Herpetological Monographs最新文献

{"title":"Taxonomic reconsideration of Middle American frogs of the Eleutherodactylus rugulosus group (Anura: Leptodactylidae): A reconnaissance of subtle nuances among frogs","authors":"Jonathan A. Campbell, J. Savage","doi":"10.2307/1467048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"14 1","pages":"186-292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SYSTEMATICS OF PYTHONS OF THE MORELIA AMETHISTINA COMPLEX (SERPENTES: BOIDAE) WITH THE DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES","authors":"M. B. Harvey, D. Barker, L. Ammerman, P. Chippindale","doi":"10.2307/1467047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467047","url":null,"abstract":"The scrub pythons (Morelia amethistina complex) are revised based on museum specimens and new material recently collected in eastern Indonesia. Morelia kinghorni (formerly M. amethistina kinghorni) and M. amethistina (formerly M. amethistina amethistina) are recognized as species, and three new species are described. The phylogenetic relationships of scrub pythons are resolved using morphological and molecular characters. Scrub pythons are most closely related to Morelia boeleni and have undergone both ancient divergences and a relatively recent radiation. The distribution of scrub pythons corresponds well with areas of endemism recognized in earlier studies of other taxa. Their distribution and evolution appears to have been shaped by combined effects of dispersal and vicariance. Scrub python populations exhibit interesting color and pattern polymorphism and ontogenetic change, and these characteristics vary among populations.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"14 1","pages":"139-185"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68497717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EFFECT OF INCUBATION TEMPERATURE ON MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH, AND SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE SCELOPORUS UNDULATUS","authors":"R. Andrews, T. Mathies, D. Warner","doi":"10.2307/1467055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467055","url":null,"abstract":"Incubation temperature affects a wide range of phenotypic traits of hatchling rep- tiles. The main objective of this research was to determine if such phenotypic traits persist long enough in the field to have an effect on fitness. Eggs of Sceloporus undulatus lizards were incubated at six temperature regimes, five constant and one fluctuating, with means ranging from 23-33 C. Hatchlings were measured and their subsequent morphology, growth, and survival were monitored for 7-9 months, one to two months before individuals reached adult size. Phenotypic traits of lizards that hatched at the field site were used for comparative purposes. Morphological traits persisted for 7-9 mo. In contrast, growth rates did not differ among incubation temperature treatments after individuals were released in the field. Overall, 29 (27%) of 107 individuals that were released survived to the spring following hatching, and individuals from eggs incubated at the lowest tem- perature had higher survival than individuals from all other groups. The phenotypes of lizards incubated at intermediate temperatures tended to be most similar to those of field hatched lizards. We rejected two predictions about phenotypic responses to incubation temperature. The first pre- diction was that extreme incubation temperatures would be associated with the most deviant phe- notypes. Observed phenotypic responses to temperature were either linear or, only one extreme temperature produced a deviant phenotype. The second prediction was that hatchlings incubated at warm temperatures and that hatched early in the season would have higher survival in general and higher overwinter survival in particular than hatchlings incubated at cool temperatures and that hatched later in the season. The reverse was true; observed survival was greatest for hatchlings from the coolest incubation treatment that hatched last.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"14 1","pages":"420"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF CENTRAL TEXAS HEMIDACTYLIINE PLETHODONTID SALAMANDERS","authors":"P. Chippindale, A. H. Price, J. Wiens, D. Hillis","doi":"10.2307/1467045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467045","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of central Texas nontransforming spring and cave salamanders, genera Eurycea and Typhlomolge (Plethodontidae: Plethodontinae: Hemidactyliini), were examined using 25 allozyme loci and DNA sequence data for a maximum of 356 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Monophyly of the central Texas hemidactyliines is well supported. High levels of divergence occur among many populations and groups of populations, and there clearly are many more species in the group than previously recognized. Many have extremely restricted distributions in isolated islands of aquatic habitat. Several major monophyletic groups were identified that correspond to geographically circumscribed areas of the Edwards Plateau region. The deepest phylogenetic split in the group occurs between populations northeast versus southwest of the Colorado River. Species that have been assigned to the genus Typhlomolge are phylogenetically nested within the central Texas Eurycea; therefore, the genus Typhlomolge is placed in the synonymy of Eurycea. Continued recognition of the species E. latitans, E. nana, E. neotenes, E. pterophila, E. sosorum, E. tridentifera, and E. troglodytes is recommended, but E. neotenes appears to be restricted in range to a small geographic area, and is not widespread in the region as previously thought. The E. latitans and E. troglodytes species complexes are recognized; each con- sists of spring and cave populations that include those at the type localities of the latter two species, plus other populations to which they appear most closely related. Three new species from northeast of the Colorado River are described.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"14 1","pages":"1-80"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68497818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEONATOLOGY OF REPTILES","authors":"D. J. Morafka, E. Spangenberg, V. Lance","doi":"10.2307/1467050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467050","url":null,"abstract":"Neonatal reptiles are here defined as an age class of young eureptilian amniotes (excluding birds) that express attributes most influenced by the pre-paritive development environ- ment (oviduct, egg, and egg nest) and by the demands of parition and first dispersal. Neonatal character states are typically transformed, reduced, or eliminated during the first 10% of their pre- reproductive development. Traditionally, neonates have not been distinguished from juvenile rep- tiles. As a result the neonatology of reptiles has rarely been addressed in past literature. Recent studies reveal a complex array of developmental scenarios involving character state transformations, heterochrony, unique character states in morphology, behavior, physiology, nutrition, dispersion and health. Unique morphological features (such as egg teeth) and limited skeletal ossification charac- terize many neonates. Distinguishing behaviors include \"reversal\" movements, utilization of bright color patterns, and startling movements with both serving as anti-predation mechanisms. Prolonged association with protective parents, group migration, unique agonistic behavior, and tendencies to- ward rapid dispersion characterize the neonates of individual species. Neonatal physiological attri- butes include: a special availability to inoculation by symbiont fermenting anaerobes in herbivores, rapid conforming responses to their external environments in thermal and hydric exchanges, and in the case of some turtles, extraordinary capacities for supercooling (8.9 C). Post-paritive lecithotrophy (nutrition from residual yolk) sustain both the overwintering of nestlings and the dispersion of non- feeding young for as long as several months. Resistance to infections (such as mycoplasmas) from their maternal parents, combine with nutritive reserves of residual yolk and a common tendency for rapid dispersion to make neonates attractive candidates for augmentation and translocation programs. Coupled with the practical advantages of maintaining and manipulating small animals in a laboratory environment, these qualities distinguish neonates as particularly useful models for ex- perimentally evaluating the relative apportionment of reproductive resources into greater numbers of offspring or into improved quality/survivorship of individual offspring.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"14 1","pages":"353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ENERGY COSTS OF GROWTH IN NEONATE REPTILES","authors":"K. Nagy","doi":"10.2307/1467052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467052","url":null,"abstract":"Do young reptiles avoid paying the metabolic costs of rapid growth? Growing mam- mals and birds must spend extra energy, beyond the metabolic costs they have when not growing, to pay the cost of synthesizing new tissues. This synthesis cost is in addition to the other costs that growing animals pay to forage for, consume, digest and allocate the extra food they need to produce new body substance. Thus, it is reasonable to hypothesize that free-living neonate and juvenile terrestrial vertebrates in general will have basal (standard) and field metabolic rates and feeding rates that are higher than expected for (non-growing) adults of the same body mass. Suckling mammals and neonate precocial birds do have relatively high basal metabolic rates. Among reptiles however, currently available data on standard metabolic rates (SMR) of neonates indicates no sig- nificant increment over adult SMR. In the field, metabolic increments due to the additional growth- associated costs should be relatively large and hence readily detectable in neonate reptiles. To date, the field metabolic rates (FMR's) of neonates and juveniles have been measured in ten species of reptiles: three phrynosomatid lizards, three lacertid lizards, two iguanid lizards, one agamid lizard, and one chelonian. The neonate lizards all had metabolic rates that were similar to those measured simultaneously in free-living adults, after correction for body mass differences (using mass0-80). The chelonian (Gopherus agassizii) juveniles also showed no obvious increment in energy expenditure over adults. More careful measurements of SMR in neonate reptiles should be done to determine if reptiles are free of the large energetic \"tax\" on growth that is paid by neonate mammals and precocial birds. Studies of neonate altricial birds, which are ectothermic for some time after hatching and have low SMR's, also may be instructive in this regard. Field studies of neonate reptile time- activity budgets are needed to determine how they achieve such low field metabolic rates while simultaneously growing rapidly. Do neonates have lower body temperatures on average during their activity period? Do neonates spend less time active each day than adults? Do neonates use micro- habitat resources in ways that reduce intraspecific competition with adults, but allow for rapid growth anyway? Are the thermal dependencies of digestion, metabolism and growth different in neonates, thereby allowing them to function well and grow rapidly at lower daily integrated body temperatures?","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"40 2 1","pages":"378"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF BODY SIZE IN NEONATAL AND SMALL-BODIED LIZARDS IN THE NEOTROPICS","authors":"L. Vitt","doi":"10.2307/1467053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467053","url":null,"abstract":"I investigated the relationship between lizard body size and prey size, particularly as it relates to challenges faced by neonatal lizards in the Neotropics. Within the large-bodied teiid lizard Ameiva ameiva, juveniles feed on smaller prey than adults, but adults continue to feed on prey eaten by juveniles. Adults eat invertebrates and vertebrates, including other lizards, and these likely have a much higher payoff in terms of energy gained per unit risk. Prey types and sizes vary among lizard species in an Amazonian rain forest near the Rio Curua-Una. Larger lizard species feed on larger prey, and smaller lizards, by virtue of their small body sizes, cannot feed on many prey taken by large lizards. Large lizards continue to take small prey. The larger non-vertebrate prey taken by lizards in this assemblage are mostly spiders and centipedes, many of which are larger than smaller lizard species and individuals. A combined data set from numerous Neotropical sites shows that the trend observed at the Curua-Una is a general one even though the smallest clade of lizards eat prey smaller than predicted based on body size alone. I suggest that small lizards, neonates in particular, are at great risk in diverse lizard assemblages because of their body size relative to other organisms. They likely compete with adults of their own and other species for food, they are eaten by larger lizards and other vertebrates, and they are likely prey for numerous highly abundant predaceous arthropods, especially spiders and centipedes.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"14 1","pages":"388"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467053","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ontogeny of predatory behavior in the aquatic specialist snake, Nerodia rhombifer, during the first year of life","authors":"B. A. Savitsky, G. Burghardt","doi":"10.2307/1467054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467054","url":null,"abstract":"We conducted two laboratory experiments in order to examine the predatory behavior of neonatal water snakes, Nerodia rhombifer. The first experiment determined habitat use and predatory behavior in three litters of preyand habitat-naive neonates in small, naturalistic enclosures. The second experiment tested one litter of snakes at three ages from birth to one year in the same enclosures in order to determine ontogenetic changes in habitat use and predatory behavior. The neonates were highly aquatic, foraging only while in water. While negatively buoyant, they focused their activity at the surface of the water. Neonatal snakes were very successful at attacking live fish, capturing most by the head or repositioning them rapidly to a head-first position. The open-mouthed (OM) foraging behavior typical of adults was only rudimentarily developed. Ontogenetic changes in habitat use included a shift to less dense cover and increased use of open water. Ontogenetic changes in behavior included increased underwater activity and decreased surface activity, a higher rate of attacking, and shorter handling times, although snakes captured fewer fish by the head. OM foraging behavior developed, but was still abbreviated as compared to adults at the end of the year. Field studies corroborate the results of these studies.","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"14 1","pages":"401"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE FLYING LIZARDS (IGUANIA: AGAMIDAE: DRACO) OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES","authors":"J. McGuire, A. Alcala","doi":"10.2307/1467046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467046","url":null,"abstract":"Ten species of Draco are recognized in the Philippines including one described as new. For each species, a diagnosis, description of squamation and color pattern, and summaries of distribution and natural history are provided. Keys to the Draco of the Philippines are also provided. The geographic distributions of Philippine Draco species are largely concordant with aggregate island complexes formed when sea levels were lower in the late Pleistocene. The biogeography of Palawan Island is considered in the context of Draco and found to be inconsistent with the standard model treating Palawan as an extension of the Greater Sunda Shelf. Southeast Asia are small to moderate-sized arboreal lizards that are remarkable in their ability to glide long distances using wing-like patagial membranes supported by elongate thoracic ribs. The taxonomy of the genus has had a chaotic history but benefited greatly from the recent revisions by Inger (1983) and Musters (1983). The taxonomies provided by both authors were rather conservative, and this approach was quite successful with the Draco assem- blages of the Sunda Shelf (i.e., the Malay peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Bali, and associated islands) where as many as six species can be found in sympatry at many localities (Inger, 1983; personal ob- servation). Unfortunately, these conserva- tive taxonomic views have obscured the presence of an entirely endemic and spe- cies-rich assemblage of Draco species in the Philippine archipelago. Taylor (1922) recognized 11 species of Draco in the Phil- ippines, although he questioned the pres- ence of D. reticulatus and D. cornutus, and came to no conclusions regarding the status of D. guentheri. Although Taylor had seen most of the Philippine species of Draco in life, later workers with little or","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"14 1","pages":"81"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68497878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A REVIEW OF LIZARDS OF THE LIOLAEMUS WIEGMANNII GROUP (SQUAMATA, IGUANIA, TROPIDURIDAE), AND A HISTORY OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE IN THE SAND-DWELLING SPECIES","authors":"R. Etheridge","doi":"10.2307/1467049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1467049","url":null,"abstract":"The wiegmannii group of Liolaemus includes L. lutzae, L. occipitalis, L. multima- culatus, L. rabinoi, L. riojanus, L. salinicola, L. scapularis, and L. wiegmannii; the status of L. cranwelli is uncertain, but is here considered a synonym of L. wiegmannii. The morphological characteristics of the wiegmannii group as a whole are described, and a taxonomic review, together with descriptions, distributions, and natural histories are presented for each species. This study then investigates the sequence of morphological changes that accompanied the evolution of the wieg- mannii group. Seven of these, referred to here as the \"sand-lizards\" are confined to a substrate of loose, aeolean sand with extensive open dunes or sand flats. All of these species are members of a more inclusive clade, the boulengeri group. A phylogenetic analysis of the boulengeri group, based on 39 morphological and one behavioral character, produced a single most parsimonious tree that included the wiegmannii group as a fully resolved clade. This clade has a pectinate topology, with the following relationships: wiegmannii (lutzae (salinicola (scapularis (occipitalis (multimaculatus (riojanus + rabinoi)))))), with sand lizards represented by the last seven species, i.e., L. wiegmannii is the sister taxon to the sand lizards. Many of the morphological and behavioral transformations that occur at the origin of, and sub- sequently within the sand lizards, facilitate life on and under the surface of loose, wind-blown sand. Rapid diving and burial under the sand may be facilitated by a wedge-shaped snout with numerous small scales on the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head, a sharp keel formed by the scales of the lower jaw, and a serrate margin on the shoulders and edges of the tail. Breathing under sand by vertical movement of the sternum may be facilitated by a wider sternum, with the fontanel reduced or absent, and a short median interclavicle process. A small ear opening, projecting ciliary scales, and a partly countersunk lower jaw should help to exclude sand from body openings. Fringes of projecting scales on the toes, and smooth, non-imbricate scales on the palms and soles should facilitate surface locomotion on sand. Reduction in dorsal sexual dicromatism, and close substrate color and pattern matching render them cryptic on the sand. Burial as a means of nocturnal retreat occurs in the sand lizards and most other species of the boulengeri group, but rapid diurnal burial as a means of escape occurs only in L. wiegmannii and the sand lizards. RESUMEN: El grupo wiegmannii de Liolaemus incluye L. lutzae, L. occipitalis, L. multimacu- latus, L. rabinoi, L. riojanus, L. salinicola, L. scapularis, y L. wiegmannii; la posicion taxonomica de L. cranwelli es incierta pero es considerada aqui un sin6nimo de L. wiegmannii. Se describen los caracteres morfologicos del grupo wiegmannii y se presenta para cada una revision taxonomica, junto con descripciones, distribuciones e historias ","PeriodicalId":56309,"journal":{"name":"Herpetological Monographs","volume":"14 1","pages":"293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/1467049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68498011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}