Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya最新文献

{"title":"Cooperage as an Occupation of Novgorod’s Peasants in the Post-reform Years","authors":"V. N. Nikulin","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.215","url":null,"abstract":"It is common knowledge that harsh climate, the predominance of poor soils, a short growing season, and low crop yield in Novgorod Governorate did not allow peasants to provide themselves with everything they needed only through agricultural labour. Therefore, the Novgorod peasants were forced to look for additional sources of income: leaving the village to work or engaging in different occupations. In particular, cooperage was widely popular in the peasant economy, which was determined by the availability of the necessary raw materials in the form of extensive forests in all the counties of the governorate. The article examines the state of cooperage as an occupation among the peasants of Novgorod Governorate in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century based on archival and published sources and literature. Primarily, attention is given to the analysis of the role of the occupation within the peasant economy. The stable nature of production of coopers’ goods was due to the widespread nature of nail-making and fishing industries among peasants, as well as due to an increase in the number of creameries in landowners’ estates. Thus, various products of coopers were used — mainly as containers. There is no doubt that the steady demand for coopers’ products from the local rural population played a significant role in the formation and development of the cooperage industry. The paper gives a brief description of the tools used by peasant coopers and notes the emergence of an artel as a form of occupational organization. The article shows peasants’ growing dependence on raw materials from landowners and timber producers due to the sharp decrease in allotted timber because of the intensive felling of trees by peasants. With the decline in allotted timber, coopers increasingly bought wood harvested in neighboring state-owned, appanage, or landowner forests. As a result, the raw material dependence of the workers engaged in the cooperage trade on the owners of the forest and the buyers of their products grew. The paper concludes that at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries cooperage in Novgorod Governorate still held a meaningful place in the peasant household economy, acquiring an increasingly pronounced commercial character.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83991326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Contexts behind the Creation of Anton Kartashev’s Book about Holy Rus’","authors":"A. Antoshchenko","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.116","url":null,"abstract":"Based on archival and published sources, the author analyzes complex contexts of writing a narrative about Holy Rus’ by a well-known émigré historian. The political and ideological contexts were determined by changes in the composition and sentiments of Russian refugees after the Second World War. On the one hand, the spread of “Soviet patriotism” among some emigrants of the first wave as a result of their acknowledgement of the decisive victory of the Red Army encouraged the historian to remind them about the anti-Bolshevik origins of the post-revolutionary emigration. On the other hand, his book represented a religiously grounded ideal which could serve as the basis for cultural and historical identity of the anti-Soviet “displaced persons”. The religious context was primarily determined by the failure to unite the Orthodox jurisdictions of Russian emigrants after the World War II, which required the historian to dissociate himself from the reactionary program of protagonists of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad. The situation was further complicated by the disagreement between older and younger generations of the representatives of the “School of Parisian theology”, which characterized the academic context. As a result, Kartashev had to disassociate himself with those of his disciples who did not follow his interpretation of the Chalcedonian dogma. Last but not least, the organizational and financial contexts, which also depended on the ideological and political contexts, meant that he could not seek financial support from the American curator of Saint Sergius theological institute in Paris, but applied for it to Novitsky brothers who organized fundraising activity among Russian Orthodox emigrants in the United States to ensure publication of the book.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88554356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In the Hallways of the Tauride Palace during the February Days of 1917: Memoirs of a Veteran Staffer of the Duma Chancellery А. А. Kondrat’ev","authors":"S. Lyandres","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.418","url":null,"abstract":"This publication presents an autobiographical account of the February Days in Petrograd by a long-standing mid-level staffer of the Duma Chancellery, Aleksandr Alekseevich Kondrat’ev (1876–1967). The author spent the first days of the February Revolution inside the Tauride Palace and diligently recorded his impressions, some of which he also shared in letters to his contemporaries. Later, he systematized what he had remembered and turned it into a cohesive narrative published below. His reflections on the revolution’s key moments offer a unique perspective of a well-informed insider who at the same time remains detached from party politics and allegiances. It is from inside the Tauride Palace, from its offices and hallways that the author witnessed the meteoric rise (and soon, the precipitous downfall) of the propertied but nevertheless revolutionary Fourth Duma, as well as the breakdown of the old political and social order. His testimony augments some of the established views on the attitudes and behavior of contemporaries caught up in the revolutionary whirlwind. Of special interest is the author’s testimony about his fellow Duma Chancellery staffers who — unlike insurgents and Duma politicians who flocked into the revolutionary headquarters in the wake of the unprecedented popular uprising that engulfed the capital city — came to the Tauride Palace on 27 February to fulfill their bureaucratic duty, that is to ensure orderly functioning of the Duma apparatus. The text below is supplemented by textual and contextual annotations incorporating the most up-to-date scholarship.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"04 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88786660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Edition of the Travel Notes of Erich Lassota von Steblau","authors":"A. Prokopiev, T. Tairova","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.220","url":null,"abstract":"The review analyzes the new edition of the travel notes of the Silesian nobleman Erich Lassota von Steblau (1550–1616). It was prepared by an international team of authors from Scandinavia and Germany led by Thomas Riis. Lassota’s travel notes are the most important source on the history of the 16th century and a number of European countries. Lassota traveled as a mercenary commander and diplomat to Spain, Portugal, Poland, Sweden, and Ukraine. Until now, only historians of these countries have been interested in his testimonies. The focus of researches was mainly on ethnographic and political aspects. Meanwhile, for the first time since 1866, the new edition has united the entire corpus of Lassota’s records known to us and enables to widen the scope of the discussion. How was the religious climate of the era reflected in his texts and to which extent? Were they written by a Catholic or a Protestant? Can we talk about the national or political preferences of the author? Finally, what was Lassota’s gentry worldview, and how did he construct his own estate identity? In addition, a nobleman from Silesia was keenly interested in military affairs, in particular, in Spanish combat tactics. His notes also demonstrate the level of book culture, the author’s acquaintance with the works of prominent contemporaries. All these aspects nowadays are noteworthy to European historians on a wide interregional material.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85714329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State Council and the Political Crisis of the Interregnum","authors":"M. Belousov","doi":"10.21638/spbu02.2022.404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2022.404","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the activities of the highest state body of the Russian Empire during the interregnum of 1825. The political crisis changed the institutional status of the State Council. His position in the system of power during this period was not based on legislative acts, it depended on the position of the time-honored Senate and was determined by the tasks of the plan for Nikolai Pavlovich's coming to power. It is shown that during the meeting on November 27, the members supported the initiative of Nicholas to swear allegiance to Constantine, but included in the official protocol an unacceptable formula of his abdication. Senate completely ignored the decision of the Council. This circumstance was perceived as normative and natural. The decisive meeting of the State Council took place on the night of December 13–14, but it is difficult to identify bureaucratic logic in this event. Nikolai gathered the members of the Council, read out a manifesto to them and, without requiring an oath, sent them home. For all the actors of these events, the key was the oath of the Senate. All this gives reason to conclude that the State Council was only the proscenium of the political struggle of the period of the interregnum, a theatrical performance that served for Nicholas as a source of information about the moods of the highest dignitaries. He made all the key decisions on his own, coordinating them only with his confidants, and implemented them through the decisions of the Senate.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80630993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Pilgrimage in the Formation of a Religious Identity (on the Basis of the Kazakh Culture)","authors":"I. Stasevich","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.214","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the role of pilgrimage in the modern Kazakh culture. Studies of the individual religious experience of modern Kazakhs allow researchers to distinguish at least two basic points of view on the tradition of making pilgrimages to sacral places. Thus, representatives of official Islamic institutions often condemn the practice of pilgrimage, wheras common people see no contradiction between the tradition of visiting holy places and the norms of Islam. Moreover, they consider themselves ‘true Muslims’ while admitting the specificity of Islam in Kazakhstan and referring to the long-standing custom of ancestors. The inclusion of the ‘new’ objects of pilgrimage related to the names of national heroes into the general context of the worshiped objects suggests that the traditional notions of sanctity remain still topical at present and form the religious consciousness of the modern Kazakhs. The cult of saints is officially recognized as part of the national culture and constitutes, along with other ethnical and historical symbols of the present-day Kazakhstan, a particular direction of the state cultural politics. The positioning of religious objects in the historical context allows for a compromise of its kind between the views of those who stand up for the Islamization of the ritual sphere and the traditionalists fighting for the preservation of the ethnic specifics of the Kazakh culture. On the basis of the conducted research, the author concludes that, notwithstanding the official prohibitions and disapproval of pilgrimage by the adherents of the Islamization of the Kazakh culture, pilgrimage remains an integral part of the modern religious life of Kazakhstan and has distinct links with the national and religious identity.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"151 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75425263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Oil Factor in Relations between the Azerbaijan Republic and the RSFSR","authors":"F. R. Jabbarov","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.205","url":null,"abstract":"Relations between the Azerbaijan Republic and the Soviet Republic of Russia can be conditionally divided into two stages. The first stage covers the period from the declaration of independence of Azerbaijan in May 1918 to moving of the national government to Baku in September 1918, and the second — from September 1918 to the fall of the Azerbaijan Republic in April 1920. At both stages, the oil was often the key factor in relations between the two states. Although the Soviet Russia did not recognize the Azerbaijan Republic, ruling circles in Baku were in favor of establishing relations with Moscow. This desire was primarily due to economic reasons, since the Russian market was the main consumer of Baku oil. By the beginning of 1920, the Red Army had defeated Denikin and approached the borders of the South Caucasus countries. Under such circumstances, the Moscow made an attempt to involve Azerbaijan in the civil war in the south. Simultaneously, the Bolsheviks power combined this policy with the establishment of the first economic contacts. Thus, it was in 1920 that negotiations were held in Baku for the export of oil products to Astrakhan. The Azerbaijani government agreed to maintain economic contacts with the Soviet Russia without establishing diplomatic relations. However, subsequent events showed that all these negotiations and missions were a tactical maneuver by Soviet Russia aimed at lulling the vigilance of the Azerbaijani government and creating an impression of the absence of aggressive intentions.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73120865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditions of the St Petersburg Historical School in the Works of Mikhail Pavlovich Iroshnikov","authors":"A. Dvornichenko, Nikolai V. Shtykov","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.118","url":null,"abstract":"This article is devoted to the scholarly work of the prominent Russian historian, Doctor of Sciences (History), Professor of St Petersburg State University Mikhail Pavlovich Iroshnikov. A student of two well-known St Petersburg-Leningrad scholars, Alexander Ignatievich Andreev and Sigismund Natanovich Valk, M. P. Iroshnikov became one of the leading specialists in the field of the political history of Russia of the 20th century, the history of state and law, the history of state institutions, archives, source studies, historiography and archeography. The successor to the traditions of the St Petersburg historical school — the school of S. F. Platonov, A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky, A. E. Presnyakov — M. P. Iroshnikov not only became a recognized Russian archaeographer, an expert in archival documents, but also a thoughtful, attentive researcher. The most important academic achievements of M. P. Iroshnikov was the study of the creation, activities and personnel of the Soviet government in 1917–1922, and the discovery and introduction of the census of Soviet employees in 1918 into the scholarship. The article analyzes the work of M. P. Iroshnikov in organizing and implementing many of the largest domestic archeographic projects: the publication of the works of V. N. Tatishchev, decrees of the Soviet government, the Radziwil Chronicle. The article also examines the pedagogical activity of M. P. Iroshnikov in St Petersburg State University, where he continued the traditions of his teachers in educating historians, archeographers and source specialists.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"18 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81907219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ostrogothic Historian Jordanes from a Linguo-Historical Perspective","authors":"Yulia M. Trofimova","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.113","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the debatable question of the ethnical identity of the Ostrogothic historian of the 6th century Jordanes, whose main work “Getica” is constantly under scrutiny by both contemporary historians and linguists. The article proposes the necessity of the linguo- historical analysis of “Getica” carried out on the interdisciplinatory basis and aimed at obtaining some new information confirming Jordanes’ Gothic origin. The paper concentrates on Jordanes’ unambiguous statement of his Gotic origin whose verbal form has been evoking more than a century-long discussion of his Gothic ethnical identity. This statement is analysed in comparsion with Late Latin sources and Gothic Bible, which testifies to a similarity in Jordanes’ manner of writing. The historical foundation of the analysis reveals in some cases a complete coincidence with the linguistic notions of concept and mentality, which are taken into consideration in the commentary on Jordanes’ above- mentioned statement. With regard to the notions of concept and mentality, the analysis results in substantiating Jordanes’ historically determined manner of writing, which serves as proof of his Gothic origin both by birth and language. Historical data concerning some facts of his biography referring to his place of birth and work as a notary in the locations where Latin was spoken enable to conclude that he could not but know the language of these territories and thus undoubtedly was bilingual.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"100 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80216144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cossack Adventure of Walerian Kalinka, a Prospective Monk of the Ressurectionist Congregation","authors":"Włodzimierz Osadczy","doi":"10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.110","url":null,"abstract":"Before starting a career as a Polish priest and scholar, Walerian Kalinka took part in various initiatives aimed at restoring Poland’s independence. One of the most “exotic” of his enterprises was his participation in the formation of the so-called Sultan Cossacks detachments, military units consisting of the Slavic population. From the perspective of Polish emigrants, the time of the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (and Western powers) was ideal for the formation of the Polish army. Kalinka was as an adjutant to General Władysław Zamoyski and on his behalf led the recruitment into the army, and also transformed the already existing detachment of the violent Michał Czajkowski, known as Sadyk-Pasha, into a unit of the Polish character regarding discipline and ties with emigration circles. Despite the weakening of Russia’s position, the new balance of political forces after the Crimean War did not contribute to the revival of Poland as a sovereign state. Many Polish soldiers abroad went through an internal crisis. Kalinka managed the demobilization of Cossack volunteers and sought a place for them in emigration. Once again, the war did not lead to freedom. Remaining under the influence of religiosity of general Zamoyski, Kalinka began to pay more attention to the connection between the national question and Catholicism. Thus, Kalinka became close to the already existing Order of the Resurrection of the Our Lord, also called Resurrectionists. Afterwards, he joined this order and became a humble monk, who, however, never gave up geopolitical illusions and, through religious initiatives, tried to realize his political dreams.","PeriodicalId":53995,"journal":{"name":"Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta-Istoriya","volume":"207 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77668643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}