Ricardo J. Pimentel , Pedro Callapez , Fernando Barroso-Barcenilla , Mélani Berrocal-Casero , Vanda Faria Santos
{"title":"Vertebrate coprolites from the marine Upper Cretaceous of Coimbra (west-central Portugal): Palaeoenvironmental and palaeoecological significance","authors":"Ricardo J. Pimentel , Pedro Callapez , Fernando Barroso-Barcenilla , Mélani Berrocal-Casero , Vanda Faria Santos","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A collection of 123 non-spiral vertebrate coprolites collected in the Tentúgal Formation from the middle Cenomanian, near Casais dos Carecos (Coimbra, west-central Portugal) is classified into eight different morphotypes (A to H) based on their morphology, size, poles shape, structure, and surface texture. The coprolites are autochthonous or parautochthonous, usually well-preserved without signs of abrasion or significant deformation. Each displays a uniform colouration, with hues ranging smoothly from yellow to reddish-yellow across the assemblage, and show low prevalence of surface traces, reflecting fast burial and a fossilization process under consistent environmental conditions. The calcium-phosphate composition of the coprolites, along with the presence of macro inclusions of bone elements in some specimens, indicates that they were produced by carnivores. The larger coprolites with circumferential constriction could be related to the crocodylomorphs. Other possible producers were marine squamates and teleosts. This study provides more insights into the Cretaceous marine and marginal marine ecosystems of the Aptian-Turonian West Portuguese Carbonate Platform, contributing to our understanding of the palaeoenvironmental conditions and food web interactions within this shallow epicontinental sea from the south European branch of the Tethyan realm.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 106190"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144480261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jing Zhang , Baoxia Du , Jing Peng , Yiqiao Fu , Mingzhen Zhang , Jingjing Cai , Mingyang Wei , Aijing Li
{"title":"The potential of fossil primary feather in taxonomic and ecological prediction","authors":"Jing Zhang , Baoxia Du , Jing Peng , Yiqiao Fu , Mingzhen Zhang , Jingjing Cai , Mingyang Wei , Aijing Li","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feathers, shaped by the interplay of phylogenetic factors and environmental behaviors, serve not only as critical indicators for avian classification but also as carriers of information regarding flight patterns and ecological habitats. Although isolated fossil feathers are frequently undervalued due to the lack of direct skeletal associations, their well-preserved outline and microstructure can provide critical insights into key issues such as feather evolution, the origin of flight behavior, and taxonomic diversity. In this study, we discovered an exceptionally well-preserved distal primary feather from the Lower Cretaceous in the Jiuquan Basin of northwest China. We extracted the morphological outlines of modern primary feathers for elliptic Fourier analysis and combined microstructural data to test whether feather morphology can be used to distinguish taxonomic groups, orders, and habitats. The results indicate that the flight feather morphology in modern birds is predominantly shaped by flight-related adaptations, with significant morphospace differentiation across flight types and taxonomic orders, while habitat exerts minimal influence on feather architecture. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analyses that incorporate fossil data into modern datasets suggest that the primary feather fossil occupies a morphospace position associated with terrestrial ecological and flight mode similar to that of modern passerine type, indicating a potential association between the fossil feather and enantiornithines. However, accurate identification of fossil feather information requires expanded fossil data collection to uncover further insights embedded within the fossilized feathers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 106191"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zoran Marković , Miloš Milivojević , Richard J. Butler , Paul M. Barrett , Simon Wills , Andrew A. van de Weerd , Wilma Wessels , Predrag Radović
{"title":"First dinosaur remains from Serbia: Sauropod and theropod material from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Osmakovo","authors":"Zoran Marković , Miloš Milivojević , Richard J. Butler , Paul M. Barrett , Simon Wills , Andrew A. van de Weerd , Wilma Wessels , Predrag Radović","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Diverse and abundant continental vertebrate assemblages are known from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) of several European countries. They formed on an island archipelago and are marked by their distinctive combination of unusual endemic groups and immigrants from North America, Asia and Gondwana. Although dinosaur fossils have been described from nearby Bulgaria, body fossils of continental vertebrates were previously unknown from the Mesozoic of Serbia. Here, we describe the dinosaurian component of a new vertebrate assemblage from the uppermost Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Osmakovo in southeastern Serbia. A single larger bone represents the partial left ulna of a sauropod dinosaur. Its anatomy is suggestive of titanosaurian affinities, although it appears distinct from the titanosaurs <em>Magyarosaurus</em> and <em>Petrustitan</em> from the Maastrichtian of Romania. The small size of this element may indicate its juvenile nature or that it represents an island dwarf similar to <em>Magyarosaurus</em>, but distinguishing these possibilities will require histological work. Sixteen isolated theropod teeth, some incomplete, were recovered by screenwashing and studied using comparative anatomy and machine learning analysis. Nine of these teeth are referred to Dromaeosauridae based on both approaches. Three teeth that are strongly recurved and lack serrations were identified as Aves by machine learning but might alternatively represent dromaeosaurid premaxillary teeth and are thus referred to Paraves. The remaining teeth comprise one specimen of the enigmatic <em>Paronychodon</em> and three too poorly preserved to identify beyond Theropoda. This assemblage shows similarities to contemporaneous assemblages from Romania and suggests the potential for further discoveries in the Mesozoic of Serbia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 106177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Pérez-García , E. Espílez , L. Mampel , A. Cobos
{"title":"New information on the anatomy and paleobiogeographic and stratigraphic distributions of the British basal turtle Plastremys lata (Helochelydridae) based on its most complete skeleton (lower Albian, Spain)","authors":"A. Pérez-García , E. Espílez , L. Mampel , A. Cobos","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The synchronous and sympatric presence of two helochelydrids is reported here for the first time for the Spanish Municipality of Ariño (Teruel Province), where the most complete skeletons from that group had been found for the European record. The presence of two members of this lineage of basal turtles has been documented in very few localities worldwide, and until now consisted of isolated and fragmented remains. Although the lower Albian <em>Aragochersis lignitesta</em> is exclusively documented in this Spanish paleontological area, the new material from Ariño is identified as the oldest occurrence for the British <em>Plastremys lata</em>, extending the paleobiogeographic distribution range for that taxon. The new fossils include a partial skeleton, as well as isolated remains of several individuals. Their analysis not only shows intraspecific variability, but also documents several anatomical elements previously unknown for <em>Plastremys lata</em>, which was only known from shell remains. Furthermore, the status of the first Mesozoic turtle taxon defined for the Spanish record (i.e., the hitherto problematic ‘<em>Trachyaspis turbulensis</em>’, also from the lower Albian of Teruel) is examined and its holotype, whose original anatomical attribution is here revised, is reattributed to <em>Plastremys lata</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 106179"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144322606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Francesco Della Giustina , Riccardo Rocchi , Bernat Vila
{"title":"A new armored crocodyliform from the Upper Cretaceous of Catalonia (Spain): new insight into the evolution of the eusuchian postcranial and dermal skeleton","authors":"Francesco Della Giustina , Riccardo Rocchi , Bernat Vila","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The origin and early radiation of Crocodylia have shifted attention to the Upper Cretaceous of Europe, where numerous new taxa have recently been discovered. Particularly abundant are the remains associated with allodaposuchids, a controversial and recently established eusuchian clade whose postcranial record is rarely documented. Here, we describe a new allodaposuchid specimen from the Fontllonga-6 fossil locality (Àger Basin, NE Spain) in the Fontllonga Group (lower upper Maastrichtian). The specimen consists of cranial, postcranial, and dermal skeleton remains, making it the most complete crocodyliform from the Upper Cretaceous of Europe. It exhibits massive vertebrae and a large ribcage, while the numerous recovered osteoderms show diverse morphologies, providing insight into their position within the dermal skeleton. It presents peculiar teeth ornamentation only observed in <em>Allodaposuchus palustris</em> in the Ibero-Armorican domain<em>.</em> However, confident taxonomic assignment remains challenging due to the lack of other diagnostic traits. Including anatomical information provided by the specimen in phylogenetic analyses underscores the significance of postcranial characters in reconstructing relationships within Eusuchia. This new finding fills a data gap in the postcranial anatomy of eusuchians and allodaposuchids, offering insights into the ecology of this successful clade from the Upper Cretaceous of Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 106178"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144307230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rogers C.C. Buntin , Tom Moklestad , Neffra A. Matthews , Brent Breithaupt , Paul C. Murphey , Ian Kapinos , Nora Noffke
{"title":"A new theropod dinosaur lek in the Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone (Dinosaur Ridge, Colorado, USA)","authors":"Rogers C.C. Buntin , Tom Moklestad , Neffra A. Matthews , Brent Breithaupt , Paul C. Murphey , Ian Kapinos , Nora Noffke","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>High-resolution aerial imagery captured by drones document new non-avian theropod mating display scrapes (<em>Ostendichnus</em>) along two stratigraphic levels of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Dakota Sandstone at Dinosaur Ridge, Colorado, USA. We describe and identify their morphologies, orientations, and patterns of clustering that include overprinting. Twenty-five additional scrapes are documented on 2 stratigraphic surfaces (24 on surface 2b, colloquially the “Dinosaur Courtship” surface; and 1 on surface 2h). The additional scrapes on surface 2b elevates its status to a fossilized nest display arena or lek. Most of the scrapes have the diagnostic “bilobate” shape, but some are bowl-shaped consistent with the description of <em>Ostendichnus</em>-like traces and contain well-detectable toe claw marks in all but one of the structures. A new means to determine the direction the trace maker faced while creating the scrapes (azimuth) is proposed for <em>Ostendichnus</em> lacking footprints, anterior divergence of claw marks, posterior tapering of troughs, and a sand crescent pile of excavated sediment at the posterior of the trace. Analysis of the Dinosaur Ridge sites and of 3 previously known lek sites in western Colorado—Club Gulch (<em>n</em> = 2) and Roubideau Creek— permit insight into the social behavior of the trace making theropods by comparisons to modern avian analogs, particularly those of lekking, nest scrape display, a combined nest building and display activity, and nest building that involves digging, and― in some cases― reconfiguration using available materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"176 ","pages":"Article 106176"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144280325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The palynoflora from the Lower Cretaceous of Jiuquan Basin, Gansu Province, NW China, and its paleoclimate implication","authors":"Yuan-zheng Lu , Sheng-hui Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Lower Cretaceous Xinminpu Group in the Jiuquan Basin of Gansu Province is an important source rock. Many fossils have been found from the strata, such as early angiosperms, insects, birds and so on. So the Xinminpu Group is one of the hotspots in Cretaceous research. However, most previous studies focused on the outcrop sections and the upper part of the stratum. This paper mainly deals with the palynology of the lower part of the Xinminpu Group in boreholes. It is found that the content of the genus <em>Classopollis</em> (Cheirolepidiaceae) increases in a fluctuating manner upwards, reaching a maximum of 90 %. Considering the previous research, it is proposed that the climate change in the Jiuquan Basin during the Early Cretaceous involves two cycles, and each cycle showed a trend from warm and humid to dry and hot. The high - content zone of <em>Classopollis</em> in the middle - upper part of the Chijinpu Formation is compared with pre -OAE1a. The changes in the palynological assemblage of the Chijinpu Formation reveal the paleoclimate from pre - OAE1a to OAE1a.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106166"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144195894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Carbon isotope stratigraphy for regional correlation of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous Tetori Group in Japan","authors":"Mayuko Kamimura , Mitsuhiro Nagata , Takuto Ando , Sota Niki , Takafumi Hirata , Takashi Hasegawa","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106164","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106164","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Regional correlation of non-marine strata is challenging despite its crucial importance in understanding terrestrial environmental transitions. This study applied carbon isotope stratigraphy for preliminary regional correlation of the Tetori Group, an Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous shallow marine and non-marine siliciclastic succession in west-central Japan. To strengthen credibility for this correlation, new U–Pb zircon dating on a tuff from the Itsuki Formation provides a weighted average date of 128.8 ± 1.4 Ma (Hauterivian). Three separate samples were collected from several stratigraphic horizons within the Tetori Group. Their organic carbon isotope ratio (δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>org)</sub> was determined to assess the horizontal variation of the values. The stratigraphic fluctuation of organic carbon within the Tamodani and Itoshirogawa logging road sections ranged within <em>ca.</em> −25.5 to −19.5 ‰. A notable character in the obtained δ<sup>13</sup>C<sub>org</sub> curves is the large values exceeding <em>ca.</em> −22 to −20 ‰ in the upper parts of both sections, coupled with underlying low values of <em>ca.</em> −25 ‰ in the middle parts of both sections. The Hauterivian long-term negative excursion and the positive excursion associated with OAE1a in the Aptian are plausible events potentially correlated to these sections. These isotopic curves were compared with those from other regions of Asia, and it is noted that the −20 to −22 ‰ positive excursion related to the OAE1a can be correlated directly with other Asian sections. This study serves as a benchmark, showcasing the potential for regional correlation within the Tetori Group using carbon isotope stratigraphy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106164"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144177771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tainá Constância de França , Natan Santos Brilhante , Rafael Delcourt , João Lucas da Silva , Christophe Hendrickx , Manuel Alfredo Medeiros , Fabiana Rodrigues Costa
{"title":"A carcharodontosaurid tooth from “Boca de Forno” Ravine of the Itapecuru Formation, Parnaíba Basin, Maranhão, Brazil","authors":"Tainá Constância de França , Natan Santos Brilhante , Rafael Delcourt , João Lucas da Silva , Christophe Hendrickx , Manuel Alfredo Medeiros , Fabiana Rodrigues Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106163","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106163","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carcharodontosauridae forms a clade of medium-to very large-sized (6–14 m long) allosauroid theropods mostly restricted to the Early and mid-Cretaceous with an almost global distribution, and characterized by deep and narrow ornamented skulls and strongly compressed ziphodont teeth. In Brazil, the carcharodontosaurid fossil record is limited to shed teeth and isolated postcranial elements from the Aptian-Cenomanian deposits of the eastern part of the country. Here we describe and identify a shed tooth from a little-known outcrop of the Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) Itapecuru Formation of the Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. Although some teeth have already been reported from the Aptian-Albian deposits of this unit, this specimen represents the first isolated dental material from the Parnaíba Basin that can be confidently assigned to a carcharodontosaurid through cladistic and morphometric techniques, but also based on a systematic study. The results of the herein conducted study suggest that the specimen belongs to a carcharodontosaurine closely related to the Patagonian taxa <em>Giganotosaurus</em> and <em>Mapusaurus</em>, which are younger in age. Although the specimen is closely related to the abovementioned Patagonian taxa, the faunal composition of the Parnaíba Basin seems to be more similar to that of North Africa. Nevertheless, further collecting efforts are needed in these localities to find skeletal carcharodontosaurid remains and to broaden the comparative base for the identification of theropod dentition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144168486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fernando Luiz Kilesse Salgado , Luis M. Chiappe , Reiner Neumann , Ismar de Souza Carvalho
{"title":"Evidence of piscivorous diet in an enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil","authors":"Fernando Luiz Kilesse Salgado , Luis M. Chiappe , Reiner Neumann , Ismar de Souza Carvalho","doi":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106161","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cretres.2025.106161","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cratoavis cearensis</em>, described from a single specimen unearthed from the Crato Formation of the Araripe Basin in Brazil, represents one of the earliest known fossil avians from South America (ca. 117 My). We report on the presence of disarticulated fish elements associated with the skeleton and interpret them as contained within the digestive tract of this enantiornithine bird. These bony elements are similar to ribs of <em>Dastilbe crandalli</em>, a fish belonging to Gonorynchiforms. <em>Dastilbe crandalli</em> is abundant in the same Crato deposits that have yielded <em>Cratoavis cearensis</em>. The identified bony elements provide direct evidence of a piscivorous diet for this Brazilian enantiornithine, thus contributing to the meager evidence available for understanding the trophic specializations of this major clade of Mesozoic birds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55207,"journal":{"name":"Cretaceous Research","volume":"175 ","pages":"Article 106161"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144083842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}