Relaciones Internacionales最新文献

{"title":"Reflections and contributions to the debate on the origin of the discipline of International Relations","authors":"Rafael Velázquez Flores","doi":"10.15359/97-2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15359/97-2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to contribute some ideas to the debate on the origin of the International Relations discipline. The argumentative line of the essay is that, due to the enormous impact of the First World War, the discipline of International Relations emerged formally, independently, and with its own identity, starting in 1919. In this sense, the essay states that the revisionists have not taken into account, with the necessary depth, the effect that this conflict had on establishing that date as the official appearance of this discipline. The text is divided into four parts. The first seeks to clarify the difference between the terms international relations and International Relations. The second part discusses the first studies linked to global affairs before 1919. The third part discusses the formal emergence of the discipline. The last section of the text explains the development and consolidation of the discipline after the Second World War.","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141813007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reflexiones sobre el Derecho Internacional del Medio Ambiente para proteger a los ecosistemas: de la distopía a la utopía","authors":"C. Gil Gandía","doi":"10.24215/23142766e187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24215/23142766e187","url":null,"abstract":"Ante la situación de la degradación medioambiental y la emergencia climática actual, la cual se manifiesta año tras año en los informes científicos sobre cambio climático y salud de los ecosistemas, el Derecho Internacional del Medio Ambiente constituye un mecanismo idóneo para hacer frente a la catastrófica y urgente situación. Sin embargo, los parámetros jurídico-culturales hegemónicos en el citado Derecho han concedido a los ecosistemas como un objeto para el beneficio humano. En este trabajo se analiza la configuración jurídica y axiológica de este Derecho desde una perspectiva crítica, con la finalidad de reflexionar sobre otro derecho ambiental que proteja de forma más adecuada y eficaz el medioambiente, de conformidad con un paradigma ecológico, no antropocéntrico.","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141339533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La Cooperación Internacional para el Desarrollo en América Latina: Una perspectiva histórica","authors":"Adriana Paniagua-Sánchez","doi":"10.15359/97-1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15359/97-1.3","url":null,"abstract":" Less than ten years after the 2030 Agenda ends, and more than seventy years after the emergence of the first development cooperation strategies, questions and challenges regarding its scope are emerging. This article proposes to recover the historical process of International Development Cooperation (IDC) from 1945 to the present, from the perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean. For which it aims to recover the Latin American contribution in the construction of this process to rethink a cooperation capable of facing present challenges, such as those posed by the COVID-19 pandemic and anticipate future situations, as an approach to advance the process of transformation and search for alternatives to generate more equitable structural relations from and for the region without depending on traditional North-South aid. ","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140745917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Haz historia o sé historia: Lyndon Johnson, Joe Biden y el debate acerca del liderazgo transformacional","authors":"N. Alesso","doi":"10.24215/23142766e185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24215/23142766e185","url":null,"abstract":"Ante el debate acerca del tipo de liderazgo de Joseph Biden, este trabajo sostiene que la división entre liderazgo transformacional y transaccional, y las correspondientes comparaciones presidenciales, remiten principalmente a la política doméstica. Así, el estudio se enmarca en el enfoque en las relaciones internacionales acerca del liderazgo. Se desarrollan dos líneas de análisis. Primero, se establecerán aproximaciones entre el liderazgo de Lyndon Johnson y Joe Biden principalmente en tres aspectos: experiencia previa, contextos doméstico e internacional en los que asumen, y construcción de liderazgo. Luego, se enfocará en el liderazgo de la presidencia de Joe Biden en los niveles doméstico e internacional en tres asuntos: Build Back Better, la gestión de la pandemia y la estrategia America is back.","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140374391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aportes para interpretar el ascenso de China en el escenario mundial contemporáneo","authors":"Sebastián Schulz","doi":"10.24215/23142766e184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24215/23142766e184","url":null,"abstract":"El presente trabajo se propone analizar los aspectos principales de las dos generaciones de líderes que se sucedieron entre Deng Xiaoping y Xi Jinping: nos referimos a los gobiernos de Jiang Zemin (1993-2003) y Hu Jintao (2003-2013). Específicamente, intentaremos recuperar, a partir de la literatura sobre la temática, las principales políticas en el plano interno y externo llevadas adelante por estas dos administraciones. Nos proponemos examinar, así, cómo estas contribuyeron al “ascenso chino”. De este modo, el trabajo intentará demostrar que las políticas llevadas adelante por Jiang y Hu fueron fundamentales para explicar las causas del protagonismo que ha adquirido en la actualidad la República Popular China.","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140414827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La perspectiva china del orden liberal internacional: ¿nuevo orden mundial?","authors":"Cristina Melero Escamilla","doi":"10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.005","url":null,"abstract":"El futuro del orden liberal internacional se encuentra en un estado de profunda transformación, impulsado en gran parte por el ascenso de China como una potencia económica y política de primera categoría. Durante décadas, el orden liberal internacional ha sido el paradigma predominante en la política global, promoviendo valores como la democracia, los derechos humanos y el libre comercio, liderado en gran parte por las naciones occidentales, especialmente los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, China ha surgido como un actor clave en el escenario mundial, planteando preguntas fundamentales sobre el rumbo que tomará el sistema global en los años venideros. El objetivo de esta investigación no es solo analizar la postura que China tiene frente al orden liberal internacional, sino también estudiar el modelo alternativo de orden mundial que China está proponiendo, y cómo éste difiere del orden actual. Para ello, se ha procedido a seguir un enfoque teórico-metodológico multidimensional. Se inicia con una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura académica sobre la crisis del orden liberal y la postura china al respecto. Para ello se incorporan datos económicos, demográficos y políticos relevantes para comprender la evolución a lo largo de la última década de las dinámicas de poder global. Dada su importancia geopolítica, este trabajo analiza específicamente la posición china en la invasión de Ucrania, ya que la misma revela las pretensiones que China tiene con respecto al orden mundial. El estudio se centra en el marco teórico de la teoría liberal de la cual surge el Liberalismo Internacional, así como también se nutre de teorías realistas y constructivistas de Relaciones Internacionales. También parte de los principios promulgados por la teoría de la hegemonía y su relación con la evolución de órdenes internacionales junto con la teoría de la gobernanza global y su relación con desafíos actuales y futuros con el propósito de brindar una comprensión amplia de la dinámica y cambios en el orden internacional.","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140419182","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The End of Liberal Peacebuilding","authors":"David Chandler, Elena Ledo Martínez","doi":"10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.001","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyses the transformation in the conceptual understanding of liberal peacebuilding over the last few decades. It conceptualizes the fundamental shift in the understanding of international peacebuilding as one from the universalist liberal perspectives of the 1990s, through the institutionalist impasse of peacebuilding-as-statebuilding in the 2000s and the problems of the ‘local turn’, towards the dominance of the pragmatic perspective by the mid-2010s. These are heuristically framed in terms of the shift from peacebuilding interventions within the problematic of causation to those concerned with the pragmatic management of effects. In this shift, the means and mechanisms of international peacebuilding have been transformed, no longer focused on the universal application of Western causal knowledge through policy interventions but rather on the effects of specific and unique local and organic processes at work in societies themselves. The focus on effects recasts problems in increasingly organic ways, suggesting that artificial or hubristic attempts at socio-political intervention should be excluded or minimized. The conclusion is that the decline of modernist political framings and broader modernist understandings of causality have been central to the erasure of the particular space and goals of liberal peacebuilding, thereby transforming peacebuilding as an interventionary project.\u0000This article summarises the transformation in the conceptual understanding of liberal international peacebuilding over the last few decades. It suggests that the conceptual shifts can be usefully interrogated through their imbrication within broader epistemological shifts highlighting the limits of causal knowledge claims. These are heuristically framed in terms of the shift from peacebuilding interventions within the problematic of linear or universal framings of causation to those concerned with the pragmatic management of effects. In this shift, the means and mechanisms of international peacebuilding have been transformed, no longer focused on the ‘one-size-fits-all’ approaches of generalising policy approaches but rather on the effects of specific and unique local and organic processes at work in societies themselves. The focus on effects takes the conceptualization of international peacebuilding out of the traditional terminological lexicon of politics and international relations theory and instead recasts problems in increasingly organic ways, suggesting that artificial or hubristic attempts at socio-political intervention should be excluded or minimized.\u0000This fundamental shift in the understanding of liberal peacebuilding is grasped as one from the universalist liberal perspectives of the 1990s, through the institutionalist impasse of peacebuilding-as-statebuilding in the 2000s and the problems of the ‘local turn’, towards the dominance of the pragmatic perspective by the mid-2010s. In the pragmatic perspective, to all intents and purposes, peace","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140419617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De las promesas incumplidas de la paz liberal, al liderazgo autoritario en El Salvador","authors":"Rodolfo E. Colalongo, Javier Alberto Castrillón Riascos, William Pachón Muñoz","doi":"10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.006","url":null,"abstract":"El objetivo del artículo es relacionar el ascenso de liderazgos autoritarios en estados que atraviesen fases de posconflicto, por cuenta de las promesas incumplidas de la paz liberal inscritas en los acuerdos firmados para cesar la violencia. Ello, será evidenciado a través del análisis de El Salvador, entre 1992 y 2022, período que cubre la firma del acuerdo de Chapultepec y los primeros tres años del gobierno de Nayib Bukele. Para ello, se emplean tres variables: estancamiento económico, deuda pública y migración; corrupción; violencia e inseguridad. El resultado de la investigación establece cómo el avance de las opciones neoliberales y la preservación de las élites políticas, menoscabó el estado y la institucionalidad —para el caso salvadoreño—, lo que perpetuó el estatus quo y la inequidad; proceso que generó migración y violencia, junto a la llegada de remesas por parte de la diáspora que dejó el país. Asimismo, se resalta cómo estas crisis convergentes, llevaron a un mayor pedido de seguridad por parte de la población, en detrimento de la democracia y las libertades civiles. El trabajo utiliza un marco teórico que identifica las modalidades de paz liberal (esto es, histórica, de centro, y periférica), así como una metodología de estudio de caso que permite encontrar interrelaciones y contextos sobre el problema planteado. Adicionalmente, se articula el desarrollo del texto con un modelo mixto, que aplica el estudio hermenéutico de fuentes secundarias y bases de datos pertenecientes al Banco Mundial (BM), la Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM), Transparency International, Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) y Latinobarómetro. A manera de conclusión, se resaltan algunos logros en seguridad alcanzados por el gobierno de Bukele, a la vez que se erosiona el estado de derecho, lección que llama la atención sobre el surgimiento de tendencias similares en otros contextos de postconflicto.","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140417297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"El giro local en los estudios de paz: apropiación local y sus alternativas","authors":"Gonzalo Vitón","doi":"10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.003","url":null,"abstract":"Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una aproximación a los debates sobre el “giro local” en los estudios de paz desde los estudios críticos para explorar el significado de dichos debates, así como sus posibles alternativas. En estos debates del giro local, el concepto de apropiación local se ha convertido en un elemento central cuando se tratan las cuestiones vinculadas a los procesos de construcción de paz y postconflicto. A través de un análisis cualitativo que parte de la revisión crítica de la literatura existente sobre los debates del giro local, se busca reflexionar desde los estudios críticos de paz sobre el concepto de apropiación local, sus principales potencialidades y desafíos, su vinculación con los estudios de paz, así como algunas de las alternativas a dicho concepto. Para ello, el texto se divide en tres grandes partes. En la primera parte, se resume el surgimiento de los debates sobre el giro local en la década de los noventa y el porqué de dicho surgimiento. En la segunda parte, se vinculan los debates del giro local con los estudios de paz, uno de los campos donde más se han desarrollado, tanto a nivel teórico como a nivel práctico. Finalmente, en la tercera parte, se abordan las perspectivas críticas sobre el giro local. Esta tercera parte se divide, a su vez, en cuatro apartados: uno primero donde se analiza el significado de la apropiación local en construcción de paz, un segundo donde se abordan los protagonistas de la apropiación local, un tercero sobre la operacionalización del concepto de apropiación local sobre el terreno y, finalmente, un cuarto punto que explora dos alternativas a la aproximación de los procesos de apropiación local en construcción de paz: la construcción de capacidades locales y los procesos de subjetivación y reconstrucción de las sociedades intervenidas. Se concluye, por tanto, que es necesario seguir reflexionando sobre los debates del giro local pues las alternativas descritas a dicho concepto dan respuesta a muchos de los desafíos que se han planteado desde los estudios críticos de construcción de paz en relación con los propios límites del concepto.","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140423896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The racial biopolitics of humanitarianism in Africa: examining European resilience-building in the Sahel and lake Chad Basin","authors":"Akinyemi Oyawale, Laura Corral Corral","doi":"10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15366/relacionesinternacionales2024.55.004","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines humanitarianism in the Global South through engaging with resilience projects in the\u0000Sahel and Lake Chad Basin (LCB). It addresses how recent humanitarianism has moved away from top-down interventions which seek to either intervene to save those that have been rendered “bare life” (Agamben, 1998, p. 4) by their own governments or improve the state’s —especially fragile and failing ones— capacity to govern, towards society-based projects which seek to produce resilient subjects through addressing the broader social milieu. While previous accounts of security and development emphasized why fragile states and authoritarian regimes could constitute a threat to the international system, society or community which thus serves as justification for interventions, sometimes militarily, which such regimes flouted specific international norms and conventions. However, humanitarianism has become less targeted at regime change as was evident with the reluctance that followed the unproductive cases in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Libya where assumptions that regime change, or democracy promotion could promote the ends of liberal governance. Moving away from these statist focus, post-intervention has moved towards strengthening the capacities of communities to withstand shocks, but this is merely a pre-requisite for the objectives of the resilience project.\u0000My contention is that the move towards resilience is not only an acknowledgement of the cognitive imperfections of the liberal subject but more importantly (Chandler, 2013b), it raises questions —about liberal subjecthood. These imperfections have historically been reserved for non-whites and non-Europeans since the Enlightenment, for example, issues related to (ir-)rationality and (un-)reason; the homo economicus is a myth after all (Thaler and Sunstein, 2009; Chandler, 2013a). By moving away from humanitarian activities that require intervention to post-intervention, which involves claims about the subject’s internal capacity to “self-govern” (Chandler, 2012; Chandler, 2013a), migration, development and security have become closely intertwined with some suggesting a migration-development-security nexus where humanitarian aid serves the purpose of accomplishing global governance of complexity (Stern and Öjendal, 2010; Truong and Gasper, 2011; Deridder et al., 2020). While useful, this paper problematizes this understanding of resilience which concerns itself with the biopolitics of enhancing life’s capacity to self-govern by unpacking the various ways in which “resilience processes are marked by inequities and by the consequences of a history of the coloniality of power, oppression, and privilege” (Atallah et al., 2021, p. 9), which manifest when these projects are implemented within contexts or on bodies from the Global South. In particular, the move towards resilience has entailed further incursions into people’s lives such that various rationalities and techniques of governmentality are dir","PeriodicalId":55916,"journal":{"name":"Relaciones Internacionales","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140421814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}