International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology最新文献

{"title":"Ultrastructural dynamics of human reproduction, from ovulation to fertilization and early embryo development.","authors":"Giuseppe Familiari,&nbsp;Rosemarie Heyn,&nbsp;Michela Relucenti,&nbsp;Stefania A Nottola,&nbsp;A Henry Sathananthan","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)49002-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)49002-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study describes the updated, fine structure of human gametes, the human fertilization process, and human embryos, mainly derived from assisted reproductive technology (ART). As clearly shown, the ultrastructure of human reproduction is a peculiar multistep process, which differs in part from that of other mammalian models, having some unique features. Particular attention has been devoted to the (1) sperm ultrastructure, likely \"Tygerberg (Kruger) strict morphology criteria\"; (2) mature oocyte, in which the MII spindle is barrel shaped, anastral, and lacking centrioles; (3) three-dimensional microarchitecture of the zona pellucida with its unique supramolecular filamentous organization; (4) sperm-egg interactions with the peculiarity of the sperm centrosome that activates the egg and organizes the sperm aster and mitotic spindles of the embryo; and (5) presence of viable cumulus cells whose metabolic activity is closely related to egg and embryo behavior in in vitro as well as in vivo conditions, in a sort of extraovarian \"microfollicular unit.\" Even if the ultrastructural morphodynamic features of human fertilization are well understood, our knowledge about in vivo fertilization is still very limited and the complex sequence of in vivo biological steps involved in human reproduction is only partially reproduced in current ART procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"249 ","pages":"53-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)49002-1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26022787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A model for lymphatic regeneration in tissue repair of the intestinal muscle coat.","authors":"Hiroshi Shimoda,&nbsp;Seiji Kato","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)50003-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)50003-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The gastrointestinal lymphatic system, which comprises a network of thin-walled vessels, is essential for the regulation of tissue fluid volume, immune function, and transport of fatty nutrients. The identification of specific lymphatic endothelial markers has facilitated analyses of lymphatic organization and lymphangiogenesis during individual development and tissue repair. The intestinal muscle coat producing motor activity develops a dense maze-like lymphatic network by vascular sprouting consisting of thin lymphatic endothelial projections and splitting of the vessels. The lymphatic regeneration in the tissue repair of the intestinal muscle coat is essentially attributable to sprouting from preexisting lymphatics, and it progresses vigorously with vascular maturation. The regrowing lymphatic endothelial cells exhibit structural changes indicating a high migratory potential and a close association with regenerating stromal cells. The upregulation of VEGF-C, a specific lymphangiogenic molecule, in a subpopulation of the stromal cells probably contributes to lymphatic regeneration by activating its receptor, VEGFR-3, on the regrowing lymphatic endothelial cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"250 ","pages":"73-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)50003-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26157431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell biology of T cell activation and differentiation.","authors":"María Angélica Santana,&nbsp;Fernando Esquivel-Guadarrama","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)50006-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)50006-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>T cells are major components of the adaptive immune system. They can differentiate into two different populations of effector cells-type one and type two-and may also become tolerant. T cells respond to immune challenges by interacting with antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system. These latter cells can identify the nature of any immune challenge and initiate adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are the most important antigen-presenting cells in the body. The T cell recognizes both peptides associated with MHC molecules on the antigen-presenting cells and also other molecules in a complex structure known as an immunological synapse. The nature of the antigen, the cytokine environment, and other molecules on the dendritic cell surface instruct the T cells as to the response required. A better understanding of the biology of T cell responses offers the prospect of more effective therapeutic interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"250 ","pages":"217-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)50006-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26157433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human hair keratin-associated proteins (KAPs).","authors":"Michael A Rogers,&nbsp;Lutz Langbein,&nbsp;Silke Praetzel-Wunder,&nbsp;Hermelita Winter,&nbsp;Jürgen Schweizer","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)51006-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)51006-X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Elucidation of the genes encoding structural proteins of the human hair follicle has advanced rapidly during the last decade, complementing nearly three previous decades of research on this subject in other species. Primary among these advances was both the characterization of human hair keratins, as well as the hair keratin associated proteins (KAPs). This review describes the currently known human KAP families, their genomic organization, and their characteristics of expression. Furthermore, this report delves into further aspects, such as polymorphic variations in human KAP genes, the role that KAP proteins might play in hereditary hair diseases, as well as their modulation in several different transgenic mouse models displaying hair abnormalities.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"251 ","pages":"209-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)51006-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26227331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A two decade contribution of molecular cell biology to the centennial of Alzheimer's disease: are we progressing toward therapy?","authors":"Katleen Dillen,&nbsp;Wim Annaert","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)54005-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)54005-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD), described for the first time 100 years ago, is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by two neuropathological hallmarks: neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau and senile plaques. These lesions are likely initiated by an imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid beta, leading to increased oligomerization of these peptides, formation of amyloid plaques in the brain of the patient, and final dementia. Amyloid beta is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) by subsequent beta- and gamma-secretase cleavage, the latter being a multiprotein complex consisting of presenilin-1 or -2, nicastrin, APH-1, and PEN-2. Alternatively, APP can be cleaved by alpha- and gamma-secretase, precluding the production of Abeta. In this review, we discuss the major breakthroughs during the past two decades of molecular cell biology and the current genetic and cell biological state of the art on APP proteolysis, including structure-function relationships and subcellular localization. Finally, potential directions for cell biological research toward the development of AD therapies are briefly discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"254 ","pages":"215-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)54005-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26425500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The biology of the Gaucher cell: the cradle of human chitinases.","authors":"Anton P Bussink,&nbsp;Marco van Eijk,&nbsp;G Herma Renkema,&nbsp;Johannes M Aerts,&nbsp;Rolf G Boot","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)52001-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)52001-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disorder and is caused by inherited deficiencies of glucocerebrosidase, the enzyme responsible for the lysosomal breakdown of the lipid glucosylceramide. GD is characterized by the accumulation of pathological, lipid laden macrophages, so-called Gaucher cells. Following the development of enzyme replacement therapy for GD, the search for suitable surrogate disease markers resulted in the identification of a thousand-fold increased chitinase activity in plasma from symptomatic Gaucher patients and that decreases upon successful therapeutic intervention. Biochemical investigations identified a single enzyme, named chitotriosidase, to be responsible for this activity. Chitotriosidase was found to be an excellent marker for lipid laden macrophages in Gaucher patients and is now widely used to assist clinical management of patients. In the wake of the identification of chitotriosidase, the presence of other members of the chitinase family in mammals was discovered. Amongst these is AMCase, an enzyme recently implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Chitinases are omnipresent throughout nature and are also produced by vertebrates in which they play important roles in defence against chitin-containing pathogens and in food processing.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"252 ","pages":"71-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)52001-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26260880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant prevacuolar/endosomal compartments.","authors":"Beixin Mo,&nbsp;Yu Chung Tse,&nbsp;Liwen Jiang","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)53003-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)53003-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multivesicular endosomes or prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) are membrane-bound organelles that play an important role in mediating protein traffic in the secretory and endocytic pathways of eukaryotic cells. PVCs function as an intermediate compartment for sorting proteins from the Golgi apparatus to vacuoles, sending missorted proteins back to the Golgi from the PVC, and receiving proteins from plasma membrane in the endocytic pathway. PVCs have been identified as multivesicular bodies in mammalian cells and yeast and more recently in plant cells. Whereas much is known about PVC-mediated protein trafficking and PVC biogenesis in mammalian cells and yeast, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanism of plant PVCs. In this review, we summarize and discuss our understanding of the plant PVC and compare it with its counterparts in yeast and mammalian cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"253 ","pages":"95-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)53003-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26358134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell biology of mitochondrial dynamics.","authors":"Ben R Kiefel,&nbsp;Paul R Gilson,&nbsp;Peter L Beech","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)54004-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)54004-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mitochondria are the product of an ancient endosymbiotic event between an alpha-proteobacterium and an archael host. An early barrier to overcome in this relationship was the control of the bacterium's proliferation within the host. Undoubtedly, the bacterium (or protomitochondrion) would have used its own cell division apparatus to divide at first and, today a remnant of this system remains in some \"ancient\" and diverse eukaryotes such as algae and amoebae, the most conserved and widespread of all bacterial division proteins, FtsZ. In many of the eukaryotes that still use FtsZ to constrict the mitochondria from the inside, the mitochondria still resemble bacteria in shape and size. Eukaryotes, however, have a mitochondrial morphology that is often highly fluid, and in their tubular networks of mitochondria, division is clearly complemented by mitochondrial fusion. FtsZ is no longer used by these complex eukaryotes, and may have been replaced by other proteins better suited to sustaining complex mitochondrial networks. Although proteins that divide mitochondria from the inside are just beginning to be characterized in higher eukaryotes, many division proteins are known to act on the outside of the organelle. The most widespread of these are the dynamin-like proteins, which appear to have been recruited very early in the evolution of mitochondria. The essential nature of mitochondria dictates that their loss is intolerable to human cells, and that mutations disrupting mitochondrial division are more likely to be fatal than result in disease. To date, only one disease (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 2A) has been mapped to a gene that is required for mitochondrial division, whereas two other diseases can be attributed to mutations in mitochondrial fusion genes. Apart from playing a role in regulating the morphology, which might be important for efficient ATP production, research has indicated that the mitochondrial division and fusion proteins can also be important during apoptosis; mitochondrial fragmentation is an early triggering (and under many stimuli, essential) step in the pathway to cell suicide.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"254 ","pages":"151-213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)54004-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26425499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plant responses to UV radiation and links to pathogen resistance.","authors":"Bernard A Kunz,&nbsp;David M Cahill,&nbsp;Peter G Mohr,&nbsp;Megan J Osmond,&nbsp;Edward J Vonarx","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)55001-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)55001-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Increased incident ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to ozone depletion has heightened interest in plant responses to UV because solar UV wavelengths can reduce plant genome stability, growth, and productivity. These detrimental effects result from damage to cell components including nucleic acids, proteins, and membrane lipids. As obligate phototrophs, plants must counter the onslaught of cellular damage due to prolonged exposure to sunlight. They do so by attenuating the UV dose received through accumulation of UV-absorbing secondary metabolites, neutralizing reactive oxygen species produced by UV, monomerizing UV-induced pyrimidine dimers by photoreactivation, extracting UV photoproducts from DNA via nucleotide excision repair, and perhaps transiently tolerating the presence of DNA lesions via replicative bypass of the damage. The signaling mechanisms controlling these responses suggest that UV exposure also may be beneficial to plants by increasing cellular immunity to pathogens. Indeed, pathogen resistance can be enhanced by UV treatment, and recent experiments suggest DNA damage and its processing may have a role.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"255 ","pages":"1-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)55001-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26451767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Roles of DNA polymerases in replication, repair, and recombination in eukaryotes.","authors":"Youri I Pavlov,&nbsp;Polina V Shcherbakova,&nbsp;Igor B Rogozin","doi":"10.1016/S0074-7696(06)55002-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)55002-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The functioning of the eukaryotic genome depends on efficient and accurate DNA replication and repair. The process of replication is complicated by the ongoing decomposition of DNA and damage of the genome by endogenous and exogenous factors. DNA damage can alter base coding potential resulting in mutations, or block DNA replication, which can lead to double-strand breaks (DSB) and to subsequent chromosome loss. Replication is coordinated with DNA repair systems that operate in cells to remove or tolerate DNA lesions. DNA polymerases can serve as sensors in the cell cycle checkpoint pathways that delay cell division until damaged DNA is repaired and replication is completed. Eukaryotic DNA template-dependent DNA polymerases have different properties adapted to perform an amazingly wide spectrum of DNA transactions. In this review, we discuss the structure, the mechanism, and the evolutionary relationships of DNA polymerases and their possible functions in the replication of intact and damaged chromosomes, DNA damage repair, and recombination.</p>","PeriodicalId":54930,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Cytology-A Survey of Cell Biology","volume":"255 ","pages":"41-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/S0074-7696(06)55002-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"26451768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}