Radiation and Risk最新文献

{"title":"Dynamics of formation of absorbed doses in the blood of laboratory animals from alpha-emitting radionuclides with successive decays","authors":"A.V. Matveev, V.M. Petriev","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-134-142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-134-142","url":null,"abstract":"Since the beginning of the XXI century, active research has begun on the development of fundamentally new radiopharmaceutical drugs based on alpha-emitting maternal radionuclides for radionuclide therapy of micro-tumors and metastases. The main difficulty in assessing the absorbed doses of internal irradiation of such drugs is to take into account the radiation loads from all daughter radionuclides of sequential decay with alpha and beta transformations. The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for calculating the accumulated and total absorbed doses in the blood of laboratory animals from alpha-emitting radionuclides with successive decays within the framework of the compartment modeling method. To test the developed methodology and calculate the dosimetric characteristics, the free isotope Ac-225, injected into the blood as part of its chloride Ac-225Cl3, and the osteotropic preparation Ac-225-KHEDP (monokalium salt of hydroxyethylidendiphosphonic acid) labeled with it were selected. Quantitative data on the bio-distribution of Ac-225-KHEDP and Ac-225Cl3 in the body of intact mice were used to identify the necessary parameters. Calculations of the dosimetric characteristics of two Ac-225-labeled drugs in the blood of intact mice showed that the values of accumulated absorbed doses monotonically increase from the moment of drug administration, reaching their limit values equal to the total absorbed doses by about 300 hours. Alpha-emitting parent and daughter radionuclides make the main contribution to the values of total absorbed doses. The contribution of daughter beta-emitting radionuclides is significantly less, therefore, they can be ignored when preliminary estimates of the total absorbed doses are made. When using Ac-225-KHEDP, all radiation loads on the blood are approximately 2.5 times less compared to Ac-225Cl3, which is explained by the higher blood clearance value for Ac-225-KHEDP. The results obtained indicate the prospects for further studies of 225Ac-KHEDP and the possibility of its clinical application for the treatment of skeletal metastases.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135444838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Results of radiation therapy for invasive cervical cancer. Review of Russian literature","authors":"V.A. Solodkiy, G.A. Panshin, V.A. Titova, A.A. Kondrashov","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-122-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-122-133","url":null,"abstract":"Over the past decades, the healthcare system in oncology has undergone significant changes associated with the introduction of information and digital technologies, new diagnostic and treatment algorithms based on visually controlled and fundamentally new technologies of surgical, radiation and drug treatment. These changes also affected socially significant oncological diseases, including cervical cancer (cervical cancer). However, it has not yet been completely possible to adequately solve the problem of diagnosing breast cancer within the 0-I stage of the disease and maintain the priorities of \"monotherapy\" (organ-preserving options for surgical or radiation treatment). At the same time, the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2009/2018 – stages IB2-IVA/IB3-IVA) has not undergone major changes for almost 80 years and, at the same time, only radiation therapy was considered the standard of treatment for this spread of the tumor process. It should be emphasized that currently the development and implementation of increasingly expensive multicomponent treatment programs for such patients is ongoing, aimed, among other things, at achieving fairly satisfactory results, both in patients' survival and in their quality of life.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contribution of foodstuffs contained radionuclides to formation of internal radiation doses received in areas Bryansk region affected by the Chernobyl accident","authors":"A.V. Panov, L.N. Komarova, E.R. Lyapunova, A.A. Mel’nikova","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-26-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-26-37","url":null,"abstract":"The authors review current specific features of internal radiation doses received by people resided in 135 urban and rural settlements in six south-western districts of the Bryansk region affected by the Chernobyl accident. The residents received the average annual radiation dose > 1 mSv. The Cs-137 radioactivity contained in local agricultural and natural food was evaluated with the account of the dietary structure. Comparative analysis of long-term data on a contribution of local food contained radionuclides to the population, estimated by the average annual effective dose of internal radiation was carried out. Potatoes and pork taken from the private farms in the settlements under survey met health and hygiene standards for different levels of Cs-137 in 2022. However, there was a risk of exceeding the sanitary hygiene’s requirements for Cs-137 specific radioactivity in milk from privately-owned farms located in 89% of the settlements under survey, in 98% of beef produced in the farms and in 100% of mushrooms collected in forests near these settlements. Currently, the main dose-forming product is milk (contribution to the internal exposure dose is 60%), a smaller role in dose formation is in mushrooms (about 20%) and a minimal dose is in potatoes and meat (10% each). Over the past 20 years, the contribution of milk to the internal exposure dose has increased by 15-20%, and the contribution of mushrooms has decreased because of changes in the diet of the rural population of the Bryansk region and due to the reduction and redistribution of local products in the food basket.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135444843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The content of plutonium isotopes in the environmental objects of the Polesie State Radioecological Reserve","authors":"M.A. Edomskaya, S.N. Lukashenko, A.A. Shupik, S.A. Geras'kin","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-76-83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-76-83","url":null,"abstract":"The study was carried out in the territory of the Polesie State Radioecological Reserve. For the study of long-term environmental effects of the Chernobyl accident in the territory of Belarus, the Polesie State Radioecological Reserve was established in 1988. It is located in the Belarus sector of the Chernobyl exclusion zone. The objective of the study was to estimate the content of plutonium isotopes in the environmental samples inside and outside of the Reserve area. Determination of plutonium isotopes was carried out by alpha spectrometry. The method includes complete decomposition of samples, radiochemical purification, preparation of alpha sources, alpha spectrometric analysis. The content of Pu-239+240 and Pu-238 in soil samples is in the range of 1.8-141 and <0.82-55 Bq/kg, respectively. The concentration of Pu-239+240 was at the level of n·10Е+0 Bq/kg in areas of the Kozeluga branch of the Khoiniki forestry, located outside the Reserve. Plutonium isotopes concentration outside the Reserve was an order of magnitude higher than it was in global fallout. The concentration of Pu-239+240 in pine cones in the study areas was <0.001-0.0041 Bq/kg. The Pu-239+240 transfer factor in Scots pine cones grown in the Reserve territory was at the level of n·10-4. The obtained value of the plutonium transfer factors for pine cones was comparable with the plutonium transfer factor for pine needles grown in the Reserve territory.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A method for assessing the radiation risk of medical exposure after computed tomography scan of children and adolescents based on data from scanning protocols","authors":"V.V. Kashcheev, E.A. Pryakhin, A.N. Menyailo","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-5-13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-5-13","url":null,"abstract":"Computed tomography (CT) scan is a fairly accurate and reliable method for diagnosing various diseases, however, based on irradiation of the patient with ionizing radiation, it can lead to an excess risk of developing malignant neoplasms. According to the safety standards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, no patient can be exposed to medical radiation unless he or she has been informed of the risks associated with radiation exposure. This requirement is also contained in the Russian Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009). Radiation risk is estimated on the basis of calculated values of equivalent doses in the patient's organs and tissues using radiation risk models of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. This article is devoted to the improvement of the method for calculating equivalent doses in the organs and tissues of patients with computed tomography scan for further assessment of radiation risks. For 15 modern computed tomography scanners, with different geometry of patient scanning, the data necessary for calculating the equivalent doses in organs and tissues based on the parameters of the children's phantom were updated. The coefficients of conversion of the surrogate measure of the patient's radiation dose for the entire CT scan study, namely, the value of the \"Dose Length Product\" (DLP), into the values of equivalent doses in individual organs and tissues exposed to radiation were determined. The results of the calculation are given for five typical scan areas: chest, abdomen, pelvis, head and neck. In the course of simulation numerical modeling, organs and tissues with the highest equivalent doses were determined during CT scan examinations of children and adolescents. Unlike adult patients, for children and adolescents, the dose load on the surface of the bone is significantly lower and does not stand out in any of the considered types of CT scan examinations. It should be noted that with CT scan of the cervical spine, due to the specifics of the geometry of scanning new types of tomography scanners, the dose load on the thyroid gland of boys increased. The dose conversion factors obtained in this paper with estimates of standard deviations make it possible to assess the radiation risks of children and adolescents during examinations on modern CT scanners and optimize their dose loads.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of possible radioprotective properties of deanol aceglumate under the action of ionizing radiation on human cells","authors":"E.R. Vypova, P.S. Kuptsova, L.N. Komarova, A.A. Berseneva, D.A. Baldov, A.A. Kotlyarov","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-38-49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-38-49","url":null,"abstract":"One of the effective methods to mitigate late side effects of radiotherapy is to use radioprotectors that reduce harmful effects of ionizing radiation on living cells. Nowadays there are no ideal and multifunctional radioprotectors. In this connection, the research priority is the search for new radioprotectors able to protect healthy cells from side effects of radiation therapy. A promising compound that can be used as a radioprotector is deanol aceglumate. Deanol aceglumate is known as a low-toxic nootropic drug. In addition, there is evidence of its hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity. The aim of the study is to investigate the potential properties of deanol aceglumate to protect human fibroblasts (hTERT) from gamma-radiation and C-12 ions and to select the optimal time of cell incubation with deanol aceglumate prior to irradiation. The effect of radiation was evaluated by the criteria of the time of cells doubling and cells clonogenic activity. It is shown that deanol aceglumate at a concentration of 1000 mcM has a radioprotective effect on human fibroblasts exposed to gamma radiation. The optimal time of the cells incubation prior to irradiation is 24 hours in order to achieve the highest radioprotective effect. Deanol aceglumate at a concentration of 1000 mcM does not protect normal cells when exposed to C-12 ions beyond Bragg Peak. It has been found that deanol aceglumate radioprotective properties depend significantly on the quality of ionizing radiation. The use of deanol aceglumate can be a promising way to reduce the ionizing radiation-induced diverse effect on normal human cells during radiation therapy of cancer patients.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of permissible level of soluble I-131 containing fission products for design of protective measures in livestock industry","authors":"V.Ya. Sarukhanov, V.G. Epimakhov","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-50-63","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-50-63","url":null,"abstract":"Among soluble radioactive products of uranium nuclear fission entering a body iodine radioisotopes are the main radiation hazards. The impact of iodine radioisotopes selectively accumulated by the thyroid on a body depends on absorbed radiation dose to the gland, they can cause hypothyroidism or athyreosis. Athyreosis of non-radiation origin is characterized by metabolism decline, fatigue, bradycardia, cessation of hair growth, roughness of the skin, alopecia, reduced animal productivity with increased fat deposition and possible death of embryos in the initial stages of pregnancy. Therefore veterinary service has the opportunity and time to arrange the necessary activities in order to minimize adverse impact of the fission byproducts on dairy cattle in territories contaminated with radionuclides. Thyroid irradiation at a dose of 100 Gy does not cause impairment of cows reproductive traits. The animals can bring full-fledged offspring, their further use should be decided after the examination by veterinary service. Irradiation of the thyroid gland of heifers at a dose of 30 Gy resulted in phase changes in thyroid hormone levels. Subsequent studies of the animals hormonal status demonstrated a recovery trend. No changes in immunological reactivity and productivity were observed in animals. It was found that absorbed radiation dose to the thyroid below 30 Gy did not cause disturbance of hormonal status of animals. This thyroid dose of a cow was registered after the introduction of 333 MBq of I-131. This activity corresponds to the activity of 5,000 MBq/animal of the different radioisotopes accumulated during 10-hours of uranium nuclear fission. Similar safe doses were obtained in an experiment on lactating cows, received 6,475 MBq/animal. If the contribution of iodine radioisotopes to the total activity of soluble uranium fission products is known, it is possible to assess the appropriateness to start the dairy cattle grazing soon after the accident.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computed tomography as a risk factor of cancer among the population of the nuclear city of Ozyorsk","authors":"M.V. Osipov","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-109-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-109-121","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to ionizing radiation resulted from computed tomography (CT) examinations concerns a risk associated with potential radiation-induced cancers. Widespread use of this diagnostic method during the last decades has led to significant increase of collective dose of the world’s population. Minor dose restrictions for diagnostic X-ray procedures involve considerable “beneficial” exposure burden among CT-examined patients. Assessment of possible consequences became necessary in order to manage potential risks in terms of “benefit-harm” control. Retrospective epidemiological study has been performed using the cohort of individuals exposed to diagnostic radiation from CT. The source of information was the “CT Register” database which contains medical and dosimetric data on the population of nuclear city of Ozyorsk, including data on several potential risk factors such as gender, age at exposure, cancer anamnesis and contact with occupational radiation. Risk calculation was performed using conditional logistic regression. A hypothesis on increasing chances of developing of malignant neoplasm depending on the number of recurrent CT during the lifetime, taking into account potential confounders and the impact of reverse causation was tested. The relation between recurrent CT examinations and the subsequent malignant neoplasm (OR 1.01-1.10) can be confirmed at (1-alpha) 90%, which indicates the probable radiogenic component of carcinogenic risk. Further investigation with expanded follow-up period will facilitate accounting possible unrealized cancer cases with long latency period and improve the results of the study.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between the rs1052133 polymorphism of the OGG1 gene and the risk of malignant neoplasms development in people chronically exposed to radiation","authors":"M.A. Yanishevskaya, E.A. Blinova, A.V. Korechenkova, A.V. Akleyev","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-97-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-97-108","url":null,"abstract":"Genetic predisposition without doubt is one of the risk factors of cancer initiation. It is known that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of genes that maintain the genome stability, including SNP of DNA repair, may contribute to the initiation of carcinogenesis. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes that support genome stability, including SNP of DNA repair genes, can contribute to cancer initiation. Polymorphism of the excision repair gene OGG1 causes interest of leading scientific groups from various countries. It is assumed that there is relationship between the rs1052133 polymorphism in the gene and predisposition to cancer initiation. The objective of this study was to establish association between rs1052133 polymorphism of base excision repair gene OGG1 and the risk of cancer initiation in people chronically exposed to ionizing radiation. Residents (888 people) of the Techa riverside settlements, chronically exposed to low or medium radiation from the Techa River and the East-Urals Radioactive Trace were included in the study. The study allowed researchers to establish that exposed to chronic radiation people, carriers of the rs1052133*G allele have increased risk of malignant neoplasms initiation: OR=1.38; 95% CI [1.05-1.83], p=0.023. The multifactorial synergistic interactions between the dose to the red bone marrow and the rs1052133 polymorphism of the OGG1 gene was found: Testing Balanced Accuracy (TBA)=0.56; Cross Validation Consistency (CVC)=10/10; p=0.01). The study found that the rs1052133 polymorphism may be considered as genetical marker of risk of cancer initiation in people, chronically exposed to radiation with doses ranged from 0.74 to 3507.07 mGy (average 523.10+/-33.89 mGy). It was found that the presence of the rs1052133*G in combination with radiation exposure can modify the risk of solid cancers initiation, as it is indicated by the synergistic relationship between the SNP and the radiation dose.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"1151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linear threshold effects of gamma-irradiation of the terrestrial mollusk F. fruticum M. of the third age group","authors":"G.V. Lavrentyeva, E.E. Cherkasova, O.A. Mirzeabasov, R.R. Shoshina, B.I. Synzynys","doi":"10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-84-96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2023-32-3-84-96","url":null,"abstract":"The ecocentric strategy of radiation protection involves the expansion of experimental bases of radiation-induced effects in representatives of biota. In this article we studied the change in the relevant indicator (mortality) of the terrestrial mollusk F. fruticum M. after gamma-irradiation with doses from 10 to 300 Gy. The terrestrial mollusk is not yet included in the list of reference species, but it meets the requirements of the ICRP for reference organisms. The aim of the work is to establish dose-effect relationships in the study of mortality of the terrestrial mollusk F. fruticum M. The third age group after acute -irradiation is used to expand databases on radio-induced effects of biota. The results of a study for mollusks of only the third age group are presented. This research is part of an experiment to identify age-related features of radiosensitivity of a representative of terrestrial malacofauna. The age of the mollusks was determined by the number of revolutions of the shell. The conditions for keeping animals in laboratory were selected in such a way that mortality in the control group remained at zero during the entire experiment. The duration of the experiment is 210 days. The LD50/60 index for the mollusk was estimated by the calculated probit analysis method using the least squares method. The LD50/60 is 141.4+/-26.3 Gy. The change in the indicator was estimated every 30 days after irradiation. A linear threshold dependence was established for each time range, starting from 60 days after irradiation. It contains two threshold transitions to a new level of mortality and, accordingly, three dose ranges: a dose-independent range at low doses of radiation, a dose-dependent range with an increase in the dose of radiation and a dose-independent plateau when switching to the level of absolute lethality. Four dose ranges of mortality of terrestrial mollusks were established for 210 days after irradiation: 10-130 Gy (100% survival rate), 140-160 Gy (absolute mortality after 180 days), 170-190 Gy (absolute mortality after 150 days), 200-300 Gy (100% mortality after 90 days). At the same time, the greatest dynamics of the increase in mortality is observed in the first 60 days after irradiation.","PeriodicalId":55862,"journal":{"name":"Radiation and Risk","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135446750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}