BalticaPub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.3
J. Satkūnas, G. Žalūdienė
{"title":"Geological map of Antony Karol Giedroyc of the territory of Lithuania in the context of geological cartography of the 19th century","authors":"J. Satkūnas, G. Žalūdienė","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"The history of geological cartography of the present territory of Lithuania starts with a map published by Jean Etienne Guettard in 1764 and followed by maps by Stanisław Staszic in 1806, Ignacy Domeyko in 1837, and Frederic Dubois de Montpereaux in 1830. A new period of investigations and compilation of geological maps starts about 1840 and is closely related with the development of stratigraphic knowledge; therefore, this period marks the beginning of mapping using the stratigraphic concept (Helmersen 1841). The Geological Committee in St. Petersburg, founded in 1882, at the very beginning of its activities started the compilation of a geological map including the present territory of Lithuania. The works of Antony Karol Giedroyc (Antanas Karolis Giedraitis) were published in 1895 (Giedroyc 1895), and the volume included a map which displays the occurrences of Quaternary and Pre-Quaternary (Tertiary, Cretaceous, and Jurassic) sediments and rocks. The map is constructed on the basis of direct observations and descriptions of outcrops and exposures of Quaternary sediments and Pre-Quaternary rocks carried out by the author, also based on evidence by local people. The main occurrences (provinces) of Pre-Quaternary rocks mapped by Giedroyc are confirmed by the modern geological mapping of the 20th century; therefore, the map of Giedroyc (1895) is regarded as a pioneering work of modern geological mapping using international stratigraphic standards.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70648938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BalticaPub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.5
A. Bučienė, Erika Vasiliauskienė, Saulius Bučas, Danguolė Karmazienė, R. Nekrošienė
{"title":"Retrospective ties of Lake Kalotė with the Baltic Sea and the Akmena-Danė River, western Lithuania","authors":"A. Bučienė, Erika Vasiliauskienė, Saulius Bučas, Danguolė Karmazienė, R. Nekrošienė","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"The network of streams is one of the most active and dynamic factors reforming the relief and landscape. Together with the global factors of climate formation and trends of neotectonic movement, the streams are naturally and by means of the anthropogenic factor joining or re-joining the catchments the area of which is changeable. The aim of this research was to reveal in greater detail the development of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea coastal landscape with focus on Lake Kalotė outflows surface runoff within two coastal catchments, the catchment of Pajūris Rivers and the Akmena-Danė River sub-catchment, in time and space. That is important even nowadays under the climatic challenges and anthropogenic pressure in the coastal areas rich with lakes and small streams. The methods used were the analysis of old maps and aero-photo material, geological-geomorphological, hydrological, land reclamation and soil data obtained in the area of the Pajūris Regional Park and Klaipėda district municipality, supplemented with the results of recent land surface and soil surveys, drone technique and ArcGIS. As a result the possible scenarios of Lake Kalotė outflows surface runoff directions from the 17th to the beginning of the 21st century were prepared with the evidence of periods with lake‘s bifurcation regime","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BalticaPub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.4
Resul Çömert, Samed Özdemir, B. B. Bilgilioğlu, S. Alemdağ, H. Zeybek
{"title":"3D data integration for geo-located cave mapping based on unmanned aerial vehicle and terrestrial laser scanner data","authors":"Resul Çömert, Samed Özdemir, B. B. Bilgilioğlu, S. Alemdağ, H. Zeybek","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The Akçakale cave is a significant natural and cultural heritage site in the Black Sea region of eastern Turkey. The complex geometry and difficult-to-access areas of the cave have made the use of traditional mapping methods challenging. To overcome these limitations, this study utilized TLS and UAV technology to produce highly accurate 2D and 3D data for cave management and risk assessment purposes. The TLS system was used to create a detailed 3D point cloud of the cave interior, while the UAV system generated a 3D model of the surface topography outside the cave. The two sets of data were combined in the GIS environment using a geodetic network established in the study area, providing a common geodetic reference system for both TLS and UAV data. The study found that the cave area is 13,750 m2, which is smaller than the area of 18,000 m2 that was previously estimated using conventional measurement methods. The volume and ceiling heights of the cave were calculated using the elevation models generated from TLS point cloud data. The 3D point cloud data were also used to map dripstone locations on the floor and ceiling of the cave, and the boundaries of rock blocks on the ground were precisely determined. The study identified potential risks associated with the cave, particularly the risk of rockfall in the source rock areas around the cave entrance and the southern part of the cave. The nearest building to the cave is approximately 35 meters away, and all the buildings in the area are less than 300 meters from the cave. In the event of the cave collapse, the buildings in the southern part of the cave are at risk of rockfall. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of combining data from TLS and UAV systems to generate broad and sensitive cave mapping and risk assessment data, which are critical for cave management and safety. The collected data can be used for cave stability investigations and rockfall risk assessments. This study provides a foundation for future explorations of the Akcakale cave and highlights the potential for modern surveying techniques to enhance our understanding of complex geological structures such as caves.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70648952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BalticaPub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.2
V. Martyniuk, V. Korbutiak, I. Hopchak, I. Kovalchuk, I. Zubkovych
{"title":"Methodology for assessing the geoecological state of landscape-lake systems and their cartographic modelling (case study of Lake Bile, Rivne Nature Reserve, Ukraine)","authors":"V. Martyniuk, V. Korbutiak, I. Hopchak, I. Kovalchuk, I. Zubkovych","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The reassessment of the geoecological state of landscape-lake systems (LLS) and their cartographic modelling employing the methodology of landscape limnology has been conducted. The purpose of this study was to characterize the essence of the applied methodology and to evaluate the geoecological state of LLS based on the case study of the Lake Bile basin, Rivne Natural Reserve, Ukraine and to develop cartographic models of the aquatic complex and its catchment as an information basis for the integrated management of water and land resources of LLS and sustainable nature management. The results obtained from the field instrumental research conducted within the Bile Lake basin were used for substantiating the use of laboratory methods and QGIS software, for producing the catchment land use map and assessing the geoecological state of the basin, for developing the bathymetric model of the reservoir and determining hydrological and hydrochemical parameters, for analyzing the lithological composition of the rocks of the exploratory well, elucidation of the genesis of the reservoir, for the first-time production of landscape maps of the natural-aquatic complex and water catchment, and for establishing landscape-metric characteristics of the lake-basin system. The degree of the anthropogenic load on landscape complexes in the 100-meter zone around the lake was assessed. The performed research showed that the conceptual foundations of landscape limnology, as a modern transdisciplinary scientific direction, are an innovative and effective tool for assessing the geoecological state of LLS, and scientifically supporting the integrated management of its water resources and sustainable nature management.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BalticaPub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.1
Linas Bevainis, Martynas Bielinis, Agimantas Česnulevičius, Arturas Bautrenas
{"title":"Lithuanian river ice detection and automated classification using machine-learning methods","authors":"Linas Bevainis, Martynas Bielinis, Agimantas Česnulevičius, Arturas Bautrenas","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"In regions susceptible to river freezing and flooding, river ice detection is a priority. Localization of ice jams and ice drift zones could mean a faster and better response to possible flooding areas, and classification of river ice could help better predict freezing and thawing conditions that hinder the use of commercial and recreational river transport. As many freezing-prone rivers are located in regions with short winter days and common cloud cover, the use of optical sensors can be very limited, therefore, the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) – a microwave imaging radar – is more applicable. In this article, Sentinel-1 SAR C-band imagery is used to create derivate texture rasters, which are analyzed, compared with known optical imagery and then considered for river ice detection and discrimination. These results are compared in terms of their effectiveness for river ice discrimination, and the most useful methods are selected. The chosen methods are then compared in an experimental machine-learning model capable of detecting and classifying ice and water. Various machine-learning approaches (both classical and deep-learning) are considered and compared, and the best models are selected. The purpose of this research is to analyze the capability of texture rasters, calculated from a gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM), to discriminate river ice. Texture rasters have recently been applied for river ice classification by de Roda Husman et al. (de Roda Husman et al. 2021), but included only three metrics. This research aims to expand on this knowledge by comparing eight metrics instead of three, as well as including an experiment with a deep-learning model. The results demonstrate that in machine-learning experiments, only one texture measure out of eight (GLCM Mean calculation) is able to discriminate river ice better than discrimination from a standard SAR backscatter intensity image (the baseline).","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BalticaPub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.5200/baltica.2023.1.6
S. Öztürk
{"title":"An evaluation of the characteristic aftershock parameters following the 24 January 2020 \u0000Mw = 6.8 Elazığ-Sivrice (Türkiye) earthquake","authors":"S. Öztürk","doi":"10.5200/baltica.2023.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5200/baltica.2023.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive evaluation of region-time-magnitude behaviours of aftershocks following the 24 January 2020 (Mw = 6.8) Elazığ-Sivrice (Türkiye) earthquake was achieved by using the characteristic parameters such as b-value, p-value, Dc-value and Mamax value of aftershock occurrences. The b-value was calculated as 0.82 ± 0.02 by considering the magnitude of the completeness value as Mcomp = 1.9, and it is relatively small compared to typical b ≈ 1 for the magnitude-frequency relationship of aftershocks. This low b-value may also be caused by the abundance of aftershocks with ML ≥ 4.0. The p-value was computed as 0.80 ± 0.02 with c-value = 0.279 ± 0.098 and is smaller than the global value of p ≈ 1. This low p-value may be due to a relatively slow decay rate of aftershock activity, and the modified Omori model seems appropriate for the estimation of decay parameters. The Dc-value was estimated as 1.87 ± 0.07. This large value shows that aftershocks are homogeneously distributed and more clustered at larger scales/in smaller areas. The temporal variation of b-value indicates that decreases in b-value may result from the gradual increase in the effective stress following the larger aftershocks. The lowest b-values and Mamax values greater than 5.0 were observed in the north, south and southwest parts of the mainshock including Pütürge and Erkenek segments. These results show that there is an apparent relation between the smallest b-values and the largest Mamax values. The largest p-values were estimated in and around the main shock including Pütürge segment. The regions with the smallest b-value and the largest p-value have high stress and coseismic deformation, respectively. Stress variations and coseismic deformation are extremely effective on the changes of b- and p-values. As a remarkable result, aftershock hazard following the mainshock may be considered extremely related to aftershock parameters, and detailed analyses of the region-time-magnitude characteristics of aftershocks are recommended for a preliminary evaluation following the mainshock.","PeriodicalId":55401,"journal":{"name":"Baltica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70649066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}