JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Analyzing the FMN—heme interdomain docking interactions in neuronal and inducible NOS isoforms by pulsed EPR experiments and conformational distribution modeling","authors":"Andrei V. Astashkin,&nbsp;Yadav Prasad Gyawali,&nbsp;Ting Jiang,&nbsp;Haikun Zhang,&nbsp;Changjian Feng","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02068-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02068-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), a family of flavo-hemoproteins with relatively rigid domains linked by flexible regions, require optimal FMN domain docking to the heme domain for efficient interdomain electron transfer (IET). To probe the FMN-heme interdomain docking, the magnetic dipole interactions between the FMN semiquinone radical (FMNH^•) and the low-spin ferric heme centers in oxygenase/FMN (oxyFMN) constructs of neuronal and inducible NOS (nNOS and iNOS, respectively) were measured using the relaxation-induced dipolar modulation enhancement (RIDME) technique. The FMNH^• RIDME data were analyzed using the mesoscale Monte Carlo calculations of conformational distributions of NOS, which were improved to account for the native degrees of freedom of the amino acid residues constituting the flexible interdomain tethers. This combined computational and experimental analysis allowed for the estimation of the stabilization energies and populations of the docking complexes of calmodulin (CaM) and the FMN domain with the heme domain. Moreover, combining the five-pulse and scaled four-pulse RIDME data into a single trace has significantly reduced the uncertainty in the estimated docking probabilities. The obtained FMN—heme domain docking energies for nNOS and iNOS were similar (-3.8 kcal/mol), in agreement with the high degree of conservation of the FMN—heme domain docking interface between the NOS isoforms. In spite of the similar energetics, the FMN—heme domain docking probabilities in nNOS and iNOS oxyFMN were noticeably different (~ 0.19 and 0.23, respectively), likely due to differences in the lengths of the FMN—heme interdomain tethers and the docking interface topographies. The analysis based on the IET theory and RIDME experiments indicates that the variations in conformational dynamics may account for half of the difference in the FMN—heme IET rates between the two NOS isoforms.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 6","pages":"611 - 623"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141970337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel halogenated chlorido[N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]iron(III) complexes as anticancer agents","authors":"Astrid Dagmar Bernkop-Schnürch,&nbsp;Klaus Huber,&nbsp;Armida Clauser,&nbsp;Monika Cziferszky,&nbsp;Daniel Leitner,&nbsp;Heribert Talasz,&nbsp;Martin Hermann,&nbsp;Stephan Hohloch,&nbsp;Ronald Gust,&nbsp;Brigitte Kircher","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02067-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02067-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Iron(III) complexes based on <i>N,N</i>´-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (salene) scaffolds have demonstrated promising anticancer features like induction of ferroptosis, an iron dependent cell death. Since poor cellular uptake limits their therapeutical potential, this study aimed to enhance the lipophilic character of chlorido[<i>N,N</i>′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]iron(III) complexes by introducing lipophilicity improving ligands such as fluorine (<b>X1</b>), chlorine (<b>X2</b>) and bromine (<b>X3</b>) in 5-position in the salicylidene moieties. After detailed characterization the binding to nucleophiles, logP values and cellular uptake were determined. The complexes were further evaluated regarding their biological activity on MDA-MB 231 mammary carcinoma, the non-tumorous SV-80 fibroblast, HS-5 stroma and MCF-10A mammary gland cell lines. Stability of the complexes in aqueous and biological environments was proven by the lack of interactions with amino acids and glutathione. Cellular uptake was positively correlated with the logP values, indicating that higher lipophilicity enhanced cellular uptake. The complexes induced strong antiproliferative and antimetabolic effects on MDA-MB 231 cells, but were inactive on all non-malignant cells tested. Generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, increase of lipid peroxidation and induction of both ferroptosis and necroptosis were identified as mechanisms of action. In conclusion, halogenation of chlorido[<i>N,N</i>′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)ethylenediamine]iron(III) complexes raises their lipophilic character resulting in improved cellular uptake.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 6","pages":"583 - 599"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11390779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141915825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of divalent metal cations on α-lactalbumin fibril formation","authors":"L. R. Bogdanova,&nbsp;A. A. Nikiforova,&nbsp;S. A. Ziganshina,&nbsp;Yu. F. Zuev,&nbsp;I. A. Sedov","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02071-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02071-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effect of binding of divalent metal cations (Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Zn²⁺) on the kinetics of fibril formation of bovine α-lactalbumin at acidic conditions is considered. The kinetic parameters of the process were determined using a thioflavin T fluorescence assay. The DSC thermograms of bovine α-lactalbumin in the presence and absence of cations were recorded. The duration of the lag period correlates with the changes in the thermal stability of the molten globule of the protein in the presence of cations. The final thioflavin T fluorescence intensity after formation of the mature fibrils decreases under the influence of calcium ions which strongly bind to the monomeric protein, and increases in solutions containing copper and especially zinc. These ions seem to accelerate secondary nucleation processes and change the fibril morphology, which was confirmed by atomic force microscopy imaging.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 6","pages":"601 - 609"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141911275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of novel cobalt(II) complexes with β-diketonates: crystal structure determination, BSA binding properties and molecular docking study","authors":"Nenad Joksimović,&nbsp;Jelena Petronijević,&nbsp;Dušan Ćoćić,&nbsp;Marija Ristić,&nbsp;Kristina Mihajlović,&nbsp;Nenad Janković,&nbsp;Emilija Milović,&nbsp;Olivera Klisurić,&nbsp;Nevena Petrović,&nbsp;Marijana Kosanić","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02069-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02069-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In order to discover a new antibiotic drug with better or similar activity of the already existing drugs, a series of novel cobalt(II) complexes with <i>β</i>-diketonate as ligands is synthesized and tested on four strains of bacteria and four species of fungi. All compounds showed notable antimicrobial activity against all tested strains. More importantly, some cobalt(II) complexes displayed greater activity than ketoconazole. It is important to notice that on the tested strains <i>Mucor mucedo</i> and <i>Penicillium italicum</i> complex <b>2B</b> showed five times better activity compared to ketoconazole, while complex <b>2D</b> had two times better activity on <i>Penicillium italicum</i> strain compared to ketoconazole. Moreover, investigations with bovine serum albumin were performed. Investigations showed that the tested complexes have an appropriate affinity for binding to bovine serum albumin. In addition, the molecular docking study was performed to investigate more specifically the sites and binding mode of the tested cobalt(II) complexes with <i>β</i>-diketonate as ligands to bovine serum albumin, tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, topoisomerase II DNA gyrase, and cytochrome P450 14 alpha-sterol demethylase. In conclusion, all the results indicated the great prospective of the novel cobalt complexes for some potential clinical applications in the future.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 5","pages":"541 - 553"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141905426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organoselenium transition metal complexes as promising candidates in medicine area","authors":"Marina Kostić,&nbsp;Jovana Marjanović,&nbsp;Vera Divac","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02072-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02072-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The medicinal properties of transition metal complexes are greatly influenced by the nature and physico-chemical features of the ligand present in the complex structure. Due to the unique biological properties of the organoselenium compounds reflected in the variety of pharmacological activities (such as antioxidative, antiviral, antimicrobial and anticancer), the last years have brought increased interest for their use as a ligands compounds in the design and syntheses of range of transition metal-based coordination compounds that have been explored as antitumor and antimicrobial agents. Our aim in this review is to provide the overview of an recent development of the transition metal complexes bearing organoselenium ligands in the structure that could be promising choice for the treatment of various diseases, particularly cancer and infective diseases. For this purpose, the complexes of Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ru, Pd, Pt, Au and Sn as the most explored examples will be included and discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 6","pages":"555 - 571"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141911276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selective removal of copper from complex biological media with an agarose-immobilized high-affinity PSP ligand","authors":"Arielle Nabatilan,&nbsp;M. Thomas Morgan,&nbsp;Sara Netzer,&nbsp;Christoph J. Fahrni","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02065-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02065-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The elucidation of metal-dependent biological processes requires selective reagents for manipulating metal ion levels within biological solutions such as growth media or cell lysates. To this end, we immobilized a phosphine sulfide-stabilized phosphine (PSP) ligand on agarose to create a resin for the selective removal of copper from chemically complex biological media through simple filtration or centrifugation. Comprised of a conformationally preorganized phenylene-bridged backbone, the PSP-ligand binds Cu(I) with a 1:1 stoichiometry and exhibits a pH-independent Cu(I) dissociation constant in the low zeptomolar range. Neither Zn(II), Fe(II), nor Mn(II) interact with the ligand at millimolar concentrations, thus offering a much-improved selectivity towards copper over other commonly employed solid-supported chelators such as Chelex 100. As revealed by X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis, the immobilized chelator effectively removes copper from cell culture growth media and cell lysate isolated from mouse fibroblasts. In addition to preparing copper-depleted media or cell lysates for biological studies, PSP-immobilized ligands might prove equally useful for applications in radiochemistry, materials science, and environmental science.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 5","pages":"531 - 540"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141776588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indium(III) complexes with lapachol: cytotoxic effects against human breast tumor cells and interactions with DNA","authors":"Alexandre B. de Carvalho,&nbsp;Ana M. S. Souza,&nbsp;Larissa Pereira Bento,&nbsp;Mariana de Oliveira Silva,&nbsp;Elaine M. Souza-Fagundes,&nbsp;Renata Diniz,&nbsp;Heloisa Beraldo","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02062-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02062-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lapachol (2-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione) is a 1,4-naphthoquinone-derived natural product that presents numerous bioactivities and was shown to have cytotoxic effects against several human tumor cells. Indium(III) complexes with a variety of ligands also exhibit antineoplastic activity. Indium(III) complexes [In(lap)Cl₂].4H₂O (<b>1</b>), [In(lap)₂Cl(Et₃N)] (<b>2</b>), [In(lap)₃]·2H₂O (<b>3</b>) [In(lap)(bipy)Cl₂] bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine (<b>4</b>) and [In(lap)(phen)Cl₂] phen = 1,10-phenanthroline (<b>5</b>) were obtained with 2-hydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione (lapachol). Crystal structure determinations for (<b>4</b>) and (<b>5</b>) revealed that the indium(III) center is coordinated to two O atoms from lapachol, two N atoms from 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2′-bipyridine, and two chloride anions, in a distorted octahedral geometry. Although both complexes (<b>4</b>) and (<b>5</b>) interacted with CT-DNA in vitro by an intercalative mode, only <b>5</b> exhibited cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB breast tumor cells. 1,10-phenanthroline and complex (<b>5</b>) presented cytotoxic effects against MCF-7 and MDA-MB cells, with complex (<b>5</b>) being threefold more active than 1,10-phenanthroline on MCF-7 cells. In addition, complex (<b>5</b>) significantly reduced the formation of MDA-MB-231 colonies in a clonogenicity assay. The foregoing results suggest that further studies on the cytotoxic effects and cellular targets of complex (<b>5</b>) are of utmost relevance.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 5","pages":"519 - 529"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141618933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanoarchitectonics for synergistic activity of multimetallic nanohybrids as a possible approach for antimicrobial resistance (AMR)","authors":"Piumika N. Yapa,&nbsp;Imalka Munaweera,&nbsp;Manjula M. Weerasekera,&nbsp;Laksiri Weerasinghe","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02066-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02066-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The global threat posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to public health is an immensurable problem. The effectiveness of treating infections would be more at risk in the absence of effective antimicrobials. Researchers have shown an amplified interest in alternatives, such as developing advanced metallic nanohybrids as new therapeutic candidates for antibiotics due to their promising effectiveness against resistant microorganisms. In recent decades, the antimicrobial activity of monometallic nanoparticles has received extensive study and solid proof, providing new opportunities for developing multimetallic nanohybrid antimicrobials. Advanced metallic nanohybrids are an emerging remedy for a number of issues that develop in the field of medicine. Advanced metallic nanohybrids have shown a promising ability to combat resistant microorganisms due to their overall synergistic activity. Formulating advanced multimetallic nanohybrids falling under the umbrella of the growing field of nanoarchitectonics, which extends beyond nanotechnology. The underlying theory of nanoarchitectonics involves utilizing nanoscale units that follow the concepts of nanotechnology to architect nanomaterials. This review focuses on a comprehensive description of antimicrobial mechanisms of metallic nanohybrids and their enabling future insights on the research directions of developing the nanoarchitectonics of advanced multimetallic nanohybrids as novel antibiotics through their synergistic activity.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 5","pages":"477 - 498"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141589336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An organometallic hybrid antibiotic of metronidazole with a Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene overcomes metronidazole resistance in Clostridioides difficile","authors":"Rolf Büssing,&nbsp;Arne Bublitz,&nbsp;Bianka Karge,&nbsp;Mark Brönstrup,&nbsp;Till Strowig,&nbsp;Ingo Ott","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02064-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02064-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been emerging as a major global health threat and calls for the development of novel drug candidates. Metal complexes have been demonstrating high efficiency as antibacterial agents that differ substantially from the established types of antibiotics in their chemical structures and their mechanism of action. One strategy to exploit this potential is the design of metal-based hybrid organometallics that consist of an established antibiotic and a metal-based warhead that contributes an additional mechanism of action different from that of the parent antibiotic. In this communication, we describe the organometallic hybrid antibiotic <b>2c</b>, in which the drug metronidazole is connected to a gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene warhead that inhibits bacterial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Metronidazole can be used for the treatment with the obligatory anaerobic pathogen <i>Clostridioides difficile</i> (<i>C. difficile</i>), however, resistance to the drug hampers its clinical success. The gold organometallic conjugate <b>2c</b> was an efficient inhibitor of TrxR and it was inactive or showed only minor effects against eucaryotic cells and bacteria grown under aerobic conditions. In contrast, a strong antibacterial effect was observed against both metronidazole-sensitive and -resistant strains of <i>C. difficile</i>. This report presents a proof-of-concept that the design of metal-based hybrid antibiotics can be a viable approach to efficiently tackle AMR.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>A metronidazole-gold hybrid metalloantibiotic with high efficacy against resistant C. difficile </p><div><figure><div><div><picture><img></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 5","pages":"511 - 518"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11343806/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141454502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first evaluation of the in vitro effects of silver(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes on Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Leishmania major promastigotes","authors":"Ahmet Duran Ataş,&nbsp;Zübeyda Akın-Polat,&nbsp;Derya Gül Gülpınar,&nbsp;Neslihan Şahin","doi":"10.1007/s00775-024-02063-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s00775-024-02063-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><i>Encephalitozoon intestinalis</i> is an opportunistic microsporidian parasite that primarily infects immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV/AIDS or undergoing organ transplantation. Leishmaniasis is responsible for parasitic infections, particularly in developing countries. The disease has not been effectively controlled due to the lack of an effective vaccine and affordable treatment options. Current treatment options for <i>E. intestinalis</i> infection and leishmaniasis are limited and often associated with adverse side effects. There is no previous study in the literature on the antimicrosporidial activities of Ag(I)-<i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene compounds. In this study, the in vitro antimicrosporidial activities of previously synthesized Ag(I)-<i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene complexes were evaluated using <i>E. intestinalis</i> spores cultured in human renal epithelial cell lines (HEK-293). Inhibition of microsporidian replication was determined by spore counting. In addition, the effects of the compounds on <i>Leishmania major</i> promastigotes were assessed by measuring metabolic activity or cell viability using a tetrazolium reaction. Statistical analysis was performed to determine significant differences between treated and control groups. Our results showed that the growth of <i>E. intestinalis</i> and <i>L. major</i> promastigotes was inhibited by the tested compounds in a concentration-dependent manner. A significant decrease in parasite viability was observed at the highest concentrations. These results suggest that the compounds have potential anti-microsporidial and anti-leishmanial activity. Further research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action and to evaluate the efficacy of the compounds in animal models or clinical trials.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":603,"journal":{"name":"JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry","volume":"29 5","pages":"499 - 509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11343777/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141449248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}