International Journal of Fracture最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Validation and Improvements of a Generalized/eXtended Finite Element Method for 3-D Fatigue Crack Propagation 三维疲劳裂纹扩展广义/扩展有限元方法的验证与改进
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00888-6
Javier A. Avecillas-Leon, Ishank Singh, C. Armando Duarte
{"title":"Validation and Improvements of a Generalized/eXtended Finite Element Method for 3-D Fatigue Crack Propagation","authors":"Javier A. Avecillas-Leon,&nbsp;Ishank Singh,&nbsp;C. Armando Duarte","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00888-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00888-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The main objectives of this paper are to simulate 3-D fatigue crack propagation using a Generalized Finite Element Method (GFEM) and to validate the results against experimental data. This GFEM adopts a high-order p-hierarchical basis and explicit representations of crack surfaces. Both h-refinement around the fracture fronts and non-uniform p-enrichment of the analysis domain are used to control discretization errors. A systematic validation of this GFEM applied to 3-D fatigue crack propagation has not been reported in the literature. The Displacement Correlation Method (DCM) is used to extract stress intensity factors. The effect of material parameters adopted in the DCM on the crack growth rate and fracture shape is investigated. Three increasingly complex fatigue crack propagation problems are solved. The first involves mixed-mode loading in a modified compact tension specimen. The second one involves the transition from 2-D to 1-D crack surfaces and interactions between the crack front and the corners of the domain boundary. The final problem simulates the growth of a circumferential surface crack in a steel pipe subjected to fatigue bending with overloading, where interactions between the crack and the pipe’s inner surface result in the splitting of the crack front. Another contribution is an algorithm designed to manage cyclic load histories featuring variable loading ranges and ratios between minimum and maximum load magnitudes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10704-025-00888-6.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Dominique Leguillon obituary—A passionate scientist, a humble and kind person, a friend 多米尼克·勒吉隆讣告——一个充满激情的科学家,一个谦逊善良的人,一个朋友
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00879-7
Zohar Yosibash, Vladislav Mantič
{"title":"Dominique Leguillon obituary—A passionate scientist, a humble and kind person, a friend","authors":"Zohar Yosibash,&nbsp;Vladislav Mantič","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00879-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00879-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A phase field formulation for modeling intralaminar damage onset and propagation in composites including residual stresses 含残余应力的复合材料层内损伤开始和扩展的相场公式
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00877-9
Sindhu Bushpalli, Bernardo López-Romano, Enrique Graciani
{"title":"A phase field formulation for modeling intralaminar damage onset and propagation in composites including residual stresses","authors":"Sindhu Bushpalli,&nbsp;Bernardo López-Romano,&nbsp;Enrique Graciani","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00877-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00877-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Unfolding failure is a sudden delamination occurring in highly curved fiber-reinforced polymer composite laminates when they are subjected to opening bending moments. Depending on the stacking sequences involved, unfolding failure includes intralaminar damage, interlaminar damage and their complex interactions. The use of these laminates in primary structural components of commercial aircrafts has intensified interest in understanding this failure mechanism. To tackle this, a simple phase field formulation to model the onset and propagation of transverse damage in highly curved laminates is presented. Firstly, the Abaqus implementation of the phase field to model intralaminar damage in composite laminates is established, exploiting the analogy between phase field and the heat transfer model to use Abaqus temperature as the phase field damage parameter. In addition, since residual stresses developed during manufacturing processes affect damage propagation, they are incorporated into the formulation as constant residual strains. Secondly, the proposed implementation is validated by performing tests on benchmark problems. Finally, a preliminary analysis of the unfolding failure test is provided to highlight the importance of including residual stresses in the transverse damage evolution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10704-025-00877-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145057636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Material point method for crushing and spalling ice simulation 冰破碎剥落模拟的物质点法
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00886-8
Igor Gribanov, Rocky S. Taylor, Mark Fuglem, Ahmed Derradji-Aouat
{"title":"Material point method for crushing and spalling ice simulation","authors":"Igor Gribanov,&nbsp;Rocky S. Taylor,&nbsp;Mark Fuglem,&nbsp;Ahmed Derradji-Aouat","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00886-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00886-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The purpose of this work is to develop a computational tool for the analysis of ice fracture. A new numerical approach to simulate the crushing and spalling behavior of ice using the Material Point Method (MPM) is presented. Ice behavior under general triaxial load involves complex processes such as pressure softening, crack formation, fragmentation, and large deformations of crushed particles, which are challenging to capture with traditional simulation methods. The new approach leverages MPM’s ability to handle large strains and complex failure mechanisms without the mesh entanglement issues common in Finite Element Methods. The elliptical failure surface model for ice is used, accommodating both tensile and compressive failure criteria within a unified framework. This model allows for an accurate representation of ice behavior under a variety of loading conditions and supports the simulation of spalling and crushing phenomena. We validate our numerical model against experimental data obtained in large-scale indentation tests, demonstrating its efficacy in replicating the observed variability in oscillations, load ranges, and average load values. The results indicate that MPM is a promising tool for numerical investigation of ice failure, capturing key features such as fragmentation patterns and load response more effectively than conventional methods. The presented methodology offers significant potential for advancing the modeling of ice behavior, with implications for engineering applications in cold regions and ice-structure interactions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144998389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of fracture properties by coupling digital image correlation and Finite Fracture Mechanics 基于数字图像相关和有限断裂力学的断裂性能评价
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00885-9
Francesco Ferrian, Alberto Sapora, Rafael Estevez, Aurélien Doitrand
{"title":"Evaluation of fracture properties by coupling digital image correlation and Finite Fracture Mechanics","authors":"Francesco Ferrian,&nbsp;Alberto Sapora,&nbsp;Rafael Estevez,&nbsp;Aurélien Doitrand","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00885-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00885-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Crack initiation in flattened disks under compression containing either a central or eccentric circular hole is investigated through the Finite Fracture Mechanics (FFM) approach. An implementation of the FFM criterion based on digital image correlation (DIC) full-field measurement is proposed. The coupling between FFM and DIC is provided through boundary conditions taken from the measured displacement fields. This approach offers a more accurate representation of the actual loading conditions compared to the use of idealized prescribed force or displacement in standard FFM implementations. Furthermore, by exploiting the value of the critical energy release rate obtained from the stable crack growth phase analysis, this method enables precise estimations of the inherent material strength and critical crack advance.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10704-025-00885-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Differential compliance from time domain vibration waveform fit and its application to fatigue crack growth rate testing 时域振动波形拟合的微分柔度及其在疲劳裂纹扩展速率测试中的应用
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-09-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00881-z
Ondřej Kovářík
{"title":"Differential compliance from time domain vibration waveform fit and its application to fatigue crack growth rate testing","authors":"Ondřej Kovářík","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00881-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00881-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The compliance method is widely used to measure crack length during testing of fracture mechanical properties such as fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate. Traditionally, the compliance is obtained from the load/deflection records. We present a time domain based differential compliance method, in which the compliance is obtained directly from the vibration waveform of a simple resonance assembly. The compliance computation from time domain signal offers high resolution and low noise providing unprecedented possibilities such as so called “rate-control” testing with fatigue frack growth rate directly controlled by a closed loop system. The differential approach enables to significantly reduce the effect of specimen clamping and material property changes during the test. The method has been utilized in many research project and its gradual development was described in several papers. This, paper, however, for the first time, summarizes and updates all important details of the technique necessary for its implementation as well as the derivation of the used vibrational model. It also describes the advantages and disadvantages of the method and its application potential in testing materials resistance to fatigue crack growth.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10704-025-00881-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144934600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fracture toughness of soft solids with Mullins dissipation 考虑Mullins耗散的软固体断裂韧性
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-08-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00884-w
Guillaume Lostec, Rong Long
{"title":"Fracture toughness of soft solids with Mullins dissipation","authors":"Guillaume Lostec,&nbsp;Rong Long","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00884-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00884-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The fracture toughness of soft polymeric materials can be enhanced by inducing energy dissipation. While dissipation may be introduced through various chemical or physical mechanisms, at the continuum scale it is manifested in the hysteresis under a loading-unloading cycle. Such inelastic behavior, resembling the Mullins effect in filled rubber, may lead to ambiguities in the interpretation of fracture toughness measurements. Here we use finite element simulations to elucidate the mechanics of crack growth in soft inelastic solids. Specifically, we consider the pure shear configuration and adopt a phenomenological model to capture the Mullins effect. It is found that the apparent energy release rate continues to increase after the crack growth is initiated, resulting in a crack growth resistance curve. The physical origin of the resistance curve is attributed to the formation and expansion of a damage zone surrounding the crack tip. We use the simulation results to illustrate how the resistance curve is related to the force-stretch curve as well as their dependence on sample dimensions. Moreover, we discuss the interpretation of fracture toughness based on the resistance curve and the force-stretch curve. Our results can provide guidance to experimental characterization of fracture toughness in soft inelastic solids.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144891455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure and damage evaluation of thermal barrier coatings under thermal cyclic environments: multi-physics modeling 热循环环境下热障涂层的失效和损伤评估:多物理场建模
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00874-y
Jinrong Yan, Kuiying Chen, Xin Wang
{"title":"Failure and damage evaluation of thermal barrier coatings under thermal cyclic environments: multi-physics modeling","authors":"Jinrong Yan,&nbsp;Kuiying Chen,&nbsp;Xin Wang","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00874-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00874-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Under high-temperature adverse environments, the premature failure of air plasma spray thermal barrier coatings (APS-TBCs) is a preliminary phenomenon that can significantly limit the application of TBCs in gas turbine engines. The delamination failure of TBCs typically occurs at the interfaces between the topcoat and bond coat due to thermal mismatch stress and thermal gradient, resulting in crack propagation and final spallation failure of the coating. This paper undertakes a study of the delamination of TBCs using multi-physics methodologies. Heat transfer was cyclically implemented into the TBC model, resulting in a thermal gradient, to simulate the in-service operation of the TBC system. A variational-based sintering model for a topcoat of TBCs is incorporated into the simulation. The high-temperature creep model of the topcoat, thermal growth oxide (TGO) and bond coat is included. The stress field across the TBCs was calculated during the thermal cycles, with the location of high-stress concentration selected as the potential crack initiation site. Phase field damage modelling was conducted to study crack propagation, initially located at the high-tensile stress off-peak interface. Results indicate that at the off-peak interface, the crack propagates rapidly in the top right direction during the first few cycles, then stops propagating as the TGO thickens, because the location of the maximum principal stress is moved away from the interface. Since the accumulated stress at the crack tip at the end of cycles, cracks have the potential to propagate with a prolonged thermal cycle service.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10704-025-00874-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A novel phase-field damage model coupled with Timoshenko beam kinematics to simulate localized fracture in brittle architected lattice material 结合Timoshenko梁运动学的相场损伤模型模拟脆性结构点阵材料的局部断裂
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-08-14 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00882-y
Himanshu, B Pal, A Ramaswamy
{"title":"A novel phase-field damage model coupled with Timoshenko beam kinematics to simulate localized fracture in brittle architected lattice material","authors":"Himanshu,&nbsp;B Pal,&nbsp;A Ramaswamy","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00882-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00882-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Architected lattice materials (ALM) have gained significant attention due to their superior mechanical properties compared to conventional bulk metals. However, limited studies in the literature focus on modeling the fracture behavior of ALM structural elements, particularly using beam kinematics coupled with phase-field (PF) damage models to reduce computational costs than analyzing an equivalent 2D model. The present study develops a beam-based PF model using Timoshenko beam theory to simulate localized damage evolution in brittle ALM grids. The proposed model employs a homogenized damage function to capture the overall damage state across the beam cross-section, bypassing the need to resolve damage variations within the section. Two damage approximation functions, constant and parabolic, are explored to describe damage across the cross-section. Damage evolution is attributed to a combination of tensile axial energy, shear energy, and a fraction of flexural strain energy. A series of numerical simulations, from isolated beam tests to full-scale ALM grid analyses, demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed model. Results indicate that the fraction of flexural strain energy(<span>(alpha )</span>) influencing damage evolution varies with the beam’s depth-to-length ratio, while boundary conditions show negligible impact on <span>(alpha )</span> for a fixed ratio. Model validation through comparisons with 2D simulations and experimental data highlights accurate predictions of load-displacement responses and crack patterns. Moreover, the proposed approach achieves significant computational efficiency, reducing the degrees of freedom for the lattice system from 3.2 million in a 2D model to just 58,000. Correspondingly, computational time decreases from 14 hours and 43 minutes to only 7 minutes and 20 seconds. These results underscore the potential of the proposed beam-based PF model as a computationally efficient and accurate tool for analyzing damage behavior in ALM.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144843324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
On small scale nonlinearity and nested crack tip fields in a neo-Hookean material 新hookean材料的小尺度非线性和嵌套裂纹尖端场
IF 2.5 3区 工程技术
International Journal of Fracture Pub Date : 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1007/s10704-025-00880-0
Yuan Li, Brian Moran
{"title":"On small scale nonlinearity and nested crack tip fields in a neo-Hookean material","authors":"Yuan Li,&nbsp;Brian Moran","doi":"10.1007/s10704-025-00880-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10704-025-00880-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates the stress singularity at the crack tip in a two-dimensional Neo-Hookean hyperelastic material, with a focus on how far-field strain influences the crack tip field distribution. The study demonstrates that, under small far-field strains, the crack tip field can be generally divided into three regions: Region I—the asymptotic neo-Hookean crack tip field as <span>(rrightarrow 0)</span>; Region II—a finite-radius nonlinear neo-Hookean zone; and Region III—an outer linear elastic region. Within Region III, a subregion may still obey the asymptotic linear elastic solution when the radial distance is sufficiently small. As the far-field strain increases, both the asymptotic linear subregion and the broader linear region shrink and eventually vanish, leaving only the nonlinear zones. This multiscale structure reflects the principle of small-scale nonlinearity, wherein nonlinear effects are confined to an inner core. The inner core consists of Region I, where asymptotic neo-Hookean fields dominate, and Region II, where general nonlinear effects prevail. Initially, this inner core is nested inside Region III. At sufficiently small far-field strains, Region III itself contains an inner core that follows asymptotic linear elastic crack tip fields. As loading intensifies, Regions I and II expand, and Region III—first its asymptotic core, then the broader linear zone – .- progressively diminishes, culminating in a large-scale nonlinearity regime. We also identify and quantify the characteristic length scales over which each region exists and dominates—nonlinear fields in Regions I and II and linear elastic behavior in Region III. An important point is that at the crack tip, Region I always governs the local field, although its extent may be small under small far-field strains, making it difficult to capture in computational simulations. To address this, we introduce a rescaling method to better resolve this near-tip behavior.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":590,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Fracture","volume":"249 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10704-025-00880-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144832158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信