow syncline in between them, giving a right-hand en-echelon form to the plunge. Whereas, the southeastern plunge disappears between the Kamosk anticline located southeast wards and the Shakrook anticline is located southwards. Both the Hareer and the Kamosk anticlines are thrusted over the Shakrook anticline by means of two long thrust faults that run almost parallel to the Hareer anticline. It is clearly observed that the anticline is growing northwest wards; according to the recognized geomorphological and structural features. High-Quality satellite images were interpreted to elucidate the abnormal form of the Hareer anticline. The interpreted data and different types of geomorphological features including the estimation of the rate of stream incision were checked in the field.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Dinosaur Reconstruction: Posture of Dinosaurs","authors":"G. Florides, P. Christodoulides","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.1112037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.1112037","url":null,"abstract":"Dinosaurs due to their diverse species and peculiar forms have drawn the interest of both artists and scientists. One way to unlock the unknown life of dinosaurs is to reconstruct dinosaurs through drawings, computer anima-tions or sculptures. Following the Introduction on “Dinosaur Reconstruc-tion” by the present authors, where important Paleontological knowledge was presented, the next step is to examine some specific information along with necessary details for dinosaur reconstruction. The first and basic step to be taken for a reconstruction is the posture of the animal; this is the theme of the current paper. Dinosaurs would move either bipedally or quadrupedally de-pending on their kind and body construction. Based on the available literature, various issues in relation to the posture of an animal at different in-stances are examined. These are: postures of bipedal dinosaurs during walking, observation of living bipedal animals, postures of quadruped dinosaurs during walking, feeding styles, and dinosaur tails. Theropods had a locomotor behavior like modern birds, with the step width increasing when the animals decreased speed. The general posture and movement of quadrupeds and especially sauropods, remains a subject of great and much controversy. Some scientists believe that sauropod necks were generally held in a neutral or undeflected state during most of the time, while others believe that sauropod necks behaved like all present-day amniote with the mid-cervical region held nearly vertical. Also, there are indications that dinosaurs usually held their tails above ground. For all dinosaurs, the long tail was acting as a counterbalance to the head and body. As a validating example, the case of Amargasaurus is investigated with the help of a model, where the various positions of the animal are examined. A certain posture was chosen for a full-size steel and concrete reconstruction based on the features of the animal.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochemical and Behavioral Modeling of Phosphorus and Sulfur as Deleterious Elements of Iron Ore to Be Used in Geometallurgical Studies, Sheytoor Iron Ore, Iran","authors":"A. Shirazi, Adel Shirazy, H. Nazerian, Shayan Khakmardan","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.1111030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.1111030","url":null,"abstract":"Sheytoor Iron Ore deposit is located in Yazd province of Iran (Bafq). The most abundant ore is magnetite, which can be seen in the form of mass and granular tissue in various forms of self-shaped, semi-self-shaped and amorphous. The main purpose of this study is to identify the geochemical relationship of phosphorus and sulfur elements and also three-dimensional modeling of mineralization of these elements in iron ore. In order to achieve the research goal, methods such as k-mean clustering technique, concentration-volume fractal as well as block modeling with kriging estimator and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolator were used. The model of geochemical behavior of phosphorus and sulfur elements compared to iron is of great impor-tance because these two elements are known as deleterious elements in mineral processing and steelmaking processes, which are the post-mining stages. Existence of geochemical model and identification of elements’ behavior towards each other play a key role in optimizing mining operations in order to achieve geometallurgical goals. The results of this study are the three-dimen-sional model of mineralization of iron, phosphorus and sulfur elements, separation of phosphorus and sulfur mineralization communities and also pre-senting the model of enrichment community of these two elements. All the results are in line with geometallurgical studies and can optimize the next steps by optimizing the mining process.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reservoir Characterization of the Early Cretaceous Sarmord and Garagu Formations from Atrush-1 and Mangesh-1 Wells, Kurdistan Region, Iraq","authors":"A. Edilbi, Wrya J. Mamaseni, Mahdi K. Aswad, Bahroz Gh. Abdullah, Falah Kh. Al-Jaboury, G. Sherwani, N. Al-Ansari","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.1110027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.1110027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On Dinosaur Reconstruction: An Introduction to Important Topics of Paleontology and Dinosaurs","authors":"G. Florides, P. Christodoulides","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.1110028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.1110028","url":null,"abstract":"Many people may be interested in Paleontology since the subject allows for large amounts of imagination and freedom in the creation of scenes. Dinosaurs draw the biggest interest because of their diversity in peculiar forms and often unusually large size of many species. There are people like artists who help the field paleontologists to describe, interpret and reconstruct fossils, and others that create drawings, restorations, sculptures and, most recently, computer animations for science, art and joy. To this end, a successful pro-fessional should have specific knowledge that will allow them to produce high-quality work. The current paper aims at: 1) providing knowledge on various topics of Paleontology, in order to understand the time scale of life on earth, its evolution and diversity; 2) generating appreciation for the evolution of climatic conditions, continental plates and movement and the Mesozoic environment in which dinosaurs evolved; 3) offering an understanding of scientific nomenclature used in Paleontology, and interpretation of drawings and meanings; 4) helping one to realize how scientists extract information from bones, tracks, eggs, embryos and other remains; 5) examining the phy-siology of dinosaurs, their metabolism, behaviors, growth rates estimated life-time and diet; and 6) leading to the understanding of the relations between different dinosaur species and how Paleontologists complete missing parts from uncomplete skeletons. Examining the evolution of life, we observe that life began about 3.8 billion years ago in the deep sea. The first simple animals such as worms and jellyfish appeared in the oceans around 600 mya. The crust of the earth continuously moves to produce changes in the land masses and changes in the climatic conditions that affect the evolution of life. The life that lived on terrestrial ecosystems for over 160 million years, but was extinct at one of the major extinction events 66 mya. The remains of animals allow scientists and artists to recreate their forms usually in great detail and extract a lot of information about their lives. The paper describes in detail how and where to find information and explains how to interpret them in order to understand the meanings. The paper presents all the above in a simplified way giving the required knowledge without using difficult scientific terms and provides the essential knowledge to the interested person to appreciate the science of Paleontology.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sedimentology and Mineralogy of Surface Formations of the Mossendjo Area (Republic of Congo): Paleoenvironmental and Paleoclimatic Implications","authors":"Jude Novelgi Ngakosso Ngolo, H. Elenga, Mambou Jean Romuald, Malounguila Ganga Dieudonné, Malanda Edmond","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.1110025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.1110025","url":null,"abstract":"Studies undertaken at several sites in the Congolese basin and in the Chaillu massif are helping to reinterpret the sedimentological formations known as cover formations, which are widely exposed in Central Africa. This article presents the results of granulometric, morphoscopic, mineralogical and chemical analyzes obtained at three sites in the Chaillu. Gronulometric analysis indicates that the sands at the three sites are rated medium to high. The cumulative curves are essentially sigmoidal with regular and spreading slopes. This facies indicates that the deposition took place due to a banal and moderate variation in the competence of the carrier current. The morphoscopy of the quartz grains shows that they are mainly angular and shiny. These data reflect a relatively close source and transport by water. The synthesis of lithological, granulometric, petrographic and geochemical analyzes allowed us to highlight three episodes of deposits in the Mossendjo area: the first is characterized by a channel-type fluvial system marked by deposits from the hospital borehole and from the station; the second, which is alluvial, corresponds to the clogging of the channel. These two alluvial phases are overcome by a third, fluvial, channel-type episode, the end of which is marked by the","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lithological Mapping Using Landsat 8 OLI in the Meso-Cenozoic Tarfaya Laayoune Basin (South of Morocco): Comparison between ANN and SID Classification","authors":"Amine Bouwafoud, M. Mouflih, A. Benbouziane","doi":"10.4236/ojg.2021.1112032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.1112032","url":null,"abstract":"In the Saharian domain, the Tarfaya-Laayoune coastal basin developed in a stable passive margin, where asymmetrical sedimentation increase from East to West and reach a sediment stack of about 14 kilometers. However, the morphology of the studied area corresponds to a vast plateau (hamada) presenting occasional major reliefs. For this purpose, remote sensing approach has been applied to find the best approaches for truthful lithological mapping. The two supervised classification methods by machine learning (Artificial Neural Network and Spectral Information Divergence) have been evaluated for a most accurate classification to be used for our lithofacies mapping. The latest geological maps and RGB images were used for pseudo-color groups to identify important areas and collect the ROIs that will serve as facilities samples for the classifications. The results obtained showed a clear distinction between the various formation units, and very close results to the field reality in the ANN classification of the studied area. Thus, the ANN method is more accurate with an overall accuracy of 92.56% and a Kappa coefficient is 0.9143.","PeriodicalId":63246,"journal":{"name":"地质学期刊(英文)","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}