Ethology Ecology & Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Predator-avoidance of larval black-bellied salamanders (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) in response to cues from native and nonnative salmonids","authors":"Brian L. Dempsey, John W. Roden, J. Bidwell","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.1988720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1988720","url":null,"abstract":"Fish are significant predators of amphibian larvae in streams and larvae can detect these predators through both visual and olfactory cues. The ability to effectively recognize these cues may depend on the evolutionary history of predator and prey such that recently introduced predators may not be recognized as readily as those that have consistently coexisted with the prey species. As such, the relatively recent introduction of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) into Southern Appalachian headwater streams where the black-bellied salamander (Desmognathus quadramaculatus) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) naturally coexist has raised concern. The objective of this study was to determine whether black-bellied salamander larvae respond to cues from introduced rainbow trout. To evaluate this, salamander activity metrics (general activity and number of movements) were recorded before and after exposure to either native trout predator cue (brook), introduced trout predator cue (rainbow), or conditioned tap water (control). Larvae were collected from different stream reaches based on their cooccurrence with brook trout only, rainbow trout only, rainbow and brook trout, or no trout predators. Larvae that co-occur with trout reduced their activity when exposed to brook trout predator cue, but their response to rainbow trout predator cue depended on their previous co-occurrence. A follow-up test to determine the influence of alarm cue on predator response indicated that the alarm cue enhanced the response to the rainbow trout predator.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85134737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Notes on a tree: reframing the relevance of primate choruses, duets, and solo songs","authors":"Chiara De Gregorio, Filippo Carugati, Daria Valente, Teresa Raimondi, Valeria Torti, Longondraza Miaretsoa, M. Gamba, C. Giacoma","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.2015451","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.2015451","url":null,"abstract":"The complexity of primates’ singing behavior has long gathered the attention of researchers interested in understanding the selective pressures underpinning the evolution of language. Among these pressures, a link between territoriality, pair-living, and singing displays has been suggested. Historically, singing primates have been found in a few taxa that are not closely related to each other, and, in the last years, their phylogeny has dramatically changed. Hence, we aimed at understanding if the dogmatic association between territorial behavior and a monogamous social structure still holds in the light of current research. Moreover, singing behavior has often been considered a whole, but animals can perform different singing forms depending on how many individuals call simultaneously. Currently, it is unclear to which extent these singing forms are widespread among these primate groups. Given that there is no unique definition for a “song”, “solo”, “duet”, and “chorus”, we envisioned some of the most used descriptions. We then formulated some new definitions that we followed in our review of the presence/absence of these different forms of song organization among singing primates’ taxa. In particular, we suggested that tarsier species that are typically considered non-singers may indeed sing, and we pointed out that non-duetting gibbons may perform duet interactions. We found that, besides duets, chorusing behavior and solo songs are essential features of primates’ communication, but their study is still in a descriptive phase. Moreover, while territorial behavior seems to be conserved in these singing taxa, we highlighted that the monogamous social structure is not the rule. Pair-living plus multi-females groups displaying singing behavior are common too. We suggest that ending to consider these taxa as uniform in their sociality and vocal behavior might be a significant turning point to unravel the different selective pressures that influenced the emergence and organization of such peculiar vocal behavior.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86611937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gerbils from populations located in low vegetation habitats emerge later than those from more densely vegetated habitats","authors":"Jorge F. S. Menezes, Inbal Tiano, Burt P. Kotler","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.1988721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1988721","url":null,"abstract":"How personality changes across different populations is still a poorly studied topic. We compared Allenby’s gerbils (Gerbillus andersoni allenbyi) from three different populations in the Negev Desert regarding their latency to emerge from a shelter and explore new environments. These three localities represented a gradient of vegetation cover (Kmehin < Shivta Dunes < Shivta Flats) and thus of predation risk. Furthermore, two populations were in sand dunes (Kmehin and Shivta Dunes) and the other in sandy flats. We expected individuals from the same population to show the similar latency, and to differ from that of the other localities. We collected five individuals from Kmehin, 10 in Shivta Dunes, and 12 in Shivta Flats. We tested their latency 3 times in two different contexts (a lit chamber, and the same chamber darked). We found latency to be repeatable in both contexts. Using a generalized linear mixed model, we found support for an interaction between context and site and sex and site. Kmehin individuals had much longer latency in the light than all other combinations, and males had much longer latency in the first period. This supports the hypothesis that different locations can have consistent population phenotypes. We discuss how this effect may be caused by different quantities of predators or different numbers of bold individuals within each population.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90215540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First assessment of ectoparasite prevalence in Apennine populations of Eurasian red squirrel: does habitat fragmentation affect parasite presence?","authors":"M. Franchini, Giuseppe Mazza, E. Mori","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.1967458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1967458","url":null,"abstract":"Although habitat fragmentation is widely reported to affect species survival and distribution, its effect in terms of host-parasite interactions in small mammal communities is poorly studied yet. Using information collected from carcasses of 34 road-kill and two preyed-upon individuals, we present the first comprehensive study dealing with the relationship between habitat fragmentation and the presence of different ectoparasite species infecting a small Sciurus vulgaris population inhabiting the Apennine ridge. We predicted that the probability to find individuals infested by parasites would be lower in highly fragmented areas because of the trade-off effects over both mammal and ectoparasite communities. Our findings showed that the most frequent ectoparasites were the squirrel fleas Ceratophyllus sciurorum and hard ticks Ixodes ricinus. Males showed higher presence of ectoparasites than females, probably because of different behaviour in space use and higher hormone levels, which may compromise host’s resistance to infection. As to the relationship with habitat fragmentation, we did not find support that individuals in highly fragmented areas would be less susceptible to C. sciurorum infestation because of lower red squirrel relative density. The presence of highly suitable habitat patches in fragmented habitats may have favoured the presence of squirrels, hence promoting C. sciurorum transmission among specimens. Similarly, we did not find support that habitat fragmentation would have reduced the likelihood of generalist ectoparasites transmission among squirrels. This finding may be explained by the increasing tolerance of generalist ectoparasites towards habitat fragmentation because of the presence of species (e.g., roe deer Capreolus capreolus) able to better exploit ecotonal areas. We believe that our research provides interesting preliminary results on ectoparasites infesting red squirrels in the Apennine area, and of the potential impact which habitat fragmentation may have on them. Nevertheless, the effect of habitat fragmentation over parasite communities is still poorly considered, and further researches are needed.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85242175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity overlap between mesocarnivores and prey in the Central Mongolian steppe","authors":"Claudio Augugliaro, S. Anile, B. Munkhtsog, Choikhand Janchivlamdan, E. Batzorig, Ivan Mazzon, C. Nielsen","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.1975312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1975312","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the ecology and behaviour of mesocarnivores and their prey is scant in Mongolia. We investigated activity patterns of a guild of mesocarnivores (red fox, Pallas’s cat and beech marten) and their prey (Siberian marmot, Daurian pika, Brandt vole, Mongolian gerbil and Mongolian silver vole) using 21 camera traps (effort = 1155 camera days) in Central Mongolia from 25st of May to 20th August 2019. Activity patterns of mesocarnivores were cathemeral (i.e. no difference between diurnal, nocturnal and crepuscular detections, although activity peaked at sunrise). Among prey, the Siberian marmot and the Daurian pika were diurnal, whereas the Mongolian gerbil and the Mongolian silver vole were not generally crepuscular. Beech marten, the smallest mesocarnivore species, was temporally segregated from the other (and larger) mesocarnivore species. Temporal segregation between mesocarnivores and prey was evident between the following pairs: red fox vs Brandt’s vole and Mongolian gerbil; Pallas’s cat vs Siberian marmot, Brandt’s vole and Mongolian gerbil; and beech marten vs Siberian marmot, Daurian pika and the Mongolian silver vole. Activity overlap between mesocarnivores and prey ranged considerably. Activity overlap between the beech marten and prey was lower than that of the other mesocarnivores. Temporal overlap among mesocarnivores and between mesocarnivores and prey seemed to be related to species-specific traits, while also being mediated by local prey abundance. We suggest future surveys should be stratified based on habitat and on the target species, while also integrating different survey methods (e.g. camera traps and live trapping of small mammals).","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87751827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of collateral damage: heterospecific neighbor density mediates parasitism by eavesdroppers on hourglass treefrogs","authors":"Brian F. Ruether, Meghan J. Brady, Taylor L. Derick, Brendan T. Dula, Sarah A.R. Smith, P. A. Trillo","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.1975313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1975313","url":null,"abstract":"Males often broadcast conspicuous signals from within mixed-species aggregations to attract mates. In addition to attracting females, however, these displays expose signalers to eavesdropping predators and parasites. For individuals in mixed-species aggregations, the balance between attracting mates and avoiding eavesdroppers is influenced both by the attractiveness of their calls and by the calling activity of conspecific and heterospecific neighbors. Through a process termed “collateral damage”, frogs signaling near heterospecific neighbors that are highly attractive to eavesdroppers can experience drastically increased parasitism compared to those signaling next to conspecifics. Here, we investigate whether the intensity of this collateral damage is influenced by the density of, or the call types produced by, heterospecific neighbors. In phonotaxis trials using hourglass treefrogs as the focal species and túngara frogs as the attractive heterospecific neighbor, we found no differences in the number of parasites attracted to hourglass treefrog calls played adjacent to simple versus complex túngara calls. By contrast, a higher density of neighboring túngara frogs decreased the collateral damage suffered by hourglass treefrogs by approximately 40%. Our results demonstrate that the density of nearby heterospecifics can modulate parasitism risk due to collateral damage in mixed-species aggregations. Thus, our conception of the dilution of eavesdropper risks with increasing group size may need to be augmented to include the effects of multiple prey or host types. HIGHLIGHTS ● Heterospecific call type does not change collateral damage on hourglass treefrogs ● However, parasitism decreases when calling next to high densities of heterospecifics","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79462613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The behavioural ecology behind anti-predator mechanisms: diversity, ontogenetic changes and sexual differences in anuran defence behaviours","authors":"L. Ferrante, Thainá Najar, F. Baccaro, I. L. Kaefer","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.1967456","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1967456","url":null,"abstract":"Anti-predator mechanisms play a key role in the survival of any animal in nature. Anurans exhibit a great diversity of defensive behaviours and interact with the widest range of predators of any vertebrates. However, there are few systematic and experimental studies of anuran defensive behaviours, which are generally opportunistic. Here, we deploy a range of methods to investigate various facets of anuran defensive behaviour using the cane toad Rhinella marina as a model organism. This originally Amazonian anuran is now widely distributed across the globe and has caused several predators to decline at introduction sites where this species is not native, a direct result of its anti-predation defenses. First, we compiled previously published data on anuran predation events to assess the relationship between predator/anuran size and predator size and type. We then performed a systematic experiment to test the hypothesis that there is an ontogenetic variation in cane toad behavioural defense displays, as well as a variation in these displays between males and females. In total, we tested 173 individuals including juveniles, adult males and adult females. We show that the size and type of the predator is related to the size of the anuran as prey and that this, in turn, has led to the adoption of different predation-avoiding behavioural defensive strategies during ontogeny. Our results also indicate that both the sex and the size of anurans influence the adoption of defensive strategies.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72457058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forget the toad and eat the frog: no associational protection against fish from a chemically defended toad to a later-breeding anuran species","authors":"Jan M. Kaczmarek, Mikołaj Kaczmarski, J. Mazurkiewicz, J. Kloskowski","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.1967455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1967455","url":null,"abstract":"Associational effects such as “associational resistance” or “aposematic commensalism” may facilitate the subsequent evolution of mimicry. However, such effects are usually expected to be contingent on a spatiotemporal co-occurrence of defended and undefended species. Associational resistance may emerge in communities of larval anurans where tadpoles of different species share a generalized morphology but vary in chemical defences. In Europe, the marsh frog Pelophylax ridibundus reproduces in fish-containing habitats that earlier in the season can be used by the common toad Bufo bufo, a species with chemically defended larvae. In a mesocosm experiment, we investigated if the associational protection against predation provided by the defended species could be strong enough to last even after the defended prey metamorphose and leave the system. We expected that the higher abundances (both absolute and relative) of chemically defended B. bufo in the tadpole assemblage exposed to predation by the common carp Cyprinus carpio prior to the occurrence of P. ridibundus tadpoles would be related to the increased later survival of P. ridibundus in the presence of the same fish. The tadpoles of P. ridibundus were highly vulnerable to predation during a 2-week cohabitation with fish. We found no relationship between the survival of P. ridibundus and the absolute density or relative proportion of B. bufo. Although associational effects may be ecologically relevant in aquatic animal communities, they apparently require the co-presence of the defended prey in fish-tadpole interactions.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87474425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity time budgets of ecologically relaxed groups of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) and mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx): what happens when time is no longer a constraint?","authors":"Leticia Ortega-Ballesteros, Nerea Amezcua-Valmala, Sheila Mera-Cordero, M. Hernández-Lloreda, F. Colmenares","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.1941270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1941270","url":null,"abstract":"Primates spend their daytime engaged in four non-overlapping, time-consuming, biologically relevant activities, namely, feeding, moving, resting, and socializing. The present study addressed two issues relevant to socio-ecological theory and life-history theory: how do individuals re-schedule the time allocated to these activity categories when they live in ecologically relaxed settings, where they are food-provisioned, live under benign weather conditions, and are predator-free? How do individuals trade the different activity categories against each other in a relatively time constraint-free setting? We predicted that feeding and moving times should decrease and resting and socializing times should increase. We also explored the relation of feeding time to resting time and social time to see which activity category is more dispensable when feeding time increases. Here we analyzed the activity time budgets of a group of geladas, Theropithecus gelada, and a group of mandrills, Mandrillus sphinx, housed in captivity in similarly vegetated and large-sized enclosures, and exposed to identical temperate-zone climate conditions, and compared them to time budget data available for wild groups of geladas and baboons. We found that they displayed activity budgets that largely matched those reported for wild groups of geladas and baboons, except moving time that decreased, but in geladas solely. We also found a tighter negative relation of feeding to resting time than to social time. These findings indicate that freeing individuals in a captive setting from the time constraints and pressing demands faced by their wild counterparts does not necessarily cause a significant re-scheduling of their activity time budgets. They also support the “social glue” hypothesis, as an increase of feeding time is associated with a significant decrease in resting, not social, time. The notion of a captivity-typical versus wild-typical profile of activity time budgets appears unsupported given the remarkable overlapping of time budget scores across settings and the huge inter-populational, intergroup, and intragroup variation reported.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83153874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First documentation of long-distance travel by a Florida manatee to the Mexican Caribbean","authors":"D. N. Castelblanco-Martínez, A. Alvarez-Alemán, Raúl Torres, A. L. Teague, Sheri L. Barton, Kari A. Rood, E. Ramos, A. Mignucci-Giannoni","doi":"10.1080/03949370.2021.1967457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2021.1967457","url":null,"abstract":"West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) are separated into two allopatric subspecies: the Florida manatee (T. m. latirostris) and the Antillean manatee (T. m. manatus). In the winter of 2020–2021, an adult manatee was sighted off the coast of Cancun, Quintana Roo, Mexico, in areas where Antillean manatees are not typically seen. The individual had distinct watercraft scars on its body, which were matched using photo-identification to a known male Florida manatee (PE424) that had been repeatedly photographed in Florida since 1998. This is the first record of a Florida manatee visiting the Mexican Caribbean. Previous reports of individuals from this subspecies in Cuba, combined with genetic evidence, suggest some level of connectivity among geographically separated manatee populations. Highlights We present the first evidence of a long-distance movement by a manatee from Florida to the Yucatan Peninsula (Quintana Roo, Mexican Caribbean). This case, previous reports of Florida manatees in Cuba, and genetic evidence, suggest a certain degree of genetic mixture among the two subspecies.","PeriodicalId":55163,"journal":{"name":"Ethology Ecology & Evolution","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2021-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77622651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}