Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics最新文献

{"title":"Taxonomic analysis of certain taxa of Epipactis in Slovenia","authors":"Andreja Urbanek Krajnc ,&nbsp;Matej Lipovšek ,&nbsp;Zlata Luthar ,&nbsp;Anja Ivanuš ,&nbsp;Staš Miljuš ,&nbsp;Borut Bohanec ,&nbsp;Metka Šiško","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125674","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125674","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The predominantly allogamous Broad-leaved Helleborines (<em>Epipactis helleborine</em>) and the predominantly autogamous Narrow-lipped Helleborines <em>(Epipactis leptochila</em>) represent two taxonomically complex groups with great morphological diversity and close genetic relationships at the subspecies level. They are influenced by environment, clinal variability, hybridization between allogamous taxa, and in particularly by speciation through transitions from allogamy to autogamy. We analysed floral traits, genome size and performed molecular analyses (Internal transcribed spacer region, ITS; Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism, AFLP) of several individuals of <em>E. helleborine</em> and <em>E. leptochila</em> aggregate from different geographical regions in Slovenia, focusing on intermediate traits of <em>E. helleborine</em> subsp. <em>moratoria</em>, <em>E. helleborine</em> subsp. <em>leutei</em> and <em>E. leptochila</em> subsp. <em>neglecta</em>. In order to successfully distinguish studied taxa, the main attention should be paid to the shape of the epichil and the ovary, as well as to the size ratio of sepals and petals. Among the microfloral characters, the shape and size of the lower margin of the stigma and staminodes are found to be supportive. <em>E. neglecta</em> clearly shows intermediate floral characteristics between <em>E. leptochila</em> and <em>E. leutei</em>, suggesting that the transition to autogamy evolved <em>E. neglecta</em> as an intermediate stage in the speciation process, coinciding with the colonisation of forest sites with lower light intensity. Analysis of genome size revealed significant differences, with <em>E. neglecta</em> having the greatest value. Using molecular markers, we were able to determine two main ribotype clusters within the <em>E. helleborine</em> group, which were also determined by AFLP analyses. <em>E. leutei</em> and <em>E. neglecta</em> formed two clearly defined subclusters within the <em>E. leptochila</em> lineage. The results of the presented study suggest that combining molecular markers and genome size with information on how variation in floral morphology is distributed, using multivariate analyses, is the most reliable way to gain improved insight into the relationships among the taxa analysed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"56 ","pages":"Article 125674"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831922000166/pdfft?md5=820cb4e559d92288315e5b9794be8479&pid=1-s2.0-S1433831922000166-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44610597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolutionary patterns within the New World Clade Polygala sections Clinclinia and Monninopsis (Polygalaceae)","authors":"Agustina Martinez ,&nbsp;Juan Manuel Acosta ,&nbsp;Maria A. Ferrero ,&nbsp;Floriano Barêa Pastore ,&nbsp;Lone Aagesen","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Members of <span><em>Polygala</em></span> sections <em>Clinclinia</em> and <em>Monninopsis</em><span>, from the New World Clade (NWC), inhabit arid to humid habitats along the American continent. Although knowledge of these sections is currently incomplete, it is crucial for understanding evolutionary and diversification patterns in Polygalaceae. Here, we sample new species from the </span><em>Polygala</em> NWC with emphasis on these two sections, providing a comprehensive molecular phylogeny based on DNA sequence data from one nuclear (ITS) and three chloroplast (<em>trnL-F</em><span> intergenic spacer, </span><em>rbcL</em>, and partial <em>matK-trnK</em><span><span>) loci. Furthermore, we conducted comparisons for the main clades in the environmental and geographic spaces using climatic and elevation data processed by ordination and </span>species distribution modelling (SDM) techniques. In addition, an ancestral state reconstruction for the morphological flower traits \"violet spots on lateral petals\" and \"style shape\" was carried out. The ancestral flower of the </span><em>Polygala</em> NWC was reconstructed as not having violet spots on the lateral petals and with a style with superior appendages. Within <em>Polygala</em> sect. <em>Monninopsis</em><span>, we found three distinct lineages. The North American clade A1 showed a potential distribution found along the Andes, from southern United States to Argentina. The South American </span><em>P. argentinensis</em><span> was predicted to be found from central Mexico to Argentina. The Patagonian </span><em>P. darwiniana</em><span> was also predicted to be found in northern North America and in the Lower California Peninsula in Mexico. Within </span><em>Polygala</em> sect. <em>Clinclinia</em>, we also found three distinct lineages. Clade B1 in addition to its empirical distribution found in Chile and Argentina, also showed a potential distribution found in Colombia. Clade B2 in addition to its empirical distribution found in north and central Argentina, southern Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, also showed a potential distribution in southern Chile, southern Argentina, and the South Atlantic Islands. Finally, the Argentinian clade B3 was also predicted to be found in central Chile and southern Bolivia. An updated synonymic list of the <em>Polygala</em> sects. <em>Clinclinia</em> and <em>Monninopsis</em> as treated in this study is also provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 125673"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44431084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A first phylogenetic hypothesis for the diverse genus Conophytum (Ruschieae, Ruschioideae, Aizoaceae) suggests convergent evolution of floral syndromes","authors":"Robyn Faye Powell ,&nbsp;James Stephen Boatwright ,&nbsp;Cornelia Klak ,&nbsp;Anthony Richard Magee","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125671","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125671","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>Pollinator specialisation is one of the major drivers of </span>angiosperm<span> diversification in the Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of </span></span>South Africa. </span><em>Conophytum</em><span> (Aizoaceae) is a flagship genus for the underexplored arid regions of the GCFR (ca. 108 spp.) with 83.9% of its species endemic<span> to this region and has a floral structure that is unique within the rapidly diversified Ruschieae (Aizoaceae). Floral traits<span>, together with leaf characters divide the genus into 16 sections. We present here the first phylogenetic hypothesis for </span></span></span><em>Conophytum</em><span>, based on molecular data. The combined phylogenetic data for six plastid regions (</span><em>matK, rpl16, rps16, trnL-F, trnQ-rps16 and trnS-trnG</em>) were analysed using Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony to test the evolution of this floral diversity and current sectional classification. <em>Conophytum</em> was recovered as monophyletic including the three small genera <em>Berrisfordia</em> L.Bolus, <em>Herreanthus</em> Schwantes and <em>Ophthalmophyllum</em> Dinter &amp; Schwantes. Six strongly supported clades were recovered within <em>Conophytum</em>: while several of the sections were broadly retrieved within these clades, the more morphologically variable sections such as <em>Minuscula</em> and <span><em>Wettsteinia</em></span> were not supported by our data. The distributions of the six clades largely overlap and are generally confined to the arid parts of the GCFR within South Africa, with only one clade extending into the southern wetter parts. Ancestral character reconstructions showed that floral traits evolved multiple times with low phylogenetic signal recovered for autumn- and winter-flowering and flower type, while the other traits indicated no phylogenetic signal. This lack of phylogenetic signal suggests that drivers of diversity in <em>Conophytum</em> are possibly linked to adaptation to pollinators, with a high rate of inferred pollination shifts observed, i.e. 1.7 shifts per species, mirroring that of <em>Lapeirousia</em> (Iridacaeae) in the GCFR. The evolution of unique tubular flowers and shift to autumn-flowering were recovered as traits indicating strong phylogenetic signal and may have enabled <em>Conophytum</em> to exploit a range of pollinators through diversification in floral morphologies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 125671"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45777179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Origin, early expansion, domestication and anthropogenic diffusion of Cannabis, with emphasis on Europe and the Iberian Peninsula","authors":"Valentí Rull","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125670","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125670","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Cannabis</em> is among the oldest human domesticates and has been subjected to intensive artificial (human-mediated) selection throughout history to create a wide array of varieties and biotypes for diverse uses, including fiber, food, biofuel, medicine and drugs. This paper briefly reviews the available literature on the taxonomy, evolutionary origin and domestication of this plant, as well as its worldwide dispersal, in both its wild and cultivated forms. Emphasis is placed on Europe and especially on the Iberian Peninsula. Today, it is accepted that <em>Cannabis</em> is a monospecific genus with two subspecies, <em>C. sativa</em> subsp. <em>sativa</em> and <em>C. sativa</em> subsp. <em>indica</em>, originating in Europe and Asia, respectively, by allopatric differentiation after geographic isolation fostered by Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles. Palynological and phylogeographic evidence situates the <em>Cannabis</em> ancestor on the NE Tibetan Plateau during the mid-Oligocene. The timing and place of domestication is still a matter of debate between contrasting views that defend single or multiple Neolithic domestication centers situated in different parts of the Eurasian supercontinent, notably central/southeastern China and the Caucasus region. Recent meta-analyses have suggested that wild <em>Cannabis</em> may have already been spread across Europe in the Pleistocene, and its domestication could have occurred during the European Copper/Bronze ages. According to the available reviews and meta-analyses, pre-anthropic dispersal of <em>Cannabis</em> into the Iberian Peninsula seems to have occurred only in postglacial times, and the earlier signs of cultivation date to the Early Medieval Ages. However, the palynological and archeological evidence used to date is insufficient for a sound assessment, and the development of thorough Iberian databases to address further meta-analysis is essential for more robust conclusions. Some clues are provided for these achievements to be fulfilled.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 125670"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831922000129/pdfft?md5=4af036d829892459fbf7ae135bc70163&pid=1-s2.0-S1433831922000129-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48995235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of weed invasion at bait sites in a Central European lower montane zone","authors":"Katalin Rusvai ,&nbsp;Dénes Saláta ,&nbsp;Dominika Falvai ,&nbsp;Szilárd Czóbel","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125669","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125669","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The effects of wild game feeding on the local environment have been widely investigated in northern European countries but have received little consideration in Central Europe. Bait sites, that is, places where food is set out to entice wild boar for hunting are becoming ever more widespread, and they are having an increasing impact on surrounding vegetation. The aim of the present study was to assess the extent of weed invasion at different bait types. 3 bait sites located in forests, 3 baits in clearings and 3 baits on unpaved forest roads in the Central European lower montane zone, in Hungary. The field work was conducted in May and August. Four transects were laid out (at right angles to each other) from the centre of each bait, and consisted of 22 one meter square quadrats, in which vegetation survey were conducted. The application of multivariate statistical methods (PCA) and UPGMA analysis to the data collected revealed substantial differences between the bait types. The baits in the forest were the least degraded, with a sparse understory cover in both surveys. Road baits displayed a notable difference, as they varied depending on canopy closure, accessibility and exposure. Sites in clearings proved to be the most infected. Furthermore, there was a significant difference between the vegetation of the periods examined, arable weeds dominated in August. A stress gradient was detected along the transects, with the proportion of weeds decreasing from the centre, while the natural components of the vegetation increased. The effect was more noticeable in clearings, probably due to their greater openness. Invasion is typically limited to the immediate environment of the bait sites, but valuable patches of habitat can also be destroyed, and bait sites may serve as bridgeheads for biological invasions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 125669"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831922000117/pdfft?md5=c5a2160f43afd681e43aa2090cc74202&pid=1-s2.0-S1433831922000117-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48290874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differential elemental stoichiometry of two Mediterranean evergreen woody plants over a geochemically heterogeneous area","authors":"Fabrizio Monaci ,&nbsp;Stefania Ancora ,&nbsp;Luca Paoli ,&nbsp;Stefano Loppi ,&nbsp;Jürgen Franzaring","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125672","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Leaf nutrient composition and stoichiometry reflect complex interactions of the plant with its environment and are useful traits to explore ecological processes and relationships. In the present study, the foliar elemental compositions of two common Mediterranean woody species, the evergreen broad-leaved </span><span><em>Quercus ilex</em></span> and the coniferous <span><em>Pinus pinaster</em></span><span> growing in an area of Central Italy known for geochemical and geothermal anomalies, were investigated. To assess the site-specific and age-dependent pattern of foliar composition and stoichiometry, macronutrients (C, N, P, K, Mg, S) and trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn) were determined in leaves and needles of three different ages (6-, 12- and 24-month-old) collected from metalliferous (geothermal, mining) and rural areas. Leaves of </span><em>Q. ilex</em> showed comparatively high concentrations of micronutrients (i.e., Cu, Fe and Zn), while needles of <em>P. pinaster</em> accumulated significantly high concentrations of potentially toxic elements (i.e., As, Pb and S). No significant trend was found in elemental concentrations in relation to the age of leaves and needles. Multi-element stoichiometry of <em>P. pinaster</em> was driven by the geochemical heterogeneity of the sites, suggesting plastic adaptation at the sites with the most selective edaphoclimatic conditions (i.e., patches with nutrient poor and metalliferous soils). On the other hand, the content of both nutrients and potentially toxic elements in <em>Q. ilex</em> leaves varied little across the study area, reflecting stoichiometric stability; this is consistent with the ecophysiological features of <em>Q. ilex</em> as a late-successional species with a dominant role in the ecosystems of the Mediterranean area. Our findings demonstrate the value of foliar stoichiometric traits for understanding plant adaptation in a heterogeneous environment and also the consequences of biotic interactions during succession.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"55 ","pages":"Article 125672"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136941692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A unique diploid – triploid contact zone provides insights into the evolutionary mechanisms of cytotype coexistence in flowering rush (Butomus umbellatus)","authors":"Martin Čertner ,&nbsp;Jan Rydlo ,&nbsp;Matej Dudáš ,&nbsp;Zdenka Hroudová","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span>Polyploidisation is an important evolutionary force in land plants. Due to its recurrent incidence, many plant species retain individuals of two or more different ploidy levels. However, particular ecological and evolutionary mechanisms facilitating intraspecific cytotype coexistence have been identified for just a handful of species and cannot yet be generalised. Our pilot data have revealed a unique complex of mixed diploid-triploid populations of the marshland perennial </span><em>Butomus umbellatus</em> in the Eastern Slovak Lowland (eastern Central Europe). Intensive flow-cytometric ploidy screening of 1,230 individuals sampled from 72 populations was conducted at both regional and local (within-population) scales to assess cytotype distribution patterns. Vegetation assessments along with phenotypic comparisons of cytotypes directly in the field and later under common garden cultivation served to provide insight into mechanisms of cytotype coexistence. Altogether 42 % of the sampled populations were mixed-ploidy, pointing to unexpectedly high rates of diploid-triploid coexistence. While the cytotype distribution was random at the regional scale, significant spatial clustering occurred at the local scale. No ecological niche differences between the cytotypes were detected. Triploids attained greater values of several morphological characters both in the field and under cultivation, differences in the shape of inner tepals even show potential for cytotype discrimination. Both cytotypes exhibited high and comparable investments into clonal traits, reproductive assurance provided by asexual reproduction likely plays a key role in cytotype coexistence and triploid predominance. The common cytotype coexistence in this region seems to be also facilitated by periodical seasonal floods promoting transport of vegetative propagules among populations (i.e. metapopulation dynamics) and providing long-term continuity of favourable sites by recurrent disturbances.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 125659"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137435719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological Flora of Central Europe: Chondrilla chondrilloides (Ard.) H. Karst","authors":"Romy Woellner ,&nbsp;Christian Bräuchler ,&nbsp;Johannes Kollmann ,&nbsp;Thomas C. Wagner","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125657","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125657","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Chondrilla chondrilloides</em> (Asteraceae) is a rare and endangered early-successional plant species endemic to the Eastern European Alps. Its distribution is restricted to near-natural braided rivers and to alluvial fans. The species was common along Alpine gravel rivers, but has declined markedly due to river regulation and degradation in the 19th and 20th century, while some recent restoration projects benefit the plant. Its population declines were caused by habitat fragmentation and destruction as a consequence of extensive hydro-engineering. This paper summarises the published material on taxonomy, morphology, habitat requirements and distribution of the species. The review is complemented by own research data and a phylogenetic assessment of extant and extinct populations within the infrageneric context. A summary on location, size and structure of the remaining populations in the north-eastern and south-eastern Alps is combined with data on seed germination and the habitat niche of the species, with a particular focus on differences between northern and southern populations. <em>Chondrilla chondrilloides</em> forms meta-populations on consolidated gravel bars and older terraces, with extinction and recolonisation due to floodplain dynamics; small populations quickly recover from few founder individuals. Populations in the southern parts of the species’ range are larger with bigger plants and more reproduction, while germination is very high in all populations. Thus, <em>C. chondrilloides</em> has characteristics that allow it to respond rapidly to degradation and restoration of its habitats along gravel rivers in the Eastern Alps.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 125657"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47374278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Patterns of introduction, naturalisation, invasion, and impact differ between fleshy- and dry-fruited species of Myrtaceae","authors":"Tumeka Mbobo ,&nbsp;David M. Richardson ,&nbsp;Eve J. Lucas ,&nbsp;John R.U. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125648","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ppees.2021.125648","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent studies on patterns of biological invasions in several plant families have confirmed general findings (e.g., taxa with larger native range sizes are more likely to become invasive; and taxa with longer residence time in new regions are more likely to naturalise) and highlighted some context-specific findings relevant for management (e.g., resistance to <em>Phytophthora</em> is a pre-requisite for successful naturalisation in Proteaceae). We explore these issues for the plant family Myrtaceae, specifically by contrasting taxa with fleshy fruits with those with dry fruits to develop hypotheses around the role of seed dispersal in the invasion process. To this end we: 1) compiled a comprehensive list of introduced Myrtaceae; 2) determined the degree of establishment of each species in its introduced range; 3) compared the distribution of native, introduced, and invasive ranges; 4) assessed traits associated with the degree of establishment; and 5) assessed the magnitude and types of impacts of invasive Myrtaceae. A slightly higher proportion of dry-fruited species have been introduced than fleshy-fruited species [170 out of 2257 (7.5 %) vs. 236 out of 3741 (6.7 %)], though the difference was not significant. However, introduced dry-fruited Myrtaceae have naturalised more frequently than fleshy-fruited taxa [90 out of 170 (53 %) vs. 40 out of 236 (17 %)], whereas naturalised dry-fruited taxa have become invasive at a lower rate [22 out of 90 (24 %) vs. 18 out of 40 (46 %)]. Invasions of fleshy-fruited taxa seem to be more common on islands. Although invasions by fleshy- and dry-fruited species had similar impact mechanisms and magnitudes, naturalised fleshy-fruited Myrtaceae are more likely to have impacts on islands than dry-fruited confamilials.</p><p><em>Synthesis</em> Fleshy- and dry-fruited taxa of Myrtaceae differ in rates of transition along the invasion continuum and where invasions and impacts occur. We speculate that seed dispersal abilities, lack of competitors, and the availability of areas suitable for germination might explain these differences.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 125648"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43280258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From continental Asia into the world: Global historical biogeography of the saltbush genus Atriplex (Chenopodieae, Chenopodioideae, Amaranthaceae)","authors":"A. Žerdoner Čalasan ,&nbsp;S. Hammen ,&nbsp;A.P. Sukhorukov ,&nbsp;J.T. McDonald ,&nbsp;N.F. Brignone ,&nbsp;T. Böhnert ,&nbsp;G. Kadereit","doi":"10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125660","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2022.125660","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Atriplex</em> is the most species-rich genus of Amaranthaceae and one of the largest C₄ clades in eudicots. Distributed predominantly in the arid subtropical and temperate regions worldwide, many <em>Atriplex</em> species dominate the plant communities of harsh and inhospitable inland and coastal habitats. Current threats of aridification and salinisation increase the ecological and economic value of this highly stress tolerant xerophytic genus. We compiled sequence data of approximately 80 % (208 spp.) of all currently recognised species and carried out a phylogenetic reconstruction using nuclear-encoded internal and external transcribed spacers. In addition, time divergence estimation analysis and ancestral area reconstruction were carried out to reconstruct the worldwide spread of <em>Atriplex</em>. Our results show that <em>Atriplex</em> originated in continental Asia during the Oligocene and dispersed from there across the world, often via long-distance dispersal from the Aralo-Caspian and the Pontic regions, or the floristic province of Turkestan. The highest alpha diversity was retrieved from arid habitats of Australia and the New World resulting from extensive radiation events of the Late Miocene and Pliocene. Most dispersal events took place into the Mediterranean region. <em>Atriplex</em> invaded most continents several times independently from different regions throughout the continuous cooling trend of the Neogene and the Quaternary. Despite limited resolution power of the used molecular markers, this study allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the evolutionary history of <em>Atriplex</em> and lays the foundation for future evolutionary studies of saltbushes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":56093,"journal":{"name":"Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics","volume":"54 ","pages":"Article 125660"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"137434565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}