Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics最新文献

筛选
英文 中文
Nonlinear coupled asymmetric stochastic resonance for weak signal detection based on intelligent algorithm optimization 基于智能算法优化的用于微弱信号检测的非线性耦合非对称随机共振
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103697
Shaojuan Ma , Yuan Liu , Xiaoyan Ma , Yantong Liu
{"title":"Nonlinear coupled asymmetric stochastic resonance for weak signal detection based on intelligent algorithm optimization","authors":"Shaojuan Ma ,&nbsp;Yuan Liu ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Ma ,&nbsp;Yantong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stochastic resonance has been extensively studied for detecting weak signals. To improve the diagnostic ability of weak signals, a novel nonlinear coupled asymmetric stochastic resonance (NCASR) system is investigated in this paper. Firstly, the NCASR system is established by coupling the asymmetric bistable system with the monostable system. Next, the expressions for the steady-state probability density (SPD) function, the mean first passage time (MFPT) and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the proposed system are derived based on the adiabatic approximation theory. Furthermore, the impact of system parameters on the SPD, the MFPT and the SNR is analyzed. Then, by simulation experiments, we verify the effectiveness of detecting weak signals for the NCASR system with Lévy noise. Finally, the NCASR system optimized by Adaptive Weighted Particle Swarm Optimization (AWPSO) algorithm is applied to detect the bearing fault signal. Compared with the optimized classical bistable stochastic resonance (CBSR) system, it is found that the detection performance of the NCASR system is superior to the CBSR system in detecting bearing fault signals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103697"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142663358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fractional-order filter approximations for efficient stochastic response determination of wind-excited linear structural systems 用于风激线性结构系统高效随机响应确定的分数阶滤波器近似值
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103696
Luca Roncallo , Ilias Mavromatis , Ioannis A. Kougioumtzoglou , Federica Tubino
{"title":"Fractional-order filter approximations for efficient stochastic response determination of wind-excited linear structural systems","authors":"Luca Roncallo ,&nbsp;Ilias Mavromatis ,&nbsp;Ioannis A. Kougioumtzoglou ,&nbsp;Federica Tubino","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A fractional-order filter approximation is developed for a wind turbulence stochastic excitation model. Specifically, the unknown filter parameters are determined by minimizing the error in the frequency domain between the original and the approximate power spectral densities. It is shown that compared to the limiting case of a standard integer-order filter, and for the same number of parameters to be optimized, the determined fractional-order filter with derivative elements of rational order yields enhanced accuracy. Further, the developed filter approximation enables the analytical calculation of stationary response moments of linear structural systems at practically zero computational cost. This is done by employing a complex modal analysis treatment of the filter state-variable equations, and by relying on Cauchy's residue theorem for evaluating analytically the related random vibration integrals. Comparisons with estimates based on Monte Carlo simulation data demonstrate a quite high degree of accuracy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103696"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Seismic reliability analysis using Subset Simulation enhanced with an explorative adaptive conditional sampling algorithm 利用探索性自适应条件采样算法增强子集模拟进行地震可靠性分析
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103690
Juan G. Sepúlveda , Sebastian T. Glavind , Michael H. Faber
{"title":"Seismic reliability analysis using Subset Simulation enhanced with an explorative adaptive conditional sampling algorithm","authors":"Juan G. Sepúlveda ,&nbsp;Sebastian T. Glavind ,&nbsp;Michael H. Faber","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliability analysis of structures under earthquake loading represents a significant engineering challenge. This is due to the required and rather numerically involving non-linear dynamic analysis, the large computational burden when targeting small failure probabilities, and the synthetic earthquake model representation that may contain thousands of random variables. Subset Simulation is an efficient reliability analysis technique that can handle the challenge of a high-dimensional space with a reduced number of structural analysis calls compared to crude Monte Carlo Simulation. In this contribution, firstly, we investigate the conditions for which Subset Simulation performs efficiently. Thereafter we propose an enhancement to the existing Subset Simulation schemes that shows significant potentials for enhancing the strategy for the starting of the Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations whenever a new level is reached in the Subset Simulation. Finally, the information gathered from the simulations is investigated to verify that Subset Simulation provides meaningful results from a physical point of view.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103690"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Efficient optimization-based method for simultaneous calibration of load and resistance factors considering multiple target reliability indices 基于优化的高效方法,可同时校准考虑多个目标可靠性指数的载荷系数和阻力系数
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103695
Nhu Son Doan , Van Ha Mac , Huu-Ba Dinh
{"title":"Efficient optimization-based method for simultaneous calibration of load and resistance factors considering multiple target reliability indices","authors":"Nhu Son Doan ,&nbsp;Van Ha Mac ,&nbsp;Huu-Ba Dinh","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study introduces an innovative optimization process for calibrating probabilistic load and resistance factors (LRFs) in limit state designs, effectively accommodating multiple target reliability indices. Given the impracticality of direct Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) for this task, a response surface method (RSM) is proposed to approximate load and resistance components separately rather than fitting conventional safety factors. This approach eliminates the need for additional implicit evaluations, thereby improving the efficiency of LRF calibration across multiple targets. The process is further enhanced by an adaptive boundary algorithm that updates search domains in real-time, streamlining the optimization. Validation through three examples—including one explicit and two implicit performance functions (a structural and a geotechnical example)—demonstrates that the method achieves accurate results with fewer iterations by dynamically narrowing search domains. Specifically, the accuracy of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing results with those from the literature for the explicit example and with basic MCS results applied to the initial implicit problems. Performance on the illustrative examples shows that the structural example achieves calibration for three targets within ten iterations. Additionally, this method eliminates the need for approximately ten thousand implicit evaluations when calculating limit state points for the geotechnical example.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103695"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nonprobabilistic time-dependent reliability analysis for uncertain structures under interval process loads 区间过程载荷下不确定结构的非概率时间相关可靠性分析
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103687
Jinglei Gong , Xiaojun Wang , Tangqi Lv , Junliu Yang , Linhui Zhou
{"title":"Nonprobabilistic time-dependent reliability analysis for uncertain structures under interval process loads","authors":"Jinglei Gong ,&nbsp;Xiaojun Wang ,&nbsp;Tangqi Lv ,&nbsp;Junliu Yang ,&nbsp;Linhui Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this paper, a novel nonprobabilistic analysis framework is proposed to evaluate the time-dependent reliability of uncertain structures under time-varying loads. Firstly, a novel uncertainty propagation method is developed by combining interval process integration and surrogate-based interval analysis and the correlation coefficient between responses of adjacent time steps is further analyzed. Subsequently, the nonprobabilistic time-dependent reliability is analyzed base on the first-passage theory and the established interval model. Unlike existing nonprobabilistic methods that consider time-invariant external loads, the proposed method applies an interval process to describe time-varying external loads, thereby offering a broader range of applicability. Compared to existing nonprobabilistic methods that consider time-varying loads, the proposed method establishes a more refined nonprobabilistic time-dependent reliability model based on the first passage theory, achieving higher accuracy. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are validated through a numerical example and an engineering application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103687"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reliability analysis of cutting tools using transformed inverse Gaussian process-based wear modelling considering parameter dependence 考虑到参数依赖性,使用基于反高斯过程的磨损模型进行切削工具可靠性分析
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103698
Monojit Das , V.N.A. Naikan , Subhash Chandra Panja
{"title":"Reliability analysis of cutting tools using transformed inverse Gaussian process-based wear modelling considering parameter dependence","authors":"Monojit Das ,&nbsp;V.N.A. Naikan ,&nbsp;Subhash Chandra Panja","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliability analysis is crucial for ensuring the performability of the desired function. The cutting tool performs the machining operation at varied conditions to manufacture diverse products. During operation, the tool degrades stochastically in the form of wear. To avoid the unfavourable consequences occurring from severe tool wear, appropriate formulation of the tool reliability, considering threshold degradation level as the failure criterion, is crucial. However, the degradation of the tool during machining is impacted by the current state of the tool wear and operating conditions. Considering these, the present study proposes a state-dependent transformed inverse Gaussian (TIG) process incorporating the effects of operating conditions to develop the tool wear model. In order to evaluate the proposed method, tool wear experiments are conducted at different operating conditions following the Taguchi orthogonal array experimental design. The experimental data are utilised to estimate the parameters of the developed model using the Bayesian approach. Following the parameter estimation, tool reliability is evaluated under varying operating conditions. The comparison of the estimated median time to failure of the tools with the failure time observed in the validation experiments ensures the effectiveness of the proposed model. The proposed approach has the potential to estimate the reliability of the industrial products subjected to state-dependent degradation under varied operating conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103698"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Laplace and Mellin transform for reconstructing the probability distribution by a limited amount of information 利用有限信息量重建概率分布的拉普拉斯和梅林变换
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103700
Lizhi Niu , Mario Di Paola , Antonina Pirrotta , Wei Xu
{"title":"Laplace and Mellin transform for reconstructing the probability distribution by a limited amount of information","authors":"Lizhi Niu ,&nbsp;Mario Di Paola ,&nbsp;Antonina Pirrotta ,&nbsp;Wei Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A method for reconstructing the Probability Density Function (PDF) of a random variable using the Laplace transform is first introduced for one-sided PDFs. This approach defines new complex quantities, referred as Shifted Characteristic Functions, which allow the PDF to be computed using a classical Fourier series expansion. The method is then extended to handle double-sided PDFs by redefining the double-sided Laplace transform. This new definition remains applicable even when the integral in the inverse Laplace transform is discretized along the imaginary axis. For comparison, a new definition of double-sided Complex Fractional Moments based on Mellin transform is also introduced, addressing the singularity at zero that arises during PDF reconstruction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103700"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142531094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Real-time anomaly detection of the stochastically excited systems on spherical (S2) manifold 球形(S2)流形上随机激发系统的实时异常检测
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103689
Satyam Panda , Breiffni Fitzgerald , Budhaditya Hazra
{"title":"Real-time anomaly detection of the stochastically excited systems on spherical (S2) manifold","authors":"Satyam Panda ,&nbsp;Breiffni Fitzgerald ,&nbsp;Budhaditya Hazra","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103689","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103689","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advanced analytical tools have become crucial in today’s constantly changing and complex systems. Real-time Principal Geodesic Analysis (RPGA) is a novel technique that provides a unique perspective for analyzing nonlinear data on differentiable manifolds. Traditional linear methods are often inadequate when exploring the complexities of such data. Orthogonal transformation techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Principal Geodesic Analysis (PGA) are highly desirable for condition monitoring stochastically excited systems in domains like mechanical, aerospace, and civil engineering. However, uncertainties and dynamic fluctuations necessitate robust analytical methods for early change detection to ensure safety, performance, and cost-effectiveness. Limitations posed by linear orthogonal transformation techniques such as PCA and its recursive counterparts make it imperative to adapt these techniques to nonlinear situations where data does not evolve in a flat Euclidean space. Significant advancements have been made in this field over recent decades, with data-driven real-time algorithms such as RPCA, RCCA, and RSSA providing reliable solutions for complex multidimensional problems. However, for curved space, the nonlinear RPGA technique takes center stage. It is known for its effectiveness in extracting meaningful information from the complex data stream. This paper explores the foundational concepts and methodologies underlying the transition from linear to nonlinear data analysis. By examining examples such as stochastic geometric oscillator on <span><math><msup><mrow><mtext>S</mtext></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span>, and the inverted spherical pendulum cart system navigating a rough surface, we illustrate the significance of reliable, real-time damage detection techniques provided by tools such as RPGA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103689"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantified active learning Kriging model for structural reliability analysis 用于结构可靠性分析的量化主动学习克里金模型
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103699
Ioannis Prentzas, Michalis Fragiadakis
{"title":"Quantified active learning Kriging model for structural reliability analysis","authors":"Ioannis Prentzas,&nbsp;Michalis Fragiadakis","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A <em>quantified</em> active learning Kriging-based (qAK) methodology for structural reliability analysis is presented. The proposed approach is based on an updated probability density function (PDF), which is dominant in the vicinity of the limit-state surface. This PDF is created using weights based on an improved learning function called the <em>most probable misclassification</em> function. This function is used as a metric for efficiently updating the Kriging model, as it symmetrically quantifies the uncertainty of candidate points in terms of the model’s accuracy. The proposed approach accurately approximates the points that lie on the limit-state surface. Moreover, a probabilistic-based stopping criterion is proposed. The new support points are selected using the weighted <span><math><mi>K</mi></math></span>-means algorithm and the sample from the updated PDF. Thus, the method does not require solving an optimization problem or using a sampling algorithm. The proposed qAK methods are more reliable and robust than previous implementations of the Kriging method for structural reliability assessment. The proposed approach is presented within the framework of standard reliability methods, i.e., the Monte Carlo and the Subset Simulation methods. The efficiency of the proposed qAK methods is demonstrated with the aid of six case studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103699"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142552657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Stochastic design optimization of nonlinear structures under random seismic excitations using incremental dynamic analysis 利用增量动态分析对随机地震激励下的非线性结构进行随机优化设计
IF 3 3区 工程技术
Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103707
Pinghe Ni , Zhishen Yuan , Jinlong Fu , Yulei Bai , Liang Liu
{"title":"Stochastic design optimization of nonlinear structures under random seismic excitations using incremental dynamic analysis","authors":"Pinghe Ni ,&nbsp;Zhishen Yuan ,&nbsp;Jinlong Fu ,&nbsp;Yulei Bai ,&nbsp;Liang Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.probengmech.2024.103707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for mitigating earthquake hazards has prompted substantial research attention towards performance-based seismic design of civil structures. Nevertheless, there remains limited exploration into optimizing complex structures while accounting for seismic uncertainties. This study seeks to address this gap by introducing an effective approach for optimizing designs of nonlinear structures under random seismic excitations. The key innovation lies in approximating structural failure probability through incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), leading to the development of a novel double-loop optimization method tailored for designing nonlinear structures exposed to stochastic seismic loading conditions. In the outer loop, geometric variables of structures are optimized using sequential quadratic programming; within the inner loop, IDA is adopted for structural analysis to quantify seismic uncertainty, and the resulting failure probability is then served as the optimization constraint for the outer loop. To validate its accuracy and efficacy, numerical investigations have been performed on two representative case studies utilizing <em>OpenSees</em>: a reinforced concrete column and a three-story steel frame. The findings affirm that IDA can precisely estimate failure probabilities associated with nonlinear structures experiencing random ground motions and demonstrate that this proposed methodology can effectively determine optimal geometries aimed at enhancing structural resilience against earthquakes across various levels of failure probabilities and bound constraints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54583,"journal":{"name":"Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 103707"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
相关产品
×
本文献相关产品
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信