Web Ecology最新文献

{"title":"Editorial: Web Ecology special issue \"Ecology at the Interface\"","authors":"A. Basset","doi":"10.5194/WE-16-7-2016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-16-7-2016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72442996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The first shoots of a modern morphometrics approach to the origins of agriculture","authors":"V. Bonhomme, E. Forster, M. Wallace, E. Stillman, M. Charles, G. Jones","doi":"10.5194/WE-16-1-2016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-16-1-2016","url":null,"abstract":"The transition from a mobile hunter-gatherer lifestyle to one of settled agriculture is arguably the most fundamental change in the development of human society (Lev-Yadun et al., 2000). The establishment of agricultural economies, emerging initially in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East (Nesbitt, 2002), required the domestication of crops; ancient plant remains recovered from early farming sites provide direct evidence for this process of domestication. Archaeobotanical remains are typically preserved through charring (partial to complete carbonisation through exposure to heat) and recovered during archaeological excavation (Charles et al., 2015). Seeds of the same species, recovered from different sites and periods, can sometimes be seen to exhibitmorphological differences, which may have arisen owing tovariations in cultivation practices, climate, soils and altitude, etc. To explore these possibilities, morphological variation in seeds of wheat and barley between archaeological sites was recorded and mapped both in time and space. Results presented here suggest that modern morphometric approaches may help to test some long-debated hypotheses and pave the way for new insights into the evolutionary origins of agriculture in western Asia.","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90381922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of agricultural practices on soil and microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content: a preliminary case study","authors":"F. Amaral, M. Abelho","doi":"10.5194/WE-16-3-2016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-16-3-2016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this study we assessed the C : N : P ratios in soil and soil microbial biomass subject to conventional farming and three different organic farming practices. The results showed that microbial biomass was P-limited in soils subject to conventional farming and to organic farming with alfalfa green manure. Organic farming with compost amendment showed the best results in terms of microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus (CNP).","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2016-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80684171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity impacts of climate change – the PRONAS software as educational tool","authors":"K. Ulbrich, O. Schweiger, S. Klotz, J. Settele","doi":"10.5194/WE-15-49-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-15-49-2015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Loss of biodiversity under climate change is on the top of European research agendas. However, there is a huge gap between the scientific and the educational communities: Only a small amount of current knowledge reaches the young generation. We faced the challenge of how to transfer results of biodiversity research to the reality of school classrooms – in a way that raises interest, awareness and motivation among students from the age of 12 to 19. We developed the educational software PRONAS (PROjections of NAture for Schools) to show how scientists handle questions about the impact of climate change on the habitats of many European species. About 50 European plant and animal species have been used to demonstrate habitat losses, habitat shifts, and mismatch of habitat dynamics of interacting species. The software was developed with a bottom-up approach, and a manual for applying the software in the classroom was written in close cooperation with teachers. We included specific elements of didactic approaches such as storylines describing future scenarios, projections and simulations of species' future climatic niches, as well as the combination of virtual and real excursions. PRONAS is freely accessible in German and English on http://www.ufz.de/pronas-lernsoftware . Feedback was given by about 100 teachers from German and other European schools at six teacher workshops and by 141 students from four German schools. While most teachers confirmed that the designed format of knowledge transfer is attractive and contributes to knowledge building and awareness raising, many students older than 16 felt under-challenged. Altogether, we found that \"educational software\" is a useful format for scientific outreach which is worth joint efforts of scientists and educators and which needs more support and incentives for scientists to go forward in this direction.","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88511868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How the soil chemical composition is affected by seven tree species planted at a contaminated and remediated site","authors":"T. Marañón, C. M. Navarro-Fernández, M. Domínguez, P. Madejón, J. Murillo","doi":"10.5194/WE-15-45-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-15-45-2015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Trees modify the physico-chemical and biological properties of the soil underneath. Here we present results for seven tree species planted at a site that was contaminated by a mine spill – after which soil was cleaned up and remediated – and later was afforested. We studied the chemical composition (24 elements) in five ecosystem compartments (leaves, forest floor, roots, topsoil and deep soil). The variation in chemical concentration was highest at the level of canopy leaves and lowest at deep soil. The identity of tree species significantly affected the composition of all elements in the canopies but none in the deep soil underneath. Although the observed tree effects on topsoil chemistry were weak, the footprint is expected to be reinforced with age of the plantation, contributing to the phytostabilization of contaminating elements and to the carbon sequestration.","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80127077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The rise of ecosystem ecology and its applications to environmental challenges","authors":"R. G. Woodmansee, S. R. Woodmansee","doi":"10.5194/WE-15-43-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-15-43-2015","url":null,"abstract":"Before the 1970s, different disciplines had their own narrow perspectives of what ecologists and natural resource managers now call “ecosystems” and landscapes. For example, in these earlier days ecologists studied and measured things they could see, touch, count, weigh, or map. Ecologists speculated about plant succession and animal dynamics. Rangeland and pasture scientists and managers were concerned with forage and animal production. Foresters studied board feet (or meters) of timber, tree reproduction, and harvesting techniques from forest stands. Hydrologists studied millimeters of precipitation, water yield from watersheds, and the effects of various manipulations on water yield. Each of these disciplines mostly measured livings things above ground or water. Ecosystems were viewed as “black boxes”, if recognized at all. These disciplinary perspectives or “silo” views of systems meant little collaboration among scientific specialties. Ecology as a discipline was changing during the 1950s and 1960s. E. P. Odum and his brother H. T. Odum were beginning to conceptualize energy flow in “ecosystems”, and H. T. Odum was formulating early ideas about “systems ecology” (Odum, 1971). F. H. Bormann and G. E. Likens were formulating ideas about forested watersheds as “ecosystems” (Likens et al., 1977). This was the same period when “systems theory” was being developed by von Bertalanffy (1968), Forrester (1968), George van Dyne, Bernard Patten, Jerry Olson (Coleman, 2010), and others. The latter three introduced a new scientific paradigm: systems ecology (systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, taking a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems). It can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology that contributed heavily to ecosystem science as we know it today (Fig. 1). Also, in the late 1960s and early 1970s period, a new public and institutional awareness of compelling environmental problems was emerging worldwide. The need for interdisciplinary approaches to problem solving was becoming recognized. The stage was set for the initiation of the new problem-solving paradigm, ecosystem science – the right science at the right time.","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89479354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do tree-species richness, stand structure and ecological factors affect the photosynthetic efficiency in European forests?","authors":"F. Bussotti, M. Pollastrini","doi":"10.5194/WE-15-39-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-15-39-2015","url":null,"abstract":"Forest trees live in a multi-factor environment that includes the abiotic characteristics of the site (climate, soil, bedrock) and the structural features of the forest stand (tree age, density, leaf area index, tree species composition). The analysis of the functional traits (morphological, chemical and physiological, see Bussotti and Pollastrini, 2015) at leaf and tree level allows for the assessment and evaluation of the responses of trees to changing environmental factors. Among the physiological traits, the analysis of the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF, namely the prompt fluorescence and OJIP test, Strasser et al., 2004) is an effective tool to assess in vivo plant stress in experimental studies. The application of ChlF on mature trees in large-scale studies is more problematic due to the difficulty to reach tree canopies in forests, although some experiences were carried out at the local scale (Koprowski et al., 2015). ChlF measurements and analyses with the OJIP test allow to collect a great amount of data on the light-use efficiency in photosynthetic processes (one measurement takes 1s and it is possible to make many replications in a short time). Furthermore, the ChlF induction curve, evaluated by means of OJIP test, produces multi-parametric information on the potential photosynthetic efficiency. A large-scale application of OJIP test in forests was carried out within the 7FP project FunDivEUROPE (Functional Significance of Forest Biodiversity in Europe), aimed at assessing the functional significance of forest diversity in Europe (Baeten et al., 2013). The effects of tree diversity on the photosynthetic efficiency of tree species were assessed in the exploratory platform of FunDivEUROPE, that includes six European mature forests (monocultures and mixed up to five species) distributed along a latitudinal gradient (from Mediterranean to boreal). FunDivEUROPE also included an experimental platform, consisting of mixed forest stands planted ad hoc with different levels of tree-species richness. These experimental stands were installed during the implementation of the previous projects when trees were still young. The aims of this contribution are (i) to explore the variability of ChlF parameters along European ecological gradients and (ii) to compare the responses to diversity in young mixed plantations and in mature forests. For the latter purpose, we selected the sites with Picea abies(L.) Karst. (spruce), the most widespread tree species in experimental and exploratory sites. The leaf sampling was carried out in the summers between 2011 and 2013, by means of tree climbers, extension loppers and gun shooters, according to the height of the trees, the stand structure, and the operational conditions in each region. After sampling, branchlets were put in hermetic plastic bags and humidified to avoid leaf dehydration. ChlF measurements were done with a Handy PEA fluorimeter (Plant Efficiency Analyser, Hansatech Instruments Ltd., Petney, Nor","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91067917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contributions to biodiversity theory: the importance of formal rigor","authors":"L. Contoli, L. Luiselli","doi":"10.5194/WE-15-33-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-15-33-2015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In this short paper, some consideration is given to the term biodiversity. We stress the need for a strong formal rigor in using this term in order to maintain the credibility by non-ecologists and environmental agencies over the scientific community involved in biodiversity studies. After a historical introduction to the use and concept of the term biodiversity, this paper presents some theoretical aspects, concrete methodological proposal, and discussion for the further scientific and consistent use of the term biodiversity.","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84305493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Workshop summary: \"Floods, state, dams and dykes in modern times: Ecological and socio-economic transformations of the rural world\"","authors":"M. Dan, D. Gheorghe","doi":"10.5194/WE-15-29-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-15-29-2015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88785904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining heterogeneity as a second level of variation","authors":"B. Hanberry","doi":"10.5194/WE-15-25-2015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/WE-15-25-2015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The term heterogeneity has been defined in various ways so that the meaning of heterogeneity has become ambiguous. However, heterogeneity can be defined carefully as a distinct response to multiple single types of underlying variation, that is, a secondary level of variation (or \"metavariation\"). Identification of heterogeneity is affected by multiple factors, including researcher decisions, and ecosystems at a specified scale can contain both heterogeneous and homogenous variables. A formalized definition may also reduce the suggestion that heterogeneity is more beneficial than homogeneity.","PeriodicalId":54320,"journal":{"name":"Web Ecology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2015-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77933336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}