Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria最新文献

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Pulmonary stenosis in a dog submitted to valvuloplasty 一只接受瓣膜成形术的狗的肺动脉狭窄
Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria Pub Date : 2019-05-03 DOI: 10.29374/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM103019
B. Alberigi, Nathalia Oliveira Lemos, Nicole Vallejo Correa dos Santos, J. Barata, A. Bendas
{"title":"Pulmonary stenosis in a dog submitted to valvuloplasty","authors":"B. Alberigi, Nathalia Oliveira Lemos, Nicole Vallejo Correa dos Santos, J. Barata, A. Bendas","doi":"10.29374/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM103019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29374/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM103019","url":null,"abstract":"The Congenital heart diseases are characterized by morphological defects in the embryonic development and the most frequent in dogs are: pulmonary and aortic valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect and persistente ductus arteriosus.  They may occur asymptomatically or even evolve to congestive heart failure. The definitive diagnosis is made through the visualization of the alterations in the echocardiogram. In the present report, a French Bulldog, three month old, asymptomatic was presented to a private Veterinary practice in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Cardiac auscultation evidenced a systolic heart murmur in tricuspid focus and diastolic murmur in pulmonary focus. To better evaluate the dog  chest radiography, electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were perfomed and  allowed the diagnosis of pulmonary stenosis. The clinical treatment with beta-blocker was installed and the surgical procedure was performed with the ballon valvuloplasty. The aim of this study was to report a case of pulmonary artery stenosis in a puppy, treated clinically and surgically, emphasizing the importance of the physical and complementary cardiological exams.","PeriodicalId":54480,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43571169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Epidemiological, clinicopathological, and economic aspects of an outbreak of botulism in beef cattle in the State of Tocantins, Brazil 巴西托坎廷斯州爆发的肉牛肉毒杆菌中毒的流行病学、临床病理学和经济方面
Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria Pub Date : 2019-04-23 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM101919
M. A. Helayel, S. P. Lopes, A. Ramos, I. M. Cunha, L. Ramos, I. Dutra, V. N. Carvalho, S. A. Caldas
{"title":"Epidemiological, clinicopathological, and economic aspects of an outbreak of botulism in beef cattle in the State of Tocantins, Brazil","authors":"M. A. Helayel, S. P. Lopes, A. Ramos, I. M. Cunha, L. Ramos, I. Dutra, V. N. Carvalho, S. A. Caldas","doi":"10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM101919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM101919","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work was to quantify the economic losses caused by a botulism outbreak among \u0000beef cattle in a semi-containment regime. The animals were fed corn silage and commercial feed and had \u0000access to a pasture of Guinea grass ( \u0000Panicum maximum \u0000). Of the 150 steers in the herd, 22 (14.6% morbidity \u0000rate) presented clinical signs compatible with botulism and died (100% lethality rate). The 22 steers \u0000were clinically evaluated and eight were necropsied. The carcasses were evaluated macroscopically, and \u0000samples of the main organs were collected for laboratory testing. Ruminal and intestinal contents, and \u0000samples of the silage and animal feed provided were also collected. Botulinum toxin type C was identified \u0000in the ruminal contents of one steer and in the corn silage. Herein, the epidemiology, clinical signs, and \u0000laboratory findings regarding botulinum intoxication are emphasized for this outbreak. Our findings show \u0000the importance of keeping the silage well preserved because this represented a means of neurotoxin \u0000transmission that generated economic damage to the producer.","PeriodicalId":54480,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48136722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Prevalence and determining factors of gastrointestinal parasite infection in pet dogs in an urban area 城市宠物狗胃肠道寄生虫感染的患病率及影响因素
Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria Pub Date : 2019-04-17 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM100119
Lyssette Loyola-Suárez, Adrián Guzmán-Sánchez, Norma Angélica Serrano-Aguilar, Silvia Guadalupe Estrada-Barrón, A. Rosales-Torres, J. A. Herrera-Barragán
{"title":"Prevalence and determining factors of gastrointestinal parasite infection in pet dogs in an urban area","authors":"Lyssette Loyola-Suárez, Adrián Guzmán-Sánchez, Norma Angélica Serrano-Aguilar, Silvia Guadalupe Estrada-Barrón, A. Rosales-Torres, J. A. Herrera-Barragán","doi":"10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM100119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM100119","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of present study was to evaluate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite infection and related factors that govern prevalence in pet dogs. Of 200 fecal samples screened, a prevalence of 39% was observed, in which Toxocara canis (37%) and coccidian (29%) were predominant. Factors that could be associated with an increase in the probability of parasite detection in fecal samples included time since the last deworming, sex, and breed. Pet dogs with > 6 months since the last deworming had a 1.5 times higher probability (P 6 months since last deworming, purebred, and male dogs exhibited a comparatively higher prevalence and probability of gastrointestinal parasite infection.","PeriodicalId":54480,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45690268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Diagnostic, Clinical and Epidemiological aspects of dairy cows naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, Brazil 巴西伯南布哥州和阿拉戈斯州自然感染间日锥虫的奶牛的诊断、临床和流行病学方面
Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria Pub Date : 2019-04-13 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM094319
Adony Querubino de Andrade Neto, C. L. Mendonça, R. Souto, P. H. Sampaio, Otávio Luiz Fidelis Junior, M. André, R. Z. Machado, J. Afonso
{"title":"Diagnostic, Clinical and Epidemiological aspects of dairy cows naturally infected by Trypanosoma vivax in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, Brazil","authors":"Adony Querubino de Andrade Neto, C. L. Mendonça, R. Souto, P. H. Sampaio, Otávio Luiz Fidelis Junior, M. André, R. Z. Machado, J. Afonso","doi":"10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM094319","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM094319","url":null,"abstract":"Trypanosoma vivax is the most pathogenic ruminant’s hemoparasite, causing huge economic losses to the producer when prevalent in the herd. This study aims to characterize the trypanosomiasis in naturally infected cattle in order to assess the clinical findings, epidemiological risk factors and diagnosis of this disease in outbreaks occurred in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas, northeastern Brazil.  For this purpose, historical and clinical examinations, blood collection and clinical monitoring were performed in 109 animals presenting illness for a period of one year. The main clinical findings were fever, apathy, anorexia, diarrhea, progressive weight loss, lymphadenopathy, pale mucous, incoordination, aggressiveness, abortion, decrease in milk production and high mortality. Out of 109 animals, 94% (103/109) were seropositive to Trypanosoma vivax by ELISA, 92% (100/109) were seropositive for IFAT, 15% (17/109) were positive in conventional PCR assay based on cathepsine L gene, and 9% (10/109) were showed the presence of Trypanosoma vivax trypomastigotes in stained-blood smears. In 13 samples, blood counts revealed that 69.23% (9/13) showed normocytic normochromic anemia and 53.84% (7/13) had leukocytosis, in 46.15% (6/13) neutrophilia and shift left regenerative. In 72 samples also examined whether it hematocrit, plasma protein and fibrinogen. Hematocrit presented average 22% (10% to 37%) to plasma protein had a mean value of 7.55 g/dl (5.4 g/dl to 10.0 g/dl) and plasma fibrinogen had a mean value 700mg/dl (200mg/dl to 1600mg/dl). The sequencing of DNA samples revealed 100% identicalness to T. vivax by BLAST analysis. The main factors involved in the spread of the disease were: the ingress of animals without prior tests and quarantine in the properties, application of oxytocin with sharing needles contaminated by blood at the time of lactation and the restriction of the disease in the lactation herd. The transmission of T. vivax occurred with the sharing of needles among animal’s lactation during application of oxytocin after the entry of carrier animals in the herd. Serological tests demonstrated a high rate of seropositive animals, however, conventional PCR and blood smear revealed a low rate positive animal’s because the animals were already being treated with trypanocide drugs. It is concluded that trypanosomiasis is a disease to be considered in the cattle regions studied as the cause of outbreaks. Hygienic and security actions must be taken during the administration of oxytocin in lactating cows. In fact, this practice, when carried incorrectly and without hygienic criterions and sharing needles, may play a role as the main risk factor in the transmission of trypanosomiasis in dairy herds among regions where the disease is prevalent, increasing the challenge of reinfection of animals.","PeriodicalId":54480,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45046904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Influência da perda de peso na variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca em cães 体重减轻对犬心率变异性的影响
Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria Pub Date : 2019-04-10 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM98119
Mário dos Santos Filho, D. Hainfellner, Nathália Marques de Oliveira Lemos, Camila Ferreira Mendes, Patrícia Malandrim, J. M. Campos, Sophie Ballot, Priscila Cardim de Oliveira, Jonimar Pereira Paiva
{"title":"Influência da perda de peso na variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca em cães","authors":"Mário dos Santos Filho, D. Hainfellner, Nathália Marques de Oliveira Lemos, Camila Ferreira Mendes, Patrícia Malandrim, J. M. Campos, Sophie Ballot, Priscila Cardim de Oliveira, Jonimar Pereira Paiva","doi":"10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM98119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM98119","url":null,"abstract":"The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system through \u0000sympathetic and parasympathetic modulations, which act in an associated way in the regulation of \u0000homeostasis. This regulation exercised by the ANS is determined by numerous factors including breathing, \u0000stress, temperature, blood pressure and physical activity. Cardiac nerve regulation is influenced by \u0000obesity, but the autonomic response present in this disorder has not yet been elucidated. It is known \u0000that a 10% increase in body fat is able to lead to a decrease in parasympathetic action and an increase in \u0000heart rate. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) allows the evaluation of autonomic heart modulation through \u0000the ventricular depolarization intervals to the electrocardiogram (ECG), and provides information on the \u0000relationship and contribution of the ANS to the neural influence of heart rate control. The objective of \u0000the present study was to evaluate the HRV by means of an electrocardiographic examination in obese \u0000dogs with Body Condition Score (BCS) 8/9 and 9/9, comparing with HRV of the same animals, after \u0000therapy with therapeutic ration in the period of 6 months, as well as the comparison with control group \u0000with lean animals. With the results obtained in the present study, it can be inferred that probably the \u0000imbalance in the autonomic activity due to obesity in dogs is not the same as in humans and that a greater \u0000understanding of this regulation in these animals is necessary, especially considering their vagotonia. \u0000The diet program based on low-calorie ration reached approximately 10% and 20% of weight reduction \u0000after two and six months, respectively. Obesity raises HRV by increasing parasympathetic activity in the \u0000autonomic regulation of the heart in dogs.","PeriodicalId":54480,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69979258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Neonatal colisepticemia in a dog - a case report 犬新生儿大肠杆菌血症1例
Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm097019
T. S. Alberti, J. Bonel, F. R. Venancio, C. Rosa, S. L. Ladeira, D. Pereira
{"title":"Neonatal colisepticemia in a dog - a case report","authors":"T. S. Alberti, J. Bonel, F. R. Venancio, C. Rosa, S. L. Ladeira, D. Pereira","doi":"10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm097019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm097019","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54480,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69978844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Evaluation of canine leishmaniasis and concomitant seropositivity for Babesia canis and rickettsia in a nonendemic area in the central west region of Minas Gerais 米纳斯吉拉斯州中西部非流行地区犬利什曼病及其伴随的犬巴贝斯虫和立克次体血清阳性评价
Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.29374/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM101819
Marcella Oliveira Gama-Melo, Bruna T. Silvestre, J. Silveira, T. Vaz, J. R. Barbosa, M. Ribeiro, G. Fontes
{"title":"Evaluation of canine leishmaniasis and concomitant seropositivity for Babesia canis and rickettsia in a nonendemic area in the central west region of Minas Gerais","authors":"Marcella Oliveira Gama-Melo, Bruna T. Silvestre, J. Silveira, T. Vaz, J. R. Barbosa, M. Ribeiro, G. Fontes","doi":"10.29374/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM101819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29374/10.29374/2527-2179.BJVM101819","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright Gama-Melo et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited. Evaluation of canine leishmaniasis and concomitant seropositivity for Babesia canis and rickettsia in a nonendemic area in the central west region of Minas Gerais","PeriodicalId":54480,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69978663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Campylobacter spp. isolates of swine feces submitted to transport stress: species and antimicrobial resistance 猪粪便中的弯曲杆菌分离株:种类和抗菌素耐药性
Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm086519
R. T. Melo, M. R. Gabriel, E. P. Mendonça, J. L. Peixoto, G. Monteiro, P. A. Peres, Edson Campos Valadares, D. Rossi
{"title":"Campylobacter spp. isolates of swine feces submitted to transport stress: species and antimicrobial resistance","authors":"R. T. Melo, M. R. Gabriel, E. P. Mendonça, J. L. Peixoto, G. Monteiro, P. A. Peres, Edson Campos Valadares, D. Rossi","doi":"10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm086519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm086519","url":null,"abstract":"Roberta Torres de Melo1, Mônica Ribeiro Gabriel2, Eliane Pereira Mendonça3, Jéssica Laura Miranda Peixoto4, Guilherme Paz Monteiro5, Phelipe Augusto Borba Martins Peres6, Edson Campos Valadares Junior7 & Daise Aparecida Rossi8 1Veterinary, Dr. Núcleo de Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia – UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil 2Veterinary, MSc. Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia – UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil 3Veterinary, Dr. Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Uberaba – UNIUBE, Uberaba, MG, Brasil 4Veterinary. Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia – UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil 5Biologist, MSc. Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia – UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil 6Biologist. Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia – UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil 7Veterinary. Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia – UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil 8Veterinary, Dr. Laboratório de Epidemiologia Molecular, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia – UFU, Uberlândia, MG, Brasil How to cite: Melo, R. T., Gabriel, M. R., Mendonça, E. P., Peixoto, J. L. M., Monteiro, G. P., Peres, P. A. B. M., Valadares Junior, E. C., & Rossi, D. A. (2019). Campylobacter spp. isolates of swine feces submitted to transport stress: species and antimicrobial resistance. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 41, e086519. http://dx.doi. org/10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm086519","PeriodicalId":54480,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69979247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diagnostic of gastrointestinal helminths in sands and canine feces from public locations in Alegre city, Espírito Santo Brazil 在阿雷格里市公共场所的沙子和狗粪便中诊断胃肠道蠕虫,Espírito圣巴西
Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm104619
M. L. Vidal, J.C.N. Azevedo, Marcelle Temporim Novaes, I. Martins
{"title":"Diagnostic of gastrointestinal helminths in sands and canine feces from public locations in Alegre city, Espírito Santo Brazil","authors":"M. L. Vidal, J.C.N. Azevedo, Marcelle Temporim Novaes, I. Martins","doi":"10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm104619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm104619","url":null,"abstract":"Copyright Vidal et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited. Diagnostic of gastrointestinal helminths in sands and canine feces from public locations in Alegre city, Espírito Santo – Brazil","PeriodicalId":54480,"journal":{"name":"Revista Brasileira De Medicina Veterinaria","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69979039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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