{"title":"Multi-agent adaptive frequency block selection of LEO satellites for interference avoidance","authors":"Jihyeon Yun;Taegun An;Bon-Jun Ku;Daesub Oh;Changhee Joo","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000072","url":null,"abstract":"We develop adaptive frequency block allocation schemes to mitigate the interference between intelligent low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites. As satellite networks attract increasing attention, the demand for limited frequency resources is expected to surge, creating a need for more efficient frequency utilization techniques. In particular, intelligent and dynamic frequency allocation methods will be more popular, which underscores the necessity for novel frequency resource allocation algorithms that take these considerations into account. In this work, we introduce two resource allocation strategies that exploit multi-agent reinforcement learning: the unmodified terrestrial-to-satellite (UTS) strategy that extends previous terrestrial method to the satellite environment, and the adapted satellite-specific (ASS) strategy that is tailored to satellite communication systems. Through simulations in both controlled and interference-prone environments, we evaluate and compare their performance, showing that, compared to the UTS strategy, the proposed ASS strategy improves throughput by up to 38% and reduces collision rate by up to 89% across different interference scenarios. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of customized resource allocation strategies in dynamic LEO satellite environments, paving the way for more efficient and scalable satellite communication systems in 6G networks.","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"28 1","pages":"52-60"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11334030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147275007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A secure semantic communication system based on knowledge graph","authors":"Qin Guo;Haonan Tong;Sihua Wang;Peiyuan Si;Jun Zhao;Changchuan Yin","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000074","url":null,"abstract":"This study proposes a novel approach to ensure the security of textual data transmission in a semantic communication system. In the proposed system, a sender transmits textual information to a receiver, while a potential eavesdropper attempts to intercept the information. At the sender side, the text is initially preprocessed, where each sentence is annotated with its corresponding topic, and subsequently extracted into a knowledge graph. To achieve the secure transmission of the knowledge graph, we propose a channel encryption scheme that integrates constellation diagonal transformation with multiparameter weighted fractional Fourier transform (MP-WFRFT). At the receiver side, the textual data is first decrypted, and then recovered via a transformer model. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces the probability of information compromise. The legitimate receiver achieves a bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU) score of 0.9, whereas the BLEU score of the eavesdropper remains below 0.3. Compared to the baselines, the proposed method can improve the security by up to 20%.","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"28 1","pages":"98-110"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11333397","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147275008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Contrastive learning based network attack classifier for imbalanced data","authors":"Mugon Joe;Miru Kim;Minhae Kwon","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000082","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid development of network systems has highlighted the critical importance of robust network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) for ensuring security. A key challenge in developing effective NIDS is class imbalance, where certain traffic types dominate while others have significantly fewer samples. This issue can be addressed by generating appropriate representations for each class within an imbalanced distribution. This study develops a training framework to tackle class imbalance in NIDS. To mitigate class imbalance, we employ contrastive learning to enhance feature representations. In this process, pairs of samples are selected such that one sample is drawn based on its original probability in the dataset, while the other sample is chosen using the inverse of this probability. We also propose a novel approach for refining borderline samples, improving the classification accuracy of samples near decision boundaries. Extensive simulations are conducted on six datasets, including real-world datasets, comparing the proposed method with state-of-the-art algorithms. The results demonstrate that the proposed solution achieves superior accuracy, outperforming all existing methods with an average improvement of 9.92%.","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"28 1","pages":"86-97"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11334026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147274991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Network optimization algorithm for 6G enabled touch-technology system using graph theory","authors":"Mantisha Gupta;Rakesh Kumar Jha;Santosh Sharma","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000006","url":null,"abstract":"The evolutions in communication technologies demand high-performance processing units and reliable back- hauling lines for the management of vast data in wireless networks. A reliable low-latency network is, therefore, essential for efficient data transfer, system maintenance, and information dissemination. This paper analyzes a backbone network system, for consideration in the real-time deployment and analysis of touch technology interfacing middleware networks. The proposed layer-wise network deployed using graph theory underscores an ultra-reliable, low-latency network design for optimal network performance. The algorithm selects symmetric or asymmetric deployed networks based on the topology and application requirements, ensuring minimum latency. The network optimizes throughput, latency, and data transfer for efficient connectivity between sources and destinations. It connects to controllers and edge devices at the user end, ensuring reliable data transfer and efficient communication. The computational time of the deployed network path between the source and destination end is evaluated and compared with popular algorithms, determining the computational complexity of the deployed network. Finally, the computational complexities between existing network approaches and the proposed deployed network are compared. This paper thus outlines optimal network design for touch technology systems in 6G.","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"28 1","pages":"111-126"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11334027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147275002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing spectral efficiency through user clustering in user-centric cell-free massive MIMO environment for 6G wireless network","authors":"Pooya Hejazi;Masoud Sabaei","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000085","url":null,"abstract":"Delivering low-latency, high-throughput wireless communication in the terahertz (THz) frequency range presents challenges for 6G implementation, including signal distortion and destructive interference. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel approach using multi-antenna beamforming with massive MIMO technology at base-stations (BS) and user equipment (UE). Our centralized optimization mechanism improves spectral efficiency (SE) by clustering UEs within a user-centric cell-free massive MIMO framework. We propose an optimization problem to jointly determine user clustering and BS assignment to maximize total throughput. In this architecture, multi-antenna beamforming at the BSs enables spatially directed transmission and reception, while non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is employed within each cluster to allow multiple UEs to share subcarriers. Uplink signals are resolved using successive interference cancellation (SIC), and downlink precoding leverages estimated uplink channels. This combination ensures efficient resource reuse and robust connectivity even under high user density. Experimental results demonstrate its superiority over existing methods in diverse 6G scenarios, effectively addressing the challenges and requirements of future wireless networks while maintaining computational efficiency.","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"28 1","pages":"30-39"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11333394","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147275006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Digital twin-aided distributed contextual bandit learning for computation offloading in dynamic fog computing networks","authors":"Hoa Tran-Dang;Dong-Seong Kim","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000081","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we propose a novel approach for parallel task computation in dynamic fog computing networks, leveraging digital twin technology and distributed contextual bandit learning. Our method, digital twin-aided distributed contextual bandit learning (DT-DCBL), utilizes digital twins to create real-time virtual representations of fog network components, capturing their dynamic states and behaviors. This enables accurate modeling of network conditions, device capabilities, and task workloads. We employ Thompson Sampling within the contextual bandit framework to address the exploration-exploitation dilemma, efficiently learning the uncertain environment of the fog network. To optimize task offloading, we incorporate matching theory, ensuring effective pairing between task nodes and helper nodes based on their individual preferences and capabilities. By combining these advanced techniques, DT-DCBL facilitates adaptive and efficient task allocation, significantly reducing task execution latency and enhancing resource utilization in fog computing networks. Our simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms traditional methods, achieving superior performance in terms of delay reduction and computational efficiency in dynamic fog environments.","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"28 1","pages":"61-72"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11334025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147274998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antenna height and angular protection methods to mitigate base station interference on radar altimeters","authors":"Jiaqi Li;Seung-Hoon Hwang","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000069","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes two interference mitigation methods to evaluate the feasibility of coexistence between existing radar altimeter services and emerging 5G as well as potentially 6G cellular services in the C-band. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate the cumulative interference power from ground base stations on radar altimeters. Our results demonstrate that the antenna height protection scheme can help achieve coexistence only when the ground base station is equipped with the 4-by-4 and 8-by-8 antenna arrays in rural, suburban, and urban environments. Specifically, when using the angular protection method, ground base stations with 4-by-4, 8-by-8, or 16-by-8 antenna arrays can coexist with radar altimeters, except the ground base stations equipped with the 16-by-8 antenna array in the rural environment.","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"27 6","pages":"440-453"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11334028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Information for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000095","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"27 6","pages":"555-559"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11333396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sum rate maximization for UAV-assisted symbiotic radio system","authors":"Xinxin Yang;Qi Zhu","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000061","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, symbiotic radio systems have garnered significant attention from academia and industry for addressing the challenges of spectrum scarcity and energy consumption in large-scale Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. At the same time, due to the wide distribution of IoT devices, some remote areas cannot be covered by mobile networks. Introducing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) into wireless networks can improve network coverage performance and increase spectrum utilization. Therefore, this paper proposes a joint optimization algorithm for channel allocation, reflection coefficients and UAV's position for a UAV-assisted symbiotic radio system consisting of multiple primary users (PUs) and multiple backscatter devices (BDs). Under the constraints of energy and the quality of service (QoS) of the primary transmission system, the optimization problem of sum rate maximization in the backscatter communication system is constructed. The Kuhn-Munkres (KM) algorithm is used to solve the channel optimal matching problem. Based on the block coordinate descent (BCD) algorithm, the non-convex problem is decomposed into three subproblems: transmission power, BDs' reflection coefficients and UAV's position. The transmission power subproblem is solved in two cases where the number of BDs is less than/greater than the number of PUs, and the expression of the optimal solution of the reflection coefficient is derived. The Nelder-Mead algorithm is used to solve the UAV's position subproblem. Finally, the global optimal solution is obtained through global iteration. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves strong convergence and significantly enhances the sum rate of backscatter communication in UAV-assisted symbiotic radio systems.","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"27 6","pages":"454-463"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11333399","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Reviewer list for 2025","authors":"","doi":"10.23919/JCN.2025.000100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.23919/JCN.2025.000100","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54864,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Communications and Networks","volume":"27 6","pages":"548-550"},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11333395","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145904306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}