Gender Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Postoperative Estradiol Levels Associate With Development of Primary Graft Dysfunction in Lung Transplantation Patients","authors":"Julie A. Bastarache MD ,&nbsp;Joshua M. Diamond MD, MSCE ,&nbsp;Steven M. Kawut MD, MS ,&nbsp;David J. Lederer MD, MS ,&nbsp;Lorraine B. Ware MD ,&nbsp;Jason D. Christie MD, MSCE","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) frequently complicates </span>lung transplantation<span> in the immediate postoperative period. Both female gender and estradiol modulate the body's response to injury and can influence the rate of alveolar fluid clearance.</span></p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We hypothesized that female gender and higher estradiol levels would be associated with a lower risk of PGD after lung transplantation.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We measured plasma estradiol levels preoperatively, 6 hours postoperatively, and 24 hours postoperatively in a cohort of 111 lung transplant recipients at 2 institutions.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Mean age was 57 years (12.5) and 52% were female. Median postoperative estradiol level was 63.9 pg/mL (interquartile range, 28.8−154.3 pg/mL) in male and 65.1 pg/mL (interquartile range, 28.4−217.2 pg/mL) in female patients. Contrary to our hypothesis, higher estradiol levels at 24 hours were associated with an increased risk of PGD at 72 hours in male patients (<em>P</em> = 0.001). This association was preserved when accounting for other factors known to be associated with PGD. However, there was no relationship between gender and risk of PGD or between estradiol levels and PGD in females.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>These findings suggest that there might be different biologic effects of estrogens in males and females, and highlight the importance of considering gender differences in future studies of PGD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 3","pages":"Pages 154-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30482686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Explaining Poorer Stroke Outcomes in Women: Women Surviving 3 Months Have More Severe Strokes Than Men Despite a Lower 3-Month Case Fatality","authors":"Tom Skyhøj Olsen MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Zorana Jovanovic Andersen MS, PhD ,&nbsp;Klaus Kaae Andersen MS, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Women who survive stroke are more disabled and more often institutionalized than men.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We explore this phenomenon by studying case fatality and stroke severity in stroke survivors separately for men and women.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A Danish stroke registry (2000−2007) contains information about 26,818 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke<span>, including stroke severity (Scandinavian Stroke Scale, 0 worst to 58 best), computed tomography scan, cardiovascular risk factors, and death 3 months after stroke. We modeled stroke severity by generalized additive linear model and 3-month case fatality with logistic model adjusting for age and cardiovascular risk factors.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Male to female ratio was 51.5% to 48.5%. Mean age was 68.8 (SD 12.6) years in men; 73.7 (13.8) years in women. Stroke was more severe in women (mean [SD] Scandinavian Stroke Scale, 42.2 [16.0]) than in men (mean [SD] Scandinavian Stroke Scale, 45.6 [14.2]) also after adjustment for age and cardiovascular risk factors; significant in patients older than 75 years. In survivors at 3 months, stroke was more severe in women than men, given same age and cardiovascular risk factor profile; significant in patients older than 75 years. More women (11.9%) had died within 3 months than men (8.6%). However, adjusting for age, stroke severity, and risk factor profile, 3-month case fatality was lower in women than men; significant in patients older than 78 years.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Although 3-month case fatality was lower in women than men, strokes were more severe among survivors at 3 months in women than in men. In addition, strokes were more severe in women. Our data help elucidate why women survive stroke better but have poorer functional outcomes that require more care than men.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 3","pages":"Pages 147-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.03.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30571440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met, and Frequency of Methamphetamine Use","authors":"Keith G. Heinzerling MD,&nbsp;Steven Shoptaw PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>Frequency of pretreatment methamphetamine (MA) use is an important predictor of outcomes of treatment<span> for MA dependence. Preclinical studies suggest females self-administer more MA than males, but few clinical studies have examined potential sex differences in the frequency of MA use. Estrogen increases expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has effects on MA-induced striatal </span></span>dopamine release<span> and protects against MA-induced neurotoxicity.</span></p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We examined potential effects of sex, the Val66Met polymorphism in BDNF, and their interaction on frequency of MA use among 60 Caucasian MA-dependent volunteers screening for a clinical trial.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Data was taken from 60 Caucasian MA-dependent volunteers screening for a clinical trial.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Females reported significantly more pretreatment days with MA use in the past 30 days than males. There was a significant interaction between sex and BDNF Val66Met, with the highest frequency of MA use among females with Val/Val genotype.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>These results, although preliminary, add to the literature documenting sexual dimorphism in response to stimulants, including MA, and suggest a potential biological mechanism involving BDNF that might contribute to these differences. Additional research characterizing the biological basis of altered response to MA among females is warranted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 112-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30525770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Baroreflex Function in Females: Changes With the Reproductive Cycle and Pregnancy","authors":"Virginia L. Brooks ,&nbsp;Priscila A. Cassaglia ,&nbsp;Ding Zhao ,&nbsp;Robert K. Goldman","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><span><span><span>This review briefly describes the changes in baroreflex function that occur during female reproductive life, specifically during the </span>reproductive cycle and pregnancy. The sensitivity or gain of baroreflex control of heart rate and sympathetic activity fluctuates during the reproductive cycle, reaching a peak when gonadal hormone levels increase, during the </span>follicular phase<span><span><span> in women and proestrus in rats. The increase in baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is likely mediated by estrogen because </span>ovariectomy<span> in rats eliminates the BRS increase, the cyclic profile of changes in BRS mirror the changes in estrogen, and estrogen acts in the brainstem<span> to increase BRS. In contrast, pregnancy depresses both BRS and the maximal level of sympathetic activity and heart rate evoked by severe hypotension. The decrease in BRS may be mediated by a reduction in the actions of insulin in the arcuate nucleus to support the baroreflex. In addition, increased levels of the neurosteroid </span></span></span>progesterone metabolite 3α-OH-DHP act downstream in the </span></span>rostral ventrolateral medulla<span> to suppress maximal baroreflex increases in sympathetic activity. Consequently, these changes in baroreflex function impair blood pressure regulation in the presence of hypotensive challenges such as orthostasis and hemorrhage, a common event during delivery. As a result, peripartum hemorrhage is a major cause of human maternal death.</span></p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 61-67"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30559315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacologic Effects of 2-Methoxyestradiol on Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Down-Regulation in Rat Liver Epithelial and Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells","authors":"Sivaramakrishna Koganti MS,&nbsp;Russell Snyder PhD,&nbsp;Thomas Thekkumkara PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Delayed onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in female patients is not well understood, but could be due in part to the protective effect of estrogen before menopause. Experimental studies have identified the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) as a key factor in the progression of CVD.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We examined the effects of the estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME2) on AT1R expression.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Rat liver cells were exposed to 2ME2 for 24 hours, and angiotensin II (AngII) binding and AT1R mRNA expressions were assessed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>In the presence of 2ME2, cells exhibited significant down-regulation of AngII binding that was both dose and time dependent, independent of estrogen receptors<span> (ERα/ERβ). Down-regulation of AngII binding was AT1R specific, with no change in receptor affinity. Under similar conditions, we observed lower expression of AT1R mRNA, significant inhibition of AngII-mediated increase in intracellular Ca</span></span>²⁺<span><span>, and increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2. Pretreatment of cells with the MEK inhibitor </span>PD98059<span> prevented 2ME2-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and down-regulation of AT1R expression, which suggests that the observed inhibitory effect is mediated through ERK1/2 signaling intermediates. Similar analyses in stably transfected CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell lines with a constitutively active cytomegalovirus<span> promoter showed no change in AT1R expression, which suggests that 2ME2-mediated effects are through transcriptional regulation. The effects of 2ME2 on AT1R down-regulation through ERK1/2 were consistently reproduced in primary rat aortic smooth muscle cells.</span></span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Because AT1R has a critical role in the control of CVD, 2ME2-induced changes in receptor expression may provide beneficial effects to the cardiovascular and other systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 76-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30486257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Vasodilatory Effect of Testosterone on Renal Afferent Arterioles","authors":"Yan Lu MD ,&nbsp;Yiling Fu MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Ying Ge MD ,&nbsp;Luis A. Juncos MD ,&nbsp;Jane F. Reckelhoff PhD ,&nbsp;Ruisheng Liu MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Sex differences exist in a variety of cardiovascular and renal diseases<span>, and testosterone may contribute to the discrepancy. Afferent arterioles (Af-Arts) are the major resistance vessels in the kidney, and they play an important role in the development of renal injury and hypertension.</span></p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We sought to determine the acute effect and underlying mechanism(s) of action of testosterone on Af-Arts.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>The mRNA expression of androgen receptors<span><span> (ARs) in microdissected Af-Arts was measured by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). An in vitro microperfusion model was used to measure the diameter of Af-Arts in mice. Nitric oxide (NO) was evaluated by an NO-sensitive </span>fluorescent dye, 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein </span></span>diacetate.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span>Testosterone had no effect on microperfused Af-Arts when added to the bath. Therefore, we preconstricted the Af-Arts to approximately 30% with norepinephrine (10</span>^–6 M); administration of testosterone (10^–9–10^–7 M) subsequently dilated the Af-Arts in a dose-dependent manner (<em>P</em><span><span> &lt; 0.001; n = 7). The AR mRNA was expressed in microdissected Af-Arts measured by RT-PCR. An AR antagonist, </span>flutamide (10</span>^–5 M), totally blocked the testosterone (10^–8<span> M)-induced vasodilator<span> effect. Mean (SEM) NO production of the Af-Art wall was increased when testosterone was added to the bath solution after norepinephrine treatment, from 278.4 (12.1) U/min to 351.2 (33.1) U/min (</span></span><em>P</em> &lt; 0.05; n = 3). In the presence of NO inhibition with <em>N</em>^G-nitro-<span>l</span>-arginine methyl ester (3 × 10^–4 M), the testosterone-induced dilatation was blunted compared with norepinephrine (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Testosterone dilated preconstricted mouse Af-Arts in a dose-dependent manner by activation of ARs and partially mediated by NO.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 103-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30527176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Gender on Awareness of Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Preventive Action Taken, and Barriers to Cardiovascular Health in a Group of Austrian Subjects","authors":"Teresa Haidinger MD ,&nbsp;Martin Zweimüller MD ,&nbsp;Lena Stütz MD ,&nbsp;Dondue Demir MD ,&nbsp;Alexandra Kaider MSc ,&nbsp;Jeanette Strametz-Juranek MD","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing in industrialized countries. Preventive action is an important factor in minimizing CVD-associated morbidity and mortality. However, it is not known whether gender differences affect CVD or risk factor awareness influencing self-assessment of personal risk and preventive action.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study was performed to assess individual CVD and risk factor awareness, preventive action taken, and barriers to cardiovascular health.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>The study included 573 women and 336 men, randomly chosen to complete an anonymous questionnaire to assess individual CVD and risk factor awareness, preventive action taken, and barriers to cardiovascular health. The data were analyzed using SAS software.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Cardiovascular disease was identified in 75% of patients, in both sexes, as the leading cause of death; however, both groups showed significant lack of knowledge about CVD risk factors. Type 2 diabetes was identified correctly in only 27.5%. Preventive action was linked more often to family members in 66.5% of women and 62.8% of men. The primary barrier to cardiovascular health in adults was incorrect assessment of personal CVD risk. More than half of female respondents (56.4%) and male respondents (52.7%) underestimated their risk of CVD.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Knowledge about risk factors for CVD needs to be improved in members of both sexes. Because women, in particular, have difficulty in correctly assessing their personal CVD risk, future education programs are warranted to inform both women and men about CVD and its risk factors, thereby helping them to correctly assess their individual risk. However, greater effort is needed to inform men, compared with women, about the various ways in which to prevent CVD and to motivate them to take preventive action.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 94-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30523026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Y Chromosome Gene Expression in the Blood of Male Patients With Ischemic Stroke Compared With Male Controls","authors":"Yingfang Tian PhD ,&nbsp;Boryana Stamova PhD ,&nbsp;Glen C. Jickling MD ,&nbsp;Huichun Xu MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Dazhi Liu PhD ,&nbsp;Bradley P. Ander PhD ,&nbsp;Cheryl Bushnell MD ,&nbsp;Xinhua Zhan MD, PhD ,&nbsp;Renee J. Turner PhD ,&nbsp;Ryan R. Davis BS ,&nbsp;Piero Verro MD ,&nbsp;William C. Pevec MD ,&nbsp;Nasim Hedayati MD ,&nbsp;David L. Dawson MD ,&nbsp;Jane Khoury PhD ,&nbsp;Edward C. Jauch MD ,&nbsp;Arthur Pancioli MD ,&nbsp;Joseph P. Broderick MD ,&nbsp;Frank R. Sharp MD","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Sex is suggested to be an important determinant of ischemic stroke<span> risk factors, etiology, and outcome. However, the basis for this remains unclear. The Y chromosome is unique in males. Genes expressed in males on the Y chromosome that are associated with stroke may be important genetic contributors to the unique features of males with ischemic stroke, which would be helpful for explaining sex differences observed between men and women.</span></p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>We compared Y chromosome gene expression in males with ischemic stroke and male controls.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>Blood samples were obtained from 40 male patients ≤3, 5, and 24 hours after ischemic stroke and from 41 male controls (July 2003–April 2007). RNA was isolated from blood and was processed using Affymetrix Human U133 Plus 2.0 expression arrays (Affymetrix Inc., Santa Clara, California). Y chromosome genes differentially expressed between male patients with stroke and male control subjects were identified using an ANCOVA adjusted for age and batch. A </span><em>P</em> &lt; 0.05 and a fold change &gt;1.2 were considered significant.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Seven genes on the Y chromosome were differentially expressed in males with ischemic stroke compared with controls. Five of these genes (<span><em>VAMP7</em><span><em>, </em><em>CSF2RA</em><em>, SPRY3, DHRSX</em></span></span>, and <em>PLCXD1</em><span>) are located on pseudoautosomal regions of the human Y chromosome. The other 2 genes (</span><em>EIF1AY</em> and <em>DDX3Y</em><span><span>) are located on the nonrecombining region of the human Y chromosome. The identified genes were associated with immunology, </span>RNA metabolism<span>, vesicle fusion, and angiogenesis.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Specific genes on the Y chromosome are differentially expressed in blood after ischemic stroke. These genes provide insight into potential molecular contributors to sex differences in ischemic stroke.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 68-75.e3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30485911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age- and Ethnic-Specific Sex Differences in Stroke Risk","authors":"Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson MPH ,&nbsp;Jeffrey J. Wing MPH ,&nbsp;Brisa N. Sánchez PhD ,&nbsp;Devin L. Brown MD ,&nbsp;William J. Meurer MD ,&nbsp;Melinda A. Smith DrPh. ,&nbsp;Lewis B. Morgenstern MD ,&nbsp;Lynda D. Lisabeth PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In white populations, age seems to modify the effect of sex on stroke risk, and compared with men, women are protected from stroke until approximately age 75 to 85 years, after which the protection is lost or reversed. Compared with non-Hispanic whites (NHWs), Mexican Americans (MAs) are at higher risk of stroke; however, age- and sex-specific stroke incidence data are currently not available for this population.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study was performed to compare the age-specific sex differences in stroke risk in MAs and NHWs.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Data were derived from the BASIC (Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi) Project, a population-based stroke surveillance study conducted in Nueces County Texas. Incident strokes (n = 2421, including ischemic stroke<span>, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage) that occurred between January 1, 2000 and May 25, 2007 in individuals aged 45 years or older were included in the analysis. Poisson regression using the generalized additive models framework was used to analyze the relationship between sex, age (5-year intervals), and race/ethnicity (NHW or MA) and incident stroke risk.</span></p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Among both NHWs and MAs aged 45 to 79 years, men were at higher risk of stroke than women were. The magnitude of increased stroke risk in men compared with women diminished with age, and after age 79 years, no sex difference in stroke risk was observed.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Reasons for the loss of protection from stroke in aging women of all races/ethnicities are not fully understood, and further study is warranted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 121-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.02.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30525771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Following Muscle Trauma Leads to Improved Muscular Regeneration in Both Male and Female Rats","authors":"Philipp von Roth MD ,&nbsp;Georg N. Duda PhD ,&nbsp;Piotr Radojewski ,&nbsp;Bernd Preininger MD ,&nbsp;Carsten Perka MD ,&nbsp;Tobias Winkler MD, PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has the potential to enhance muscular regeneration<span>. In previous publications, our group was able to show a dose-response relationship in female animals between the amount of transplanted cells and muscle force. The impact of sex on the regeneration of musculoskeletal injuries following MSC transplantation remains unclear.</span></p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p><span>We investigated histologic and biomechanical regeneration parameters in rats after autologous transplantation of </span>MSCs. Our hypothesis was that female rats have greater muscle regeneration potential than male rats after autologous MSC transplantation.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley rats received an open crush trauma<span> of the left soleus muscle. One week after trauma, 2.5 × 10</span></span>⁶ autologous MSCs, harvested from tibial biopsies, were transplanted locally (female, n = 9; male, n = 9). Control animals received saline solution (female, n = 9; male, n = 9). Histologic analysis and biomechanical evaluation by in vivo muscle force measurement were performed 3 weeks after transplantation.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>MSC therapy improved the force of the injured soleus in male rats significantly (twitch: treated, 0.76 [0.51–1.15]; twitch: untreated, 0.45 [0.32–0.73] [<em>P</em><span> = 0.01]; tetany: treated, 0.63 [0.4–1.21], tetany: untreated, 0.34 [0.16–0.48] [</span><em>P</em> = 0.04]). Force measurements in females also revealed significant improvements (twitch: treated, 0.71 [0.38–0.96]; twitch: untreated, 0.36 [0.18–0.63] [<em>P</em> = 0.005]; tetany: treated, 0.53 [0.21–0.68]; tetany: untreated, 0.27 [0.11–0.47] [<em>P</em><span> = 0.01]). The intersexual comparison of fast twitch and tetanic contraction forces revealed no significance (twitch, </span><em>P</em> = 0.55; tetany, <em>P</em> = 0.19). The histologic analysis showed no differences in the amount of fibrotic tissue (male, <em>P</em> = 0.9; female, <em>P</em> = 0.14) and the size of muscle area (male, <em>P</em> = 0.2; female, <em>P</em><span> = 0.56) following treatment. Male animals showed higher values for muscle area (</span><em>P</em> = 0.011) and less fibrosis (<em>P</em> = 0.028), independent of treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The outcome of skeletal muscle regeneration after injury can be improved in animals of both sexes with MSC transplantation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":55124,"journal":{"name":"Gender Medicine","volume":"9 2","pages":"Pages 129-136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.genm.2012.01.007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30482687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}