International Review of Hydrobiology最新文献

{"title":"Temperature Drives Macrophyte Species Composition in Streams and Ponds of Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon","authors":"Lucimar S. Carvalho,&nbsp;Thaisa S. Michelan,&nbsp;Rayssa S. Carmo,&nbsp;Leandro Juen,&nbsp;Solana Meneghel Boschilia,&nbsp;Francieli F. Bomfim,&nbsp;Jean Carlo Gonçalves Ortega","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1002/iroh.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Changes in the landscape surrounding aquatic systems can alter the physical and chemical properties of water, leading to shifts in species composition and ecosystem services. Aquatic macrophytes are among the biological groups affected by local and landscape changes. In this study, we investigate the species richness and beta diversity of macrophytes in streams and ponds under different land uses in Marajó Island, Pará, Brazil. Sampling was conducted in 36 ponds and 26 streams in October 2022 and June 2023. Limnological variables were measured at each sampling site using a multiparameter probe, and land use was determined using satellite images. We recorded 120 species belonging to 38 families. In streams, 89 species were recorded (74% of the total species sampled), and in the lakes, 85 species were recorded (71%). There was no significant difference in macrophyte species richness between ponds and streams; however, macrophyte species composition differed between these systems, with exclusive species in each system. Dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity showed substantial variation among sites but were not associated with macrophyte composition or richness; only temperature was associated with species composition. Our findings highlight the great diversity of macrophyte species and the importance of conserving different water bodies to maintain biodiversity. Future studies should incorporate flood pulse dynamics and connectivity to enhance understanding of the factors shaping macrophyte species and to inform the development of effective conservation strategies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146223953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Trophic Competition Between the European Perch Perca fluviatilis and Pikeperch Sander lucioperca","authors":"Mathieu Toutain,&nbsp;Phillip J. Haubrock,&nbsp;Nadège Belouard,&nbsp;Irmak Kurtul,&nbsp;Sadi Aksu,&nbsp;Özgür Emiroglu,&nbsp;Ali Serhan Tarkan,&nbsp;Paride Balzani","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1002/iroh.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The European perch <i>Perca fluviatilis</i> and pikeperch <i>Sander lucioperca</i> can co-occur, potentially competing for food resources. However, few studies have addressed the potential feeding competition between these species. We used carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis to assess the potential trophic competition between these species in two Turkish ecosystems, a natural lake where both species are native (Lake Gala), and a reservoir where both have been introduced (Sığırcı). We found a significant positive relationship for <i>S. lucioperca</i> between δ¹³C and size in Lake Gala, suggesting higher consumption of benthic/littoral prey in bigger individuals, but not in the Sığırcı reservoir nor for <i>P. fluviatilis</i>. A positive relationship between δ¹⁵N and size was also found in the Sığırcı reservoir for both species, indicating that trophic position increased with age, while in Lake Gala <i>P. fluviatilis</i> showed a negative relationship, possibly due to consumption of abundant prey from lower trophic levels. In Lake Gala, the isotopic niches overlapped and were larger in <i>S. lucioperca</i>, while in the Sığırcı reservoir they were segregated and larger in <i>P. fluviatilis</i>. Our results show that the trophic niches of <i>P. fluvatilis</i> and <i>S. lucioperca</i> can overlap, leading to potential interspecific competition.</p>","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iroh.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146256330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Water Temperature Mitigates the Inhibitory Effect of Tetracycline, a Common Antibiotic, on the Wetland Invasive Plant Alternanthera philoxeroides","authors":"Bing-Nan Zhao,&nbsp;Zi-Yang Xie,&nbsp;Xin-Xin Wang,&nbsp;Xiao-Ran Chen,&nbsp;Jia-Yi Li,&nbsp;Hao Jing,&nbsp;Bin Liu,&nbsp;Rui Zhang,&nbsp;Chao Si","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Antibiotic pollution and rising water temperature collectively pose serious challenges to wetlands. However, how invasive plants respond to such combined stressors remains poorly understood. This study examined the growth and physiological responses of <i>Alternanthera philoxeroides</i>, a widespread invasive plant in China, to tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) at four concentrations (0, 2, 20, and 200 mg L⁻¹) under two water temperature conditions (20°C and 35°C). The results indicated that high TC concentrations (20 and 200 mg L⁻¹) significantly inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll content, while increasing oxidative stress as reflected by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In contrast, elevated temperature (35°C) enhanced growth performance and reduced oxidative damage. Notably, elevated water temperature reduced the inhibitory effects of TC on <i>A. philoxeroides</i>. These findings suggest that warming may facilitate the invasion of <i>A. philoxeroides</i> in antibiotic-polluted wetlands. This study provides a critical perspective for predicting and managing plant invasions under global change and emphasizes the importance of considering interactive stressors in ecological risk assessment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146680278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated Water Temperature Mitigates the Inhibitory Effect of Tetracycline, a Common Antibiotic, on the Wetland Invasive Plant Alternanthera philoxeroides","authors":"Bing-Nan Zhao,&nbsp;Zi-Yang Xie,&nbsp;Xin-Xin Wang,&nbsp;Xiao-Ran Chen,&nbsp;Jia-Yi Li,&nbsp;Hao Jing,&nbsp;Bin Liu,&nbsp;Rui Zhang,&nbsp;Chao Si","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.70035","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Antibiotic pollution and rising water temperature collectively pose serious challenges to wetlands. However, how invasive plants respond to such combined stressors remains poorly understood. This study examined the growth and physiological responses of <i>Alternanthera philoxeroides</i>, a widespread invasive plant in China, to tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) at four concentrations (0, 2, 20, and 200 mg L⁻¹) under two water temperature conditions (20°C and 35°C). The results indicated that high TC concentrations (20 and 200 mg L⁻¹) significantly inhibited plant growth and reduced chlorophyll content, while increasing oxidative stress as reflected by increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. In contrast, elevated temperature (35°C) enhanced growth performance and reduced oxidative damage. Notably, elevated water temperature reduced the inhibitory effects of TC on <i>A. philoxeroides</i>. These findings suggest that warming may facilitate the invasion of <i>A. philoxeroides</i> in antibiotic-polluted wetlands. This study provides a critical perspective for predicting and managing plant invasions under global change and emphasizes the importance of considering interactive stressors in ecological risk assessment.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146680277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Trends on Trace Element Contamination in Brazilian Urban Lentic Ecosystems: Environmental and Policy Drivers","authors":"Maria C. F. Neuenschwander,&nbsp;Thaís C. Paiva,&nbsp;José F. Bezerra-Neto,&nbsp;Camila C. Amorim,&nbsp;Daniele Kasper","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/iroh.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lentic ecosystems are vulnerable to contamination by trace elements, which can accumulate and pose risks to aquatic life and human health. In a large, developing country such as Brazil, marked by vast geographic, environmental, and socioeconomic diversity, it is crucial to understand how these factors shape research on this group of contaminants. Here, we conducted a systematic review of 65 studies published between 1980 and 2023 on Brazilian urban lentic systems, retrieved from Web of Science and Scopus databases. Research output increased sharply after 2011, with 73% of studies published in the last decade. Geographically, half of the studies were conducted in the Southeast region, especially in large urban areas within the Atlantic Forest biome, while the North and Central-West regions together accounted for less than 15%. Industrial zones were the most frequently studied land use, and sediment was the most common matrix. Copper, lead, chromium, zinc, and nickel were the most frequently reported trace elements, whereas toxic elements such as arsenic and mercury were infrequently studied. This review provides a quantitative synthesis of research on trace element contamination in Brazilian urban lentic ecosystems. The findings highlight critical gaps, including the underrepresentation of North and Central-West regions, the limited use of biological matrices, and the neglect of mercury and arsenic, despite their ecological and toxicological relevance. Addressing these gaps is essential to improve ecotoxicological risk assessments, strengthen the integration between environmental monitoring and public health, and guide evidence-based policies for pollution control in vulnerable aquatic systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iroh.70032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Topic Modeling of Fatty Acid Studies: Evaluating Environmental Changes in Freshwater Ecosystems","authors":"A. C. Campos,&nbsp;B. Gücker,&nbsp;I. G. Boëchat","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70030","DOIUrl":"10.1002/iroh.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fatty acids (FAs) are biochemical molecules with vital structural and metabolic functions in all living organisms. Over the last decades, FA analysis in ecological studies has garnered significant attention due to its diverse applicability, such as taxonomic support for species identification, investigations on trophic interactions, and environmental monitoring of aquatic ecosystems. Here, we reviewed the usage of FAs in ecological studies analyzing environmental changes in freshwater systems by applying a Topic Modelling Analysis to a total of 119 papers previously extracted by a systematic search in Web of Science, followed by ordination analyses. The analysis revealed topic similarities among publications and assessed topic popularity—hot, neutral, and cold topics—based on their prevalence over the years. Topics such as “Seasonality and land-use effects”, “Environmental/temperature stress in biofilms”, “Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (HUFAs) in plankton”, and “FAs in fish tissues” were classified as hot topics, with the first two experiencing an increasing trend since 2015. Topics classified as neutral included “Total lipids in invertebrates” and “FAs in river organic matter”. Cold topics included “Food quality for Daphnia”, “FA markers in sediments”, and “Trophic transfer in reservoirs/fish farms”. Topic modeling revealed 12 distinct research topics, indicating that the use of FAs as markers for environmental changes in freshwater ecosystems is a diverse and multifaceted field. This research spans various communities, ecosystem compartments, and types of environmental change, with most topics showing a stable publication trend over time. To enhance future research in this area, it is recommended that FA fingerprinting be further developed to target specific impacts and communities, particularly in the context of multiple stressors on freshwater ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iroh.70030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Head Dam Removal Restores Biofilm Structure but Not Function in a Temperate Stream","authors":"Julia Pasqualini,&nbsp;Christine Anlanger,&nbsp;Clara Mendoza-Lera,&nbsp;Patrick Fink,&nbsp;Andreas Lorke,&nbsp;Markus Weitere,&nbsp;Ulisses Nunes da Rocha,&nbsp;Kay Knöller,&nbsp;Travis Meador,&nbsp;Mario Brauns","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Barrier removal is a common stream restoration practice aimed at restoring longitudinal connectivity, yet its effects on biofilm structure and function, through alteration of near-bed hydrodynamics, remain unclear. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we assessed how the presence and removal of a low-head dam affect biofilm structure and function. We quantified near-bed hydrodynamics and biofilm structure and function across three reaches in a temperate stream: one impacted by a low-head dam, one in reference condition, and one restored where a low-head dam was removed over a decade ago. In each reach, we quantified near-bed hydrodynamics, and biofilm structural (microbial <i>α</i>-diversity, biomass, Chlorophyll <i>a</i>, bacterial abundance) and functional parameters (nitrate (N-NO₃⁻) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake), along with microbial community composition. We found that the low-head dam altered near-bed hydrodynamics, as well as biofilm structure and function. Restoration successfully reestablished near-bed hydrodynamics similar to those observed at the reference site, which coincided with the recovery of impaired biofilm structural parameters. However, biofilm DOC uptake remained significantly lower in the restored reach compared to the control, indicating a persistent impairment despite restoration. Presence–absence patterns of specific taxa explained a small (15%), but consistent, fraction of the variance in DOC uptake, suggesting that the occurrence of particular microbial groups may be linked to the incomplete DOC uptake recovery. Our results suggest that dam-induced alterations in near-bed hydrodynamics largely explain the structural changes observed in biofilms. Restoring near-bed hydrodynamics supports the recovery of biofilm structure, but functional recovery remains incomplete. Therefore, hydromorphological restoration alone, while necessary, is unlikely to fully restore ecosystem functioning. Our study highlights the need to integrate biological and biogeochemical targets when assessing restoration success.</p>","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iroh.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Head Dam Removal Restores Biofilm Structure but Not Function in a Temperate Stream","authors":"Julia Pasqualini,&nbsp;Christine Anlanger,&nbsp;Clara Mendoza-Lera,&nbsp;Patrick Fink,&nbsp;Andreas Lorke,&nbsp;Markus Weitere,&nbsp;Ulisses Nunes da Rocha,&nbsp;Kay Knöller,&nbsp;Travis Meador,&nbsp;Mario Brauns","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Barrier removal is a common stream restoration practice aimed at restoring longitudinal connectivity, yet its effects on biofilm structure and function, through alteration of near-bed hydrodynamics, remain unclear. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we assessed how the presence and removal of a low-head dam affect biofilm structure and function. We quantified near-bed hydrodynamics and biofilm structure and function across three reaches in a temperate stream: one impacted by a low-head dam, one in reference condition, and one restored where a low-head dam was removed over a decade ago. In each reach, we quantified near-bed hydrodynamics, and biofilm structural (microbial <i>α</i>-diversity, biomass, Chlorophyll <i>a</i>, bacterial abundance) and functional parameters (nitrate (N-NO₃⁻) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) uptake), along with microbial community composition. We found that the low-head dam altered near-bed hydrodynamics, as well as biofilm structure and function. Restoration successfully reestablished near-bed hydrodynamics similar to those observed at the reference site, which coincided with the recovery of impaired biofilm structural parameters. However, biofilm DOC uptake remained significantly lower in the restored reach compared to the control, indicating a persistent impairment despite restoration. Presence–absence patterns of specific taxa explained a small (15%), but consistent, fraction of the variance in DOC uptake, suggesting that the occurrence of particular microbial groups may be linked to the incomplete DOC uptake recovery. Our results suggest that dam-induced alterations in near-bed hydrodynamics largely explain the structural changes observed in biofilms. Restoring near-bed hydrodynamics supports the recovery of biofilm structure, but functional recovery remains incomplete. Therefore, hydromorphological restoration alone, while necessary, is unlikely to fully restore ecosystem functioning. Our study highlights the need to integrate biological and biogeochemical targets when assessing restoration success.</p>","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iroh.70027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145887571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on aquatic ecosystems - freshwater and marine environments and their management","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.70028","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"110 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/iroh.70028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Stable States in Brackish and Marine Ecosystems—Where Are We After 50 Years of Investigations?","authors":"Irmgard Blindow,&nbsp;Sabine Hilt,&nbsp;Rhena Schumann","doi":"10.1002/iroh.70026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>About 50 years after the first publications on the existence of alternative stable states (ASS) in ecosystems, the concept has become widely accepted. However, there is still a diverse terminology and no consensus about which criteria must be fulfilled, and what kind of investigations or data are suitable for proving the existence of ASS. Most empirical observations report sudden shifts between stable states or equilibria. However, they usually fail to demonstrate that forward and backward shifts occur at different threshold levels of a gradually changing external driver. This is a key requirement for hysteresis and ecosystem states to be considered “alternative.” We suggest that evidence for ASS should be based on field observations or experimental field investigations, ideally combined with modeling and laboratory experiments on specific stabilizing mechanisms, and fulfill all four of the criteria: (1) sudden shifts between states, (2) the occurrence of a hysteresis, (3) sufficient spatial and temporal scales, and (4) the presence of efficient feedback mechanisms stabilizing each state. In marine and brackish ecosystems, a number of investigations, especially from shallow environments, seem to fulfill these criteria, but few come from large and deep bodies of water. Several studies have assumed the presence of ASS in shallow brackish lagoons along the Baltic Sea. Strong feedback is exhibited in the turbid state when it is dominated by cyanobacteria, while feedback mechanisms in the macrophyte-dominated state require further investigation. For successful management, understanding ASS and, especially, the most efficient stabilizing feedback mechanisms is essential to reach and maintain a good ecosystem status.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":54928,"journal":{"name":"International Review of Hydrobiology","volume":"110 2","pages":"166-172"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145761211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}