Pediatric Neurosurgery最新文献

{"title":"Peri-Sylvian Fissure Developmental Venous Anomaly","authors":"Stephanie Serva, Ashley Brones, A. Boylan, C. Wilkinson","doi":"10.1159/000524800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524800","url":null,"abstract":"A 9-year-old male presented to the Children's Colorado Emergency Department (ED) after losing consciousness and falling face-first onto a sidewalk while being escorted from a 4th of July parade. He had a mild headache and nausea that worsened as the parade progressed. En route to the hospital, his temperature was 105℉ and he had a tonic-clonic seizure. He had had a head injury one week prior. He had been jumping on a trampoline with siblings when his sister landed on his head. There was no loss of consciousness and he denied headache or nausea afterward. Computed tomography (CT) of his head (not shown) had been reportedly negative. By the time he arrived at the ED this time, he was awake but still had a headache and nausea. On examination, he had nuchal rigidity with gait ataxia and positive Romberg testing. Head CT (Fig. 1A) showed a focal linear hyperdensity in the region of the left Sylvian fissure. There was concern for subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) given his two recent head injuries. Later, the same hyperdensity was retrospectively noted on his previous CT. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging with angiography (MRI/MRA) (Fig. 1B) revealed the hyperdensity to be a large left temporal lobe developmental venous anomaly (DVA). There was no aneurysm. By the next morning, the patient's symptoms and findings had all resolved. It was thought that he had suffered acute hyperthermia. Developmental venous anomalies of the brain are congenital abnormalities that arise from incomplete development of the venous system. They can be found in up to 2.6 % of autopsy studies and are thought to be harmless. They can be associated with sporadic cerebral cavernous malformations. Rare cases of hemorrhage have been reported, but usually in association with cavernous malformations. As DVAs provide venous drainage to the brain, it is important not to damage them during resection of cavernous malformations. The Sylvian fissure is a common place for both posttraumatic and aneurysmal SAH. Sometimes, after trauma, it is unclear whether SAH resulted from the trauma or from aneurysmal rupture. As shown in this report, however, hyperdensity in the region of the Sylvian fissure on CT may not represent SAH. In certain circumstances, if further imaging is being contemplated to search for the source of SAH, providers may consider MRI/MRA with contrast versus CT or catheter angiography, as other lesions will be better seen on MR imaging.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"222 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47682906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Outcomes of Deep Brain Stimulation for Pediatric Dystonia","authors":"Camille Malatt, M. Tagliati","doi":"10.1159/000524577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524577","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been utilized for over two decades to treat medication-refractory dystonia in children. Short-term benefit has been demonstrated for inherited, isolated, and idiopathic cases, with less efficacy in heredodegenerative and acquired dystonia. The ongoing publication of long-term outcomes warrants a critical assessment of available information as pediatric patients are expected to live most of their lives with these implants. Summary: We performed a review of the literature for data describing motor and neuropsychiatric outcomes, in addition to complications, 5 or more years after DBS placement in patients undergoing DBS surgery for dystonia at an age younger than 21. We identified 20 articles including individual data on long-term motor outcomes after DBS for a total of 78 patients. In addition, we found five articles reporting long-term outcomes after DBS in 9 patients with status dystonicus. Most patients were implanted within the globus pallidus internus, with only a few cases targeting the subthalamic nucleus and ventrolateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus. The average follow-up was 8.5 years, with a range of up to 22 years. Long-term outcomes showed a sustained motor benefit, with median Burke-Fahn-Marsden dystonia rating score improvement ranging from 2.5% to 93.2% in different dystonia subtypes. Patients with inherited, isolated, and idiopathic dystonias had greater improvement than those with heredodegenerative and acquired dystonias. Sustained improvements in quality of life were also reported, without the development of significant cognitive or psychiatric comorbidities. Late adverse events tended to be hardware-related, with minimal stimulation-induced effects. Key Messages: While data regarding long-term outcomes is somewhat limited, particularly with regards to neuropsychiatric outcomes and adverse events, improvement in motor outcomes appears to be preserved more than 5 years after DBS placement.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"225 - 237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47784217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paediatric Cavernous Malformation of the Trigeminal Nerve: Case Report and Review of the Literature","authors":"D. Thompson, A. Zammit, J. Yuen, Charles Hand, M. Likeman, W. Singleton, R. Nelson, G. Fellows","doi":"10.1159/000524522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524522","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Intradural, extra-axial cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are rare entities and are mostly reported in relation to the optic apparatus or the facial/vestibulocochlear complex. Cranial nerve CCMs tend to follow a clinically aggressive course, with a tendency to progressive neurological dysfunction following intra-lesional haemorrhage or less commonly due to the effects of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Case Presentation: We report the first case of a trigeminal CCM presenting in a child with otalgia and left-sided headaches. The patient was initially managed with radiological surveillance but required surgical management following deterioration. We describe the successful treatment of the lesion with microsurgical resection. Conclusion: A CCM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mass lesions arising in the region of the trigeminal nerve. Surgical resection is recommended to prevent neurological deterioration and may result in significant symptomatic improvement.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"207 - 212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48940570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intracranial Aneurysm in Pediatric Population: A Single-Center Experience","authors":"G. D. de Aguiar, A. Ozanne, A. Elawady, T. Samoyeau, H. Niknejad, J. Caroff, Jeickson Vergara Martinez, C. Mihalea, S. Gallas, V. Chalumeau, L. Ikka, J. Moret, L. Spelle","doi":"10.1159/000524523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524523","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Pediatric intracranial aneurysms (PIA) are rarer and more complex when compared to adult aneurysms. In general, the clinical presentation of PIA is due to a mass effect, but the presenting symptoms can be also related to ischemia, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), or in a combination of different symptoms. This paper aimed to report a single-center experience with clinical and angiographic aspects of brain aneurysm in children. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our prospectively maintained database for patients with intracranial aneurysms in our institution from July 2015 to February 2021. Among these, all patients under 18 years of age submitted to a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure for an intracranial aneurysm were included. Results: Twelve patients were submitted to diagnostic or therapeutic procedures in our department. Three of them had multiple aneurysms, and in total, 17 intracranial aneurysms were assessed in this study. The most frequent location was in the middle cerebral artery (7 cases/41%). Five out of twelve children (42%) presented SAH due to ruptured aneurysm. Three patients (25%) had symptoms due to the mass effect from large aneurysms, with compression of cranial nerves or brainstem. Aneurysms diameters ranged from 1.5 mm to 34 mm (mean 14.2 mm), with six aneurysms being giant and eight being nonsaccular/fusiform. Twelve aneurysms were submitted to endovascular treatment, with one treatment-related clinical complication and later death. Conclusion: PIAs are rare diseases that can arise from a variety of different underlying pathological mechanisms. The management of these conditions requires a detailed understanding of the pathology and a multidisciplinary approach. Despite the availability of new technologies, parent vessel occlusion remains a valid option for aneurysms in the pediatric population.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"270 - 278"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48449660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Eyebrow Approach for the Management of Pediatric Frontal Epidural Abscesses Secondary to Diffuse Sinusitis","authors":"Hana Hallak, Hussam Abou-Al-Shaar, A. Mallela, M. Mcdowell, Noel Jabbour, R. Padia, S. Greene, I. Pollack","doi":"10.1159/000524537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524537","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Minimally invasive approaches to the anterior cranial fossa have evolved over the past few decades. The management of frontal epidural abscesses (EDAs) secondary to diffuse sinusitis in the pediatric population using minimally invasive techniques is scarcely reported in the literature. Herein, we report the utilization of a minimally invasive eyebrow approach for multidisciplinary concurrent evacuation of frontal EDA secondary to diffuse sinusitis and trephination of the frontal sinus in three pediatric patients. Case Reports: Three pediatric patients presented to the emergency room with severe headaches, visual changes, somnolence, and significant facial and periorbital swelling. Imaging revealed diffuse sinusitis with focal frontal epidural extension. In all cases, progressive clinical deterioration along with the radiographic findings mandated urgent surgical intervention. The eyebrow approach allowed for concomitant evacuation of the frontal EDA and trephination of the frontal sinus followed by functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the same setting. All patients tolerated the procedure well with complete resolution of their symptoms at the completion of antibiotic therapy and complete resolution of the EDA. Conclusion: The eyebrow approach is a minimally invasive technique that should be considered as part of the armamentarium in the management of select EDA in the pediatric population. It allows for multidisciplinary collaboration between neurosurgeons and otolaryngologists for concomitant evacuation of the EDA and trephination of the frontal sinus. This approach is a feasible, safe, and effective minimally invasive technique that can be employed for the management of EDA secondary to diffuse sinusitis in the pediatric population.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"213 - 221"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46133933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Xanthogranulomatous Colloid Cyst in a 13-Year-Old Boy: A Case Report and Surgical Implications","authors":"G. Tyagi, G. Singh, M. Beniwal, Dwarakanath Srinivas","doi":"10.1159/000524480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524480","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Colloid cysts are relatively uncommon lesions in the pediatric population. The xanthogranulomatous (XG) variant is very rare with less than 30 reported cases. Case Report: In this report, the patient was a 13-year-old boy who presented with transient episodes of headache with blurring of vision. His MRI brain showed a T2 hyperintense well-defined cystic lesion, with an eccentrically located T2 hypointense partially enhancing nodule, at the foramen of Monro. He underwent middle frontal gyrus transcortical, transchoroidal gross total excision of the cyst. The histopathology of the lesion revealed an XG colloid cyst. The patient recovered well from the procedure and was relieved of the symptoms. Conclusion: XG colloid cyst may present with altered radiological features compared to the normal variant. This can pose a diagnostic dilemma, and it is important to differentiate it from a craniopharyngioma or a parasitic cyst, as in our case. When considered preoperatively, surgeons should be conscious to review their surgical strategies. Stereotactic aspiration of the XG cyst should be avoided as contents are thicker and heterogeneous than the usual. The spillage of cyst contents should be prevented. Also, the XG cysts are likely to have a poor cyst-fornix or -choroid plexus interface due to inflammation limiting complete resection.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"202 - 206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48056958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cervicomedullary Gliomas in Pediatric Age: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Tertiary Care Center Experience","authors":"A. Trezza, Camilla de Laurentis, V. Biassoni, G. Carrabba, E. Schiavello, F. Canonico, P. Remida, Alessandra Moretto, M. Massimino, C. Giussani","doi":"10.1159/000524165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524165","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cervicomedullary gliomas (CMGs) are usually low-grade tumors often found in the pediatric age. Histological findings, treatments, and classification have been much the same for 40 years, although histological and molecular classifications have largely been developed for other pediatric CNS tumors. The management and treatment of pediatric CMG are still conducted by many authors according to their anatomical location and characteristics, independently from histology. Methods: We conducted a literature review in PubMed (Medline) to identify relevant contributions about pediatric CMG published until December 31, 2021. We also analyzed a series of 10 patients with CMG treated from 2006 to 2021 at IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori. The aim of the present review was to see whether and how the diagnosis, treatment, and classification of CMGs in children have developed over time, especially in the context of molecular advancements, and to analyze our single-center experience in the last 15 years. Results: Thirty articles have been included in the review. Articles have been divided into two historical periods (1981–2000 and 2001–2021) and data from different series were analyzed to see how much the management and treatment of pediatric CMG have changed during years. Analysis of our series of 10 patients affected by CMG was also performed to compare it with the literature. Discussion: Management and classification of CMG in children have not dramatically changed during years. However, new insight from molecular diagnostics and target therapies and the development of radiological, neurophysiological, and radiotherapy techniques have updated treatment modalities in the last 20 years. Treatment modalities and their innovations have been reviewed and discussed. Further studies are needed to standardize and customize treatment protocols for these tumors.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"149 - 160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42939627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crouzon’s Syndrome with a Dominant Sinus Pericranii Draining Transverse Sinus: Report of a Rare Association and Review of Literature","authors":"S. Kumari, S. Verma, P. Singh","doi":"10.1159/000524134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524134","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Crouzon’s syndrome and sinus pericranii (SP) are rare entities. Only few cases having both the features are reported. SP most commonly drains in relation to superior sagittal sinus and their communication to major posterior dural sinuses is rare. Case Report: We report a rare case of Crouzon’s syndrome with SP at a suboccipital location with termination of left transverse sinus into the SP draining further through the extracranial suboccipital and extravertebral cervical venous plexi into external jugular veins. Distal transverse sinus and sigmoid sinus on the left side were absent. Conclusion: Crouzon’s syndrome with SP is an extremely rare entity. SP with communication to major posterior dural venous sinuses is also rare and mostly associated with multi-suture craniosynostosis. Management depends on the volume of venous blood they are draining. Most of them are dominant type and their occlusion is not feasible. Preoperative diagnosis of a dominant SP is essential for proper surgical planning as it needs to be preserved mandatorily to prevent cerebral venous infarction.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"196 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45743895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Challenges of Making Comparisons between Research and Clinical Cohorts","authors":"A. Houtrow","doi":"10.1159/000524141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000524141","url":null,"abstract":"Letters to the editor do not have abstracts, I believe.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"144 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44955036","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sella Bugged! Abscess Inside a Craniopharyngioma: Case Report with Literature Review","authors":"G. Tyagi, Santhosh Kumar S A, Sandeep Kandregula, Radhika Mhatre, A. Uppar","doi":"10.1159/000523977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000523977","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Abscess within a craniopharyngioma (CPG) is extremely rare and only 8 such cases have been reported in literature. Most patients present with hypopituitarism and visual disturbances. We report the first ever case of a CPG with abscess in a pediatric patient. Case Report: A 10-year-old girl presented with visual deterioration and bitemporal hemianopia. Her CT and MRI brain suggested of a sellar-suprasellar CPG. Due to ill-developed sino-nasal anatomy, a transcranial approach was made for the lesion. The lesion was well capsulated, thick walled, and appeared inflamed. Upon incising the wall, thick yellowish pus was drained out in a controlled manner. This was followed by a partial resection of the CPG wall and eccentric, adhered, calcified residue was left behind with an Ommaya drain. The abscess culture grew Enterococcus species and histopathology revealed adamantinomatous CPG. Patient underwent culture sensitive antibiotics course followed by radiation for the residue. She was doing well at 1-year follow-up with clinical and radiological improvement. Conclusion: This is the first report of a pediatric case with secondary abscess in CPG. Operative management of such a case includes controlled drainage of pus without dissemination into the surrounding arachnoid space. The tumor and abscess have to be addressed as separate surgical entities; infection control and wherever complete resection is not feasible, partial safe resection followed by radiotherapy is a viable option.","PeriodicalId":54631,"journal":{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery","volume":"57 1","pages":"191 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48606927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}