Herpetological Monographs最新文献

{"title":"Postembryonic Ontogeny of the Spadefoot Toad, Scaphiopus intermontanus (Anura: Pelobatidae): External Morphology","authors":"John A. Hall, J. H. Larsen, R. E. Fitzner","doi":"10.2307/1467009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467009","url":null,"abstract":"We provide a detailed description of and a staging table that portrays the ontogeny of the Great Basin spadefoot (Scaphiopus intermontanus Cope) from the just-hatched larva through the adult. We concentrate on the development of external morphological characters as observed in individuals raised under controlled laboratory conditions. We suggest that our staging table, besides providing greater detail, is more appropriate than a generalized staging table for describing the ontogeny of species within Scaphiopus. Also, unlike other staging tables, we delineate stage bound- aries. We recommend the use of stage boundary criteria for the construction of all future staging tables. Our findings indicate that some aspects of Scaphiopus ontogeny may be unique. Unlike other anuran larvae with sinistral spiracles, the operculum in S. intermontanus does not pass through a stage in which there are two separate openings. Other features, such as mouthpart characteristics, may be useful for intrageneric larval identification; however, we show that at least the labial tooth-row formula variation is affected by both rearing temperature and geographic origin of the specimen sample. Finally, rearing conditions possibly affect the timing of certain developmental events in S. intermontanus. Specifically, the timing of hindlimb differentiation seems to be labile relative to when differentiation occurs in other morphological features. table DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS of the ontog- eny of embryonic, larval, metamorphic, and postmetamorphic frogs (Anura) are important for understanding the general pattern(s) of development of representa- tive taxa and, by comparisons of different patterns, for resolving questions about sys- tematic relationships. For anurans, staging tables are a condensed way of describing ontogenetic changes. In a review of the lit- erature, Fox (1984:30) indicated that of the few thousand known species of anu- rans there are complete staging tables- fertilized egg through the completion of metamorphosis-for fewer than 20 spe- cies. Just et al. (1981: their Table 3) com- pared the staging tables of a number of these species. Most of the tables that have been constructed are for species contained in the genera Bufo and Rana. Two of the most detailed tables, for the African","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of Genetic Differentiation in Salamanders of the Desmognathus ochrophaeus Complex (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)","authors":"S. Tilley, M. Mahoney","doi":"10.2307/1466979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466979","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466979","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of the lizard family Phrynosomatidae as inferred from diverse types of data","authors":"T. Reeder, J. Wiens","doi":"10.2307/1466980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466980","url":null,"abstract":"The phylogenetic relationships within the iguanian lizard family Phrynosomatidae are inferred from diverse types of data (i.e., mitochondrial rDNA, osteology, coloration, scalation, karyology, and behavior). All 10 currently recognized genera (Callisaurus, Cophosaurus, Holbrookia, Petrosaurus, Phrynosoma, Sator, Sceloporus, Uma, Urosaurus, and Uta) are included in the phylogenetic analyses. The phylogenies inferred from the separate analyses of the DNA sequence data (779 bp; 162 informative characters; 40 species) and non-DNA data (155 informative characters; 59 species) share 26% (10) of their respective clades. Four of the congruent clades (i.e., sand lizards + Phrynosoma, Petrosaurus, Urosaurus, Uta) are strongly supported (-70% bootstrap) in both of the separate analyses while five others are strongly supported in only one, but not both, of the separate analyses. All conflicting hypotheses leading to the taxonomic incongruence (e.g., Sceloporus group interrelationships) are weakly supported (<70% bootstrap) in one or both of the separate analyses. Combining the DNA and non-DNA data for phylogenetic analysis results in a single shortest tree. Overall, the phylogeny from the combined analysis shares more clades in common with the hypotheses inferred from the separate DNA analysis (74%) than with the separate analysis of the non-DNA data (53%). The intergeneric relationships inferred from the combined analysis are more similar to recently published hypotheses based on morphological data, except the Sceloporus group is paraphyletic. Although phrynosomatid intergeneric relationships are well resolved by the combined analysis of the DNA and non-DNA data, the relationships among most genera are nevertheless weakly supported by the separate and combined analyses. This weak support is most likely the result of rapid speciation. The monophyly of the speciose genus Sceloporus (exclusive of Sator) is supported by the separate non-DNA and combined analyses. The inclusion of numerous incomplete taxa (19 species lacking DNA data) in the combined analysis did not decrease resolution among the complete taxa (40 species with DNA and non-DNA data), but the addition of the incomplete taxa did affect the relationships among the complete taxa. Overall, the DNA data are more homoplastic than the non-DNA data, but the degree of character incongruence exhibited within the different partitions and/or sources of the DNA and non-DNA data sets varies greatly.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466980","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Ecuadorian Proctoporus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) with Descriptions of Nine New Species","authors":"D. Kizirian","doi":"10.2307/1466981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466981","url":null,"abstract":"Sixteen species of Proctoporus (nine of them new) occur in Ecuador. Summaries of individual and geographic variation, distribution, figures, and a key to species are provided. Most species have restricted distributions; however, in some cases this may be an artifact of collecting. Species occupy narrow elevational zones, such as those documented herein along a transect across the Andean Cordillera of extreme northern Ecuador. There are seven possible or confirmed cases of sympatry among congeners. Morphological evidence suggests that species in sympatry may utilize different microhabitats.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1996-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466981","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN IN STUDIES OF SNAKE BEHAVIOR","authors":"N. Ford","doi":"10.2307/1467001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467001","url":null,"abstract":"Snakes have unique qualifications as experimental subjects, and the use of these animals in behavioral research has gradually increased. They have been models for comparative studies of innate prey preferences and for studies on sensory signals involved in reproductive behavior. Examples from these studies indicate the importance of keeping in mind both statistical methods and the natural behavior of the particular species when designing experiments on snakes. Randomized designs are the most powerful but require larger sample sizes, and so repeated or blocked designs have more often been used in snake studies. How replication affects the inferences drawn is rarely discussed. Nor have most authors evaluated the role of factors that may increase variation in the behavior of snakes, i.e., temperature, stress, feeding condition, shedding cycle, and general health and temperament of the individual subject. Future research on snakes will supply increased understanding of the behavioral ecology of this interesting group, but more care in the design of experiments will be important.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TERRITORIAL DEFENSE BY MALE GREEN ANOLES: AN EXPERIMENTAL TEST OF THE ROLES OF RESIDENCY AND RESOURCE QUALITY","authors":"B. Leuck","doi":"10.2307/1466996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466996","url":null,"abstract":"To test the hypothesis that males will more vigorously defend high-value territories (those containing females versus those with no females), male green anoles (Anolis carolinensis) were allowed to establish residency in 50 x 25 x 31-cm terraria with or without a female present. Each male was then removed for 1, 3, 5, or 7 h while an intruder was given access to the terrarium. The original owner was then returned to the terrarium with the intruder present, and the aggressive acts of both males were recorded. An aggression index was calculated for each owner-intruder pair to determine which member \"won\" the contest. Owners won more contests than intruders after all removal times except 7 h. Aggression did not increase significantly at intermediate removal times, when both males may have perceived themselves as territory owners. When the value of a territory was increased by the presence of a female, aggression by both the owner and the intruder increased significantly after the 3-h owner removal time, and aggression by the intruder (but not owner) increased significantly after the 5-h owner removal time. Winners of territorial contests in male green anoles seem to be determined by the resource holding potential of the contestants, the value of a contested territory, and particularly the ability of males to assess each other.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466996","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical Perspective: Charles C. Carpenter and Reptilian Behavioral Ecology","authors":"V. H. Hutchison","doi":"10.2307/1466992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466992","url":null,"abstract":"I was pleased to be invited by the organizers of this symposium to give an opening encomium for Charles Congden Carpenter. I was honored to be asked to say something about the career and contributions of a personal friend and colleague. His accomplishments would be easy to relate, for the record is clear to all, but what about his personal traits? Perhaps a \"roast\" would work. Or should I keep things more serious and, perhaps, more in accord with the occasion? After obtaining the input of some of his family members and former students-and probably to Chuck's great relief-I soon decided that a \"roast\" was just not reconcilable with the personality and character of the man we honor here. Although Chuck is certainly not without humor-all who know him will recall his often twinkling eye, followed by a droll comment or pun and often what can be described only as Chuck's chuckle-he is in the final analysis a gentleman scholar, somewhat of the old school, who keeps his own counsel. Carpenter was born on 2 June 1921 in Denison, Iowa. He received his B.A. degree from Northern Michigan College of Education in 1943. After graduation, he entered the Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) and attended training programs at several colleges, including a year at Wayne University Medical School in Detroit. After the end of World War II and at his own request, he left for graduate school at the University of Michigan. He received his M.S. in 1947 and Ph.D. in 1951. Frederick Test was his major professor. In 1947 he married Mary Pitynski, who also has had a professional career as an outstanding biochemist at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation. Their oldest daughter, Janet, despite severe diabetes that led to blindness and kidney transplants, completed two degrees in anthropology and continues to live independently and remain active in community affairs. Their other daughter, Caryn Sue (Vaughn), completed her Ph.D. at Oklahoma and is an aquatic ecologist with the Oklahoma Biological Survey. Their son, Geoff, recently received his Ph.D. from New Mexico State and presented the first scientific paper in this symposium. In the summer of 1952 Carpenter first taught at the University of Oklahoma Biological Station, and in 1953 he joined the Faculty at Oklahoma as an Assistant Professor, thus continuing the tradition there in herpetology and vertebrate zoology established by his predecessors A. I. Ortenberger, A. 0. Weese, and Arthur Bragg. In 1959 he was promoted to Associate Professor and also became Curator of Reptiles and Amphibians at the Stovall Museum (now the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History). Carpenter became a full Professor in 1966. In 1987 he became a Professor Emeritus and Curator Emeritus. Retired, but certainly not inactive, he has published several papers and a centennial history of his department. Carpenter's honors include Distinguished Alumni Award from Northern Michigan University, University of Oklahoma Regents' Award for Superior Accomplishm","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466992","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"MATE CHOICE IN LIZARDS: A REVIEW","authors":"R. Tokarz","doi":"10.2307/1466994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466994","url":null,"abstract":"Although intrasexual competition among males is known to be an important de- terminant of male mating success in lizards, less is known about what role the mate choice component of sexual selection may play in determining male and female mating success. The purpose of this review was to consider the evidence for mate choice in lizards. The issue of whether females in territorial species choose where to reside, and thus mating partners, based on the availability of resources or on male phenotypic traits is largely unresolved in most species. There is, however, good empirical evidence for at least one territorial species that the availability of resources is a more important factor than male phenotypic traits in determining where females reside, and thus their mating partners. Although male body size is known to be a key factor determining male mating success in lizards, only one study of female mate choice has found a significant relationship between female mating preferences and male body size. The best evidence for the importance of male phenotypic traits in female mate choice comes from studies of Anolis lizards that demonstrate that female mating preferences are affected by male display behavior. Findings from studies of female mate choice in lizards support Halliday's causal model of female mate choice and Ryan's sensory exploitation hypothesis, but not the Hamilton and Zuk hypothesis. Finally, a male mating preference for unfamiliar females has been reported in two highly territorial species.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF THE TUATARA, SPHENODON PUNCTATUS","authors":"J. C. Gillingham, Christopher Carmichael, Tracy J. Miller","doi":"10.2307/1466993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1466993","url":null,"abstract":"The social behavior of tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus, was studied in a natural population on Stephens Island, New Zealand, from January to March, 1987-1989. Study sites were located in both wooded (bush) and open (paddock) habitats. Nocturnal observations were enhanced by using night-vision equipment and elevated viewing platforms. Individuals were identified by idiosyncratic differences in crest morphology. At the peak of courtship activity (late January to the end of February), the behaviors of territorial males were observed and their responses to visual stimuli were tested in the field. Visual stimuli were found to be of significance. A radio-controlled, life-sized tuatara model revealed the importance of nuchal and dorsal crests and female head- nodding in the initiation of male courtship and mating behaviors and territorial defense.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1466993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68495969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prey Chemical Discrimination and Foraging Mode in Gekkonoid Lizards","authors":"W. Cooper","doi":"10.2307/1467000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467000","url":null,"abstract":"Relationships among phylogeny, foraging mode, and prey chemical discrimination by tongue-flicking were investigated by experimentally testing for the presence of lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination in representatives of two families of gekkonoid lizards having different foraging modes. In the experiments, the tongue-flicking and biting responses of each lizard were recorded in response to cotton swabs bearing three classes of stimuli: prey surface chemicals, cologne as a pungency control, and deionized water as an odorless control. In a eublepharid species, Eublepharis macularius, the tongue-flick rate, the proportion of individuals attacking the swab, and a composite measure combining effects of tongue-flicking and attack (TFAS(R)) were significantly higher and the latency to attack significantly shorter in the prey stimulus condition than in the other conditions, which did not themselves differ. In contrast, no tongue-flicking or attacks were observed in any of the conditions for two gekkonid species, Thecadactylus rapicauda and Gekko gecko. Because eublepharids are active foragers whereas gekkonids are ambush foragers, prey chemical discrimination was associated with active foraging, as predicted. Prior to this report, all families of ambush-foraging lizards known to lack prey chemical discrimination belonged to a single clade, Iguania. Actively foraging carnivorous lizards identify prey by chemical cues and belong to Scleroglossa, which includes the families studied here. It is argued that adoption of active foraging may have induced selection for gain of prey chemical discrimination involving tongueflicking in eublepharids. Phylogeny and the presence or absence of prey chemical discrimination are closely related in lizard families because foraging mode is conservative in the major clades Iguania and Scleroglossa.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"1995-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68496144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}