Applied Engineering in Agriculture最新文献

{"title":"Predicting Single Kernel Moisture and Protein Content of Mushroom Popcorn Using NIR Spectroscopy: Tool for Determining their Effect on Popping Performance","authors":"Xiaorong Wu, P. Armstrong, E. Maghirang","doi":"10.13031/aea.14875","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14875","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsPrediction models for high accuracy measurement of single kernel (SK) moisture content (MC) and protein content (PC) were developed using near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy.USDA-ARS tube SKNIR instrument sorted individual kernels based on single kernel protein content (SKPC) which enabled determining the effect of three PC levels within a popcorn variety on popping performance.Variety, MC, and PC affected popping expansion, ball rate, and number of unpopped/half-popped kernels.Within popcorn variety, increased PC significantly increased expansion and reduced number of unpopped kernels but did not affect ball rate of popped flakes.The ability to sort single kernels for specific quality parameter, such as PC, is an important and useful tool for popcorn breeders and processors to meet consumer demand for specialized products.Abstract. The increasing demand for specialized high-quality popcorn products necessitates that the popcorn industry continuously identify quality parameters that can be improved through plant breeding or manipulated or sorted for improved end-products. Relationships between protein content (PC) and popping performance (expansion, ball rate, and number of unpopped kernels) has been investigated but there has been no research on segregating individual kernels from within the same variety for specific PC ranges, which may eliminate possible interference from some underlying variety- or production-related effects. Prediction models for determination of single kernel moisture content (MC) and PC were developed for the USDA-ARS tube single kernel near infrared reflectance (SKNIR) instrument. Both parameters were predicted with high accuracies for independent validations. MC showed an R2 of 0.94 and SEP of 0.25% while PC had R2 of 0.92 and SEP of 0.35%. Popping tests showed that increased kernel PC significantly (p<0.05) increased expansion and lowered the number of unpopped kernels but had no effect on the ball rate of popped flakes. Thus, applications that require increased overall expansion and reduced number of unpopped kernels may be addressed by the removal of low protein popcorn kernels from a popcorn lot, which can be achieved using an automated SKNIR technique. The SKNIR technique also provides a means for plant breeders to work on targeted/specific PC or PC range based on the single kernel selection. Keywords: Ball rate, Expansion, Mushroom popcorn, NIR spectroscopy, Popcorn quality, Single kernel, Unpopped kernels.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67050975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Agricultural Drainage Extent in the U.S. Corn Belt: The Value of Multiple Methods","authors":"S. Jame, J. Frankenberger, B. Reinhart, L. Bowling","doi":"10.13031/aea.15226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15226","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights A new 30 m resolution drainage extent dataset is explorable through an online web interface. Alternative methods of mapping drainage extent have advantages in different locations. Multiple drainage extent datasets provide tools for improved hydrology assessment in the Corn Belt. Abstract. Artificial drainage is essential to agricultural productivity in much of the Midwest, and has an important impact on hydrology and water quality. Planners, engineers, resource professionals, and others who are interested in Corn Belt hydrology would benefit from increased understanding of existing drainage installations. The objective of this work is to increase access to and understanding of options for estimating subsurface/surface drainage extent and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods to benefit data users who need to know what products are appropriate for their specific application. This includes creating an online accessible drainage estimate data layer for the entire Corn Belt region; comparing three different drainage extent products for this region and investigating the various applications of these three products in four case study locations in Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Minnesota. Results show how different drainage datasets can be utilized depending on the nature of the research question and conditions of the investigation. Keywords: Agricultural drainage extent, Geospatial analysis, Tile drainage.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67051777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Rut Effects on Planter Performance for Cotton in a Conservation Tillage System","authors":"T. Way, T. Kornecki, H. Tewolde, D. Watts","doi":"10.13031/aea.15144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.15144","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Soil rutting commonly occurs during harvest and these ruts can adversely affect row crop planter performance. Four rut types were used, two formed by a tire and two formed by cutting the soil and removing soil from the ruts. Cotton seedling emergence at 15 days after planting typically was greater in unrutted soil than in rutted soil. Regression equations show a trend of decreased emergence as rut depth increased for both a sandy loam and a clay soil. Abstract. Soil rutting commonly occurs during harvest and ruts formed during harvesting can adversely affect row crop planter performance at the start of the subsequent cropping season. We conducted a three-year experiment on a sandy loam and a clay soil to investigate effects of soil ruts on the performance of a row crop planter while planting cotton into a rolled rye cover crop, and effects of planter depth setting on planter performance when planting through soil ruts. The four rut types used, prior to planting the rye cover crop in the fall, were a single tire rut, the rut from a dual pair of tires, and two rut types formed by cutting the soil 25 and 50 mm (1 and 2 in.) deep and removing soil from the ruts. The results show that although not all differences were statistically significant, for five of the six combinations of year and soil, cotton seedling emergence at 15 days after planting was greater when the soil had no rut, i.e., flat unrutted soil, than when the planter traveled across soil ruts while planting. In four of the six combinations of year and soil, emergence was significantly greater for the no rut soil condition than for a rut which was formed the previous fall by cutting 50 mm (2 in.) deep and removing soil from the rut. The three seeding depth settings used in the experiment positioned the bottom peripheries of the two disks of the double-disk opener 28, 35, and 40 mm (1.1, 1.4, and 1.6 in.) beneath the bottom peripheries of the depth-gauge wheels, providing those nominal seeding depths before the closing wheels firmed the soil. The planter depth setting did not significantly affect emergence at 15 days after planting for any of the six combinations of year and soil. Mean values of emergence at 15 days after planting in the sandy loam, averaged over the three years, were 13.9, 11.5, 12.2, 11.4, and 7.6 plants/m of row length (4.2, 3.5, 3.7, 3.5, and 2.3 plants/ft of row length) for the No rut, Single tire, Dual tire, Shallow cut, and Deep cut conditions, respectively. The means in the clay were 13.6, 5.7, 5.8, 12.6, and 7.4 plants/m of row length (4.2, 1.7, 1.8, 3.8, and 2.3 plants/ft of row length), respectively. Regression equations show a trend of decreased emergence as rut depth increased for both soils, with the clay regression line having a greater magnitude slope than the sandy loam line. Keywords: Cotton, Emergence, Planters, Planting, Seeders, Seeding, Soil ruts, Sowing.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67051838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inversion of the Optical Properties of Apples Based on the Convolutional Neural Network and Transfer Learning Methods","authors":"Yibai Li, Haoyun Wang, Yuzhuo Zhang, Jiangbo Wang, Huanliang Xu","doi":"10.13031/aea.14478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14478","url":null,"abstract":"Highlights Convolutional neural network and MMD transfer learning methods are applied in inversion of optical properties. The classification accuracy of apples’ peel and pulp absorption coefficients are 84.61% and 92.47%, the accuracy of peel and pulp scattering coefficients are 83.56% and 86.53%, respectively. The depth optical characteristics can better reflect brix and moisture of apple then optical properties and hyperspectral data, the correlations are in the form of 0.98 and 0.98. Abstract. An inversion of optical properties is an important test for determining the quality of fruit. The conventional inversion model of the optical properties uses measured hyperspectral images as the training data. Studies show that the conventional machine learning method for inverting the optical properties results in low inversion accuracy, especially with curved models. Hence, the present study uses a convolutional neural network scheme to train the simulated hyperspectral images. Moreover, the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) transfer method is used to transfer the simulated hyperspectral images to the measured hyperspectral images of apples. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the present study uses it to classify a variety of an apple’s optical properties, including the peel absorption, pulp absorption, peel scattering, and pulp scattering coefficients. The classification accuracies of the peel and pulp absorption coefficients are 84.61% and 92.47%, respectively. The classification accuracies of the peel and pulp scattering coefficients are 83.56% and 86.53%, respectively. These inversion results are compared with convolutional neural networks, neural networks, and support vector machines with measured hyperspectral images. It was found that the proposed inversion model is an effective scheme for optical property inversion. To prove the necessity of optical property inversion, the least squares, decision tree and random forest regression methods are performed to analyze the correlation between the depth of optical characteristics and the brix and moisture. The present study shows that these correlations are in the form of 0.98 and 0.98. The correlation coefficients increase by 0.36 and 0.25 compared to the measured hyperspectral images. The conclusions show that the proposed inversion model is an effective scheme for apple optical property inversion. Keywords: Apple tissue, Hyperspectral, Optical property inversion, Quality inspection.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67047873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparisons of Spray Characteristics between Non-circular and Circular Nozzles with Rotating Sprinklers","authors":"Rui Chen, Hong Li, Jian Wang, Xin Guo, Z. Song","doi":"10.13031/aea.14688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14688","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsExperiments were conducted to investigate the hydraulic performance of the solid-set rotating sprinkler.The effects of nozzle shape and working pressure on the droplet characteristics and kinetic energy of the rotating sprinkler were analyzed.The circular nozzle has a large wetting radius and large droplet size.Use of a non-circular nozzle could result in higher irrigation uniformity and lower kinetic energy imparted to the soil surface by water droplets under low working pressures.Abstract. Reducing the working pressure of sprinklers can effectively reduce sprinkler irrigation energy requirements. However, the reduction in working pressure and variation of nozzle shape inevitably lead to changes in the hydraulic performance of the sprinkler. To evaluate the spray characteristics of selected non-circular (the shape of the nozzle opening was asymmetric) and circular nozzles at low pressure, experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of working pressure, nozzle shape, and nozzle diameter on flow rate, radius of throw, water application rate, droplet size, droplet velocity of the rotating sprinkler, and kinetic energy of the water droplets impacting on the soil surface. The coefficients of irrigation uniformity were calculated for the non-circular and circular nozzles under different rectangular sprinkler spacing and working pressures. The results show that the flow rates of the non-circular and circular nozzles were equal under the same working pressure and with the same nozzle size, while the throw radius of the circular nozzle was longer than that of the non-circular nozzle. The circular nozzle produced a larger droplet size than the non-circular nozzle did. Since the droplet size and kinetic energy per unit droplet volume increased along the radius of throw, and the peak water application rate of the circular nozzle was located near the perimeter of the radius of throw, the peak specific power impact on the soil surface by the water droplets of the circular nozzle was greaterspecifically, 1.26 to 1.97 times that of the non-circular nozzle. With the increase in working pressure, the peak values of specific power and water application rate decreased. The irrigation uniformity coefficients of the non-circular and circular nozzles were more than 85% within the recommended pressure range of the manufacturer when the sprinkler spacing was less than 11 m. It was easier to obtain higher irrigation uniformity and lower impact kinetic energy under low working pressure when using a non-circular nozzle. Keywords: Application rate, Irrigation uniformity, Kinetic energy, Sprinkler irrigation, Working condition.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67048951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Particle Size and Solid-to-Solvent Ratio on Yield, Piperine Content, Volatile and Non-Volatile Contents of Black Pepper Oleoresin Extracts","authors":"Chaminda Sampath Induruwa Induruwa Vidana Arachchige Don, W. Jittanit","doi":"10.13031/aea.14736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14736","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsThe extraction of black pepper oleoresin was investigated by varying particle size and solid-to-solvent ratio.The oleoresin extraction yield and piperine content were improved by decreasing particle size of pepper powder.An increase of solid-to-solvent ratio from 1:5 to 1:10 resulted in the greater oleoresin extraction yield.Suitable particle size and solid-to-solvent ratio for extraction are below 0.125 mm and 1:10, respectively. Abstract. Black pepper oleoresin is extensively applied as a natural flavoring ingredient in the food industry. It contains piperine which has various benefits for human health. However, limited research has been conducted on black pepper oleoresin extraction, especially regarding the influence of key parameters on the yield and quality of the oleoresin product. Therefore, this research determined the effect of particle size and the solid-to-solvent ratio on the yield and quality of black pepper oleoresin extracted using the soxtec method. Four different particle sizes and four solid-to-solvent ratios were evaluated using ethanol as the solvent. The moisture content of black pepper powder, the oleoresin yield, the piperine content and the volatile oil and non-volatile oil contents were determined. The moisture content of the black pepper powder was 12.5% whereas the oleoresin and volatile oil contents of black pepper were 16.2% d.b. and 3.9% d.b., respectively. Both the yield and piperine content of oleoresin significantly increased with decreasing particle size from 0.5 to <1 mm to smaller than 0.125 mm. A decrease in the solid-to-solvent ratio from 1:5 to 1:10 significantly increased the oleoresin yield; however, a ratio lower than 1:10 did not provide any significant increase in the oleoresin yield. Decreasing the solid-to-solvent ratio led to a significant increase in the piperine content of oleoresin only when the ratio decreased from 1:5 to 1:20. There were no significant effects of particle size or the solid-to-solvent ratio on the volatile oil and non-volatile oil contents in the oleoresin. A suitable particle size and solid-to-solvent ratio were below 0.125 mm and 1:10, respectively, regarding increased yield and piperine content in the oleoresin. These results have contributed to a better understanding of the key factors affecting the yield and piperine content of black pepper oleoresin and of the conditions suitable for black pepper oleoresin extraction which can be utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Black pepper oleoresin, Particle size, Piperine, Solid-to-solvent ratio, Soxtec method.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67049166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Fan Frequency on the Airflow Distribution and Moisture Content in Aquatic Feed Belt Dryer with CFD Simulation and Experimental Verification","authors":"P. Zhang, Min Huang, P. P. Sutar, Jian Wang, Qi Zhang, Jian Zhang, Zhenni Shi","doi":"10.13031/aea.14720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14720","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsCFD simulation was done for studying airflow uniformity during drying of aquatic feed in a belt dryer.The simulation predicted the airflow distribution in different feed layers of the dryer well.The fan frequency affected the moisture diffusivity and overall drying uniformity.The fan frequency of 30 Hz resulted in the best drying process.Abstract. Drying is an essential process in the production of aquatic feed products. Belt dryer is widely used in drying aquatic feed. The uniformity of airflow distribution inside the belt dryer affects the quality of dried products, the dryer efficiency, and energy consumption. Fan frequency was one of the critical factors affecting air distribution inside the dryer. However, the internal airflow distribution inside the belt dryer was not fully investigated, and air velocities were challenging to test accurately. The airflow distribution inside a belt dryer at four different fan frequencies (25, 30, 35, and 40 Hz) was studied with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation and experimental verification. A finite volume method was employed to simulate airflow distribution inside the dryer. The porous medium model was added to improve result accuracy. The results showed that the simulated value of air velocity was consistent with the experimental value. The maximum gap between observed and simulated values was 7.24%, and the minimum was less than 0.1%. The air velocity on the feed layer ranged from 0.34 to 1.10 m s-1 with a standard deviation of up to 0.17 m s-1. When the fan frequency was 30 Hz, air velocity uniformity on the feed layer surfaces could reach the best results. Keywords: Airflow distribution, Belt dryer, CFD, Fan frequency, Porous media.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67049407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Crosswind Speed on the Droplet Deposition Distribution of Thrush 510G Aircraft","authors":"Q. Liu, Y. Lan, Guobin Wang, Hang Zhu, Shengde Chen","doi":"10.13031/aea.14737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14737","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsThe penetration ability of droplet in the crop canopy was in a negative correlation with wind speed.The high wind speed was conducive to the deposition of droplet on the crop canopy in the deposition area.The smaller the wind speed was, the more uniform the distribution of droplets became, and the worse the uniformity of droplet penetration.Abstract. Large plant protection fixed-wing aircrafts are widely used for crop spraying in Northeast China, because their working efficiency matches farm size. However, the spray droplet deposition and drift associated with manned fixed-wing aircraft has not been fully understood in China. The objectives of this study were to quantify effects of the small gradient crosswind speeds of 1.10, 0.83, and 0.58 m/s on the distribution and drift of droplets on soybean in the field. Water-sensitive paper (WSP) was used to collect the droplets on the upper canopy and lower parts of the plant. The results showed that the percentage of droplet deposition (the percentage of droplet deposition on the lower layer to that on the canopy of soybean plant) negatively correlated with the crosswind speeds. The crosswind speed had a significant influence on the deposition of droplets on the canopy and penetration performance. When the crosswind speed was 1.10 m/s, the deposition of droplet on the canopy was maximum and the average value of droplet penetration percentage was minimum, which was 6.11 µL and 50.6%, respectively. The average volume median diameters (VMD or DV0.5s) from all in-swath WSPs of three treatments were all smaller than that of droplet spectrum. The variation coefficients of droplet density in three treatments were 46.8%, 39.6%,and 34.1%, respectively, which indicated that the smaller the wind speed was, the more uniform the distribution of droplets became. The results revealed the influence of crosswind speed on the droplet distribution of large fixed-wing aircraft, which was of great significance to improve the operation. Keywords: Droplets distribution, Penetration, Uniformity performance, Wind speed.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67049851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre- and Post-anthesis Deficit Irrigation of Corn in the West Central Great Plains— Working with Less Water","authors":"A. Schlegel, F. Lamm, Y. Assefa","doi":"10.13031/aea.14838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14838","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsConcentrating deficit irrigation during the post-anthesis period optimized grain yield and water productivity, while minimizing the seasonal irrigation amount.Corn grain yields were not greatly affected by deficit irrigation strategy, but irrigation amounts varied as much as 62%.Seeding rates ranging from 62,000 to 74,000 corn plants per hectare were acceptable under deficit irrigation.Corn hybrid effects were not consistent across years and location.Abstract. A three-year study (2018 to 2020) was conducted in west central and northwestern Kansas on silt loam soils to determine corn grain yield and yield component response, water use, and crop water productivity as affected by irrigation capacity and timing, corn hybrid, and seeding rate. A range of four irrigation treatments concentrated greater application amounts in either the pre-anthesis or post-anthesis period. The Pre-38 treatment applied 38 mm weekly pre-anthesis as needed (limited by weather-based scheduling) and only applied 38 mm every two weeks during the post-anthesis period. The Pre-25 treatment applied 25 mm weekly as needed pre-anthesis, followed by 25 mm applications every two weeks post anthesis. Post-38 and Post-25 treatments had application amounts similar to Pre-38 and Pre-25, respectively, but had the weekly applications concentrated during the post anthesis period and less frequent (every two weeks) applications pre-anthesis. Two corn hybrids (Pioneer 1197 and Pioneer 0801) were planted at seeding rates of 62 and 74 thousand seeds ha-1. Averaged across location and year, the Pre-25 irrigation treatment had approximately 5% less yield than the other three treatments but received approximately 28% less irrigation. Overall, when averaged across all irrigation, hybrid and seeding rate treatments, the yield components of kernels ear-1 and kernel mass varied approximately 2% and 3%, respectively and were responsible for nearly all of the grain yield variation. The Pre-25 and Post-25 treatment had the greatest water productivity and generally had similar yields to the other deficit irrigation treatments and thus should be considered as effective strategies to reduce irrigation in this region. Seeding corn at 74 thousand seeds ha-1 increased yield only 2% compared with 62 thousand seeds ha-1 indicating that a considerable range of seeding rates produce similar yields when using deficit irrigation strategies in this region. Hybrid effects were not consistent across years and locations. Keywords: Crop water productivity, Evapotranspiration, Irrigation scheduling, Limited irrigation, Maize.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67050300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Whole Farm Performance of Centrifuge Extraction of Phosphorus from Dairy Manure","authors":"C. Rotz, Michael R. Reiner, Sarah K. Fishel, C. Church","doi":"10.13031/aea.14863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.14863","url":null,"abstract":"HighlightsA centrifuge can be used to extract manure phosphorus to a more concentrated form for easier transport.Extraction for more efficient transport to distant cropland reduced production costs in a scraped manure system.Use of a centrifuge in a flush manure system was less practical and economical due to handling of much more material.The cost of producing highly concentrated phosphorus material for export was greater than phosphate fertilizer prices.Abstract. As the size of dairy farms has increased, feeds produced on the farm as well as those purchased from off-farm sources can be transported long distances to feed the herd. Transporting the manure back to the cropland used to produce the feed can be difficult and uneconomical. Technology such as a centrifuge can be used to extract nutrients into a more concentrated form for more efficient transport. A dairy farm with 2000 cows and 1400 ha of land in Pennsylvania was simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model to evaluate the feasibility of extracting phosphorus (P) to reduce transport requirements on farm or to produce a concentrated P product for off-farm use. On this farm where manure must be transported to distant cropland to obtain uniform distribution, P extraction with a centrifuge provided a better ratio of nitrogen and P contents for use on nearby cropland and reduced transport costs for nutrients applied to more distant cropland. The centrifuge was found to be more practical and economical when used with manure scraped from the barn floor than with flushed manure because much less material was handled. Moving less material through the centrifuge both improved extraction efficiency and reduced electricity consumption, providing more economical P extraction. To avoid long-term accumulation of soil P on the farm with less land (2000 cows and 1100 ha) where concentrate feed (27% of total feed) was imported, centrifuge extraction provided a material with a high P concentration exported from the farm for other uses. Extracting the P for off-farm use cost about $2.51/kg P, which was greater than the price of phosphate fertilizer, but the extract also included other nutrients and micronutrients of value to crops. A centrifuge provides a useful tool for extracting and concentrating manure P, but the economic benefit to the producer depends upon the value of the full array of nutrient contents in the product, other manure handling practices, and the end use of the extracted material. Reducing the risk of eutrophication of surface waters provides additional benefit to society. Keywords: Dairy farm, Integrated Farm System Model, Manure handling, Manure management.","PeriodicalId":55501,"journal":{"name":"Applied Engineering in Agriculture","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67050462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}