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Laurion: Agrileza, 1977–1983: Excavations at a Silver-Mine Site Agrileza, 1977-1983:在一个银矿遗址的挖掘
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1985-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/581142
J. E. Jones
{"title":"Laurion: Agrileza, 1977–1983: Excavations at a Silver-Mine Site","authors":"J. E. Jones","doi":"10.2307/581142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/581142","url":null,"abstract":"This account is a preliminary report on the five seasons of fieldwork undertaken at a group of silver-mine surface works in the Laurion hill district of southern Attica: the aim was to recover evidence for the history and technology of the silvermines of classical Athens. Excavations were carried on between 1977 and 1983 by the British School with the approval of the Greek Archaeological Service and indeed in one season (1981) in formal co-operation with the Service. It is a pleasure to express my gratitude to Dr Hector Catling and the Staff of the British School for their constant support and practical help; to Dr N. Yalouris, then Inspector-General of the Archaeological Service, Mrs Platon and other staff at the Ministry for their support, and to Dr V. Petrakos, Ephor of Attica, Miss I. Dekoulakou, Mr A. Liangouras and Mr E. Kakavoyiannis of the Attic Ephoreia for their interest shown in various ways; to Professor H. F. Mussche, Dr Paule Spitaels and other members of the Belgian Archaeological Mission for hospitality, much help with local facilities and loan of tools; and to Professor C. E. Conophagos, Professor R. Tylecote, and Dr N. Gale for their warm interest and expert advice. It is an equal pleasure to acknowledge the generosity and financial aid, principally of the School itself and the British Academy and also, for some campaigns, of the Russell Trust, the Science Research Council, and the University College of North Wales. Particular thanks are due to all those volunteers who helped on site, to my friends and colleagues Mr Hugh Sackett and Mr David Smyth, Honorary Surveyor to the British School, and other members of the School, some of whom, such as Dr N. V. Sekunda, Mr R. Varian, and my son Rhodri Ellis Jones, participated in several campaigns. My debt is likewise great to Nikos Trikaliotis and Sotirios Dalaretos, successive foremen 'on loan' from the Belgian Mission at Thorikos and to the teams of local workmen who worked with a will on an arid and uncomfortable site.","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/581142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69064083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Archaeology in Etruria 1985-95 伊特鲁利亚考古1985- 1995
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1985-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/581054
T. Rasmussen
{"title":"Archaeology in Etruria 1985-95","authors":"T. Rasmussen","doi":"10.2307/581054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/581054","url":null,"abstract":"This report covers a far longer period than the last (AR 198586) but will be of shorter length. This is partly because the frenetic pace of research and publication in 1980-85 has—perhaps fortunately—not been maintained to quite the same pitch. Even so, F.R. Serra Ridgway in her Additional Bibliography in M. Brendel, Etruscan Art (2nd ed., Yale University Press 1995) 485-513 lists 404 items, most of them published after 1985; and these are books only, though she refers in passing to many articles in her introductory discussion. This treatment, far broader than one simply on 'art', updates her previous one in JRA 4 (1991) 5-27—that is to say, the discussion part is essentially the same, but the bibliography is expanded. Herein lies another reason why this report can enjoy a certain brevity: for a succinct account of developments in Etruscan studies, and especially for an account of the plethora of recent museum catalogues, exhibitions and conference proceedings, see Serra Ridgway. The aim here will not be to attempt a comprehensive account of archaeological work over a very long period, but to focus on some of the excavations and topographical studies that have achieved particularly interesting and notable results, including some that have been in progress for a long time and should perhaps have been mentioned in previous reports. Bibliographical abbreviations are given on the inside front cover. In February 1995 Massimo Pallottino, father, grandfather, godfather of modern Etruscan studies died in Rome at the age of 85. His pupils now hold many of the top archaeological chairs in Italy and beyond, and their pupils in turn are becoming eminent in the field. Tributes have appeared in the relevant journals. Among many varied gifts, Pallottino had a supreme knack of synthesis, which made his innumerable opening and closing addresses at colloquia of all kinds particularly apposite and hardly ever perfunctory. Last time around events were dominated by the Progetto Etruschi, sometimes referred to as the Year of the Etruscans —something of a misnomer for the project was to rumble on and embrace exhibitions staged over the next few years. The major publishing event of the end of the decade was the proceedings of the conference held to coincide with the exhibitions of 1985: Atti del II Congr. Intern. Etr. (Florence 1989). The rolling programme of Studi Etruschi ed Italici meetings (as regards those that are published) has in recent years rolled to Civita Castellana for the 15th convegno (CF, 1990), to Orbetello for the 16th (La coroplastica templare etrusca fra il IV e il II secolo a.C, 1992), and Chiusi for the 17th (La civilta di Chiusi e del suo territorio, 1993). Generally speaking the mainstream Italian archaeological periodicals are rather slow in keeping up with their publishing schedules. Studi Etruschi continues to be a major voice; its scavi e scoperte section has a shifting focus covering the whole peninsula, and 1992 was when it last concentrate","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/581054","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69062716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Knossos: Stratigraphical Museum Excavations, 1978–82. Part III 克诺索斯:地层学博物馆发掘,1978-82。第三部分
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1985-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/581143
P. Warren
{"title":"Knossos: Stratigraphical Museum Excavations, 1978–82. Part III","authors":"P. Warren","doi":"10.2307/581143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/581143","url":null,"abstract":"The previous report, Part II (AR ig82—8j, 63—87), presented the main evidence of the site from Late Minoan II to Sub-Minoan/Early Protogeometric. Part III is concerned with the subsequent occupation through the independent Greek period down to and including Hellenistic. Part IV will deal with the Roman period. I am most grateful to Professor J. N. Coldstream and Dr P. Callaghan for help with the Geometric-Orientalizing and Classical-Hellenistic pottery respectively. The most notable feature of the Greek Iron Age occupation is the absence of building remains from the end of Sub-Minoan (or possibly Early Protogeometric) around 970 B.C. until Hellenistic in the later 3rd century, the evidence for the long intervening period comprising mainly wells and pits. It is unlikely that Hellenistic and Roman builders would have removed every trace of buildings of the previous centuries, or that all buildings would have been of mudbrick, without stone foundations. The Iron Age remains above the Minoan Unexplored Mansion east of our site were more plentiful, but there too little of actual buildings was preserved other than a roadway with a terrace wall (Sackett, AR IQ72—73, 62—4). It is probable therefore that the built urban area of the city at this time lay further to the east, towards the central zone where the Minoan palace had once been. A classical building that is likely to have stood in the region of our site, perhaps higher to the west, was a 5 th century B.C. temple; a metope depicting Herakles and Eurystheus was found in 1910 close to or on the site, reused as a Roman drain cover (Benton, JHS lvii [1937] 38—43; Hood and Smyth, Archaeological Survey of the Knossos Area [ 1981J 44, no. 132).","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/581143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69064140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Archaeology in Asia Minor 1979–84 小亚细亚考古1979 - 1984
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1985-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/581141
S. Mitchell
{"title":"Archaeology in Asia Minor 1979–84","authors":"S. Mitchell","doi":"10.2307/581141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/581141","url":null,"abstract":"Since 1978, straitened economic circumstances may have forced some of the long-term excavations in Asia Minor to operate on a smaller scale than in previous years, but the number of smaller projects has continued to grow (Fig. 1). To keep pace with this there has been an important new development in the publication of interim reports. Every year, since 1979, the Turkish Department of Antiquities (T. C. Kiiltiir Bakanhgi, Eski Eserler ve Miizeler Genel Mudiirlugu), under its director Dr Nurettin Yardimci, has organised a colloquium to hear reports on the preceding year's excavations. The proceedings of these colloquia have been published about a year after the meetings, and these volumes, TV Kazi Sonuflan Toplantisi (1979—84) ( = 1 Kazi Toplantisi etc.) now provide the most complete summary account of current developments. Most of the reports are illustrated and there has been a notable improvement in the quality of plans and photographs since the third volume. In 1983 a research section, I Arastirma Sonuflan Toplantisi (publ. 1984) was organised alongside the fifth excavation conference. The proceedings of the sixth excavation, and second research conference, held in Izmir in spring 1984, are due to appear shortly. Illustrated reports on excavations continue to be found in Turk Arkeoloji Dergisi (TAD), 25.1 (1980, publ. 1981), 25.2 (1981, publ. 1982), 26.1 (1982), and 26.2 (1983). An index to TAD i— 25.1 (1933—81), listing authors, places and subjects, has also appeared, compiled by M. Akif I§ik. Shorter accounts of sites appear in 'Recent Archaeological Research in Turkey', an annual feature of Anatolian Studies, but the fullest survey of each year's work remains M. J. Mellink's 'Archaeology in Asia Minor' for the years 1978-83, which has appeared in AJA 83 (1979)—88 (1984). New journals, containing well-illustrated articles on subjects of general interest, are Yayla, published from Newcastle by the Northern Society for Anatolian Archaeology, and the Turkish Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi. My principal guide to other published work is the Archdologische Bibliographie of the DAI (vols 1979—83). In addition to information found in published reports I am immensely grateful to colleagues who have sent news of their work, or have helped in other ways, in particular to Dr W. Radt, Prof. W. Miiller-Wiener, Prof. K. Tuchelt, Prof. D. de Bernardi Ferrero, Dr C. le Roy, Prof. R. Naumann, Dr Marc Waelkens, Prof. C. Ozgunel, Prof. J. Russell, Prof. C. Greenewalt, Prof. B. Ogiin, and Prof. K. Erim. It is a particular pleasure to thank Prof. J. M. Cook for offprints and information. I am also indebted to many of the excavation directors and their teams for hospitality and for explaining current work at the sites themselves: Dr Radt at Pergamum, Prof. Greenewalt at Sardis, Prof. H. Vetters at Ephesus, Prof. Miiller-Wiener at Miletus, Prof. Tuchelt at Didyma, Prof. Kenan Erim at Aphrodisias, Prof. Jale Inan at Perge and Side, Bay Orhan Atvur at the agora of Side, a","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/581141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69064002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 54
Archaeology in Albania, 1973–83 阿尔巴尼亚考古,1973–83
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1984-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/581034
Zhaneta Andrea
{"title":"Archaeology in Albania, 1973–83","authors":"Zhaneta Andrea","doi":"10.2307/581034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/581034","url":null,"abstract":"This is the first report on Albanian archaeology to appear in AR. Its preparation and submission were agreed during a visit which M. F. Smith made to Albania in the summer of 1983 at the invitation of the Centre for Archaeological Research in Tirana and with the support of the British Academy. Professor Smith, who has edited and adapted the report, wishes to thank both these bodies, as well as the author, for their generous co-operation and assistance.","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/581034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69062423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Greek and Barbarian Peoples on the Shores of the Black Sea 黑海沿岸的希腊人和蛮族
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1984-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/581032
J. Hind
{"title":"Greek and Barbarian Peoples on the Shores of the Black Sea","authors":"J. Hind","doi":"10.2307/581032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/581032","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/581032","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69061741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Archaeological Investigations on the Eastern Black Sea Littoral, 1970–80 1970 - 1980年东黑海沿岸考古调查
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1984-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/581033
D. Kacharava
{"title":"Archaeological Investigations on the Eastern Black Sea Littoral, 1970–80","authors":"D. Kacharava","doi":"10.2307/581033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/581033","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale investigations of the remains of the classical period were conducted on the eastern Black Sea littoral (Georgian SSR), in the area of ancient Kolchis (Fig. i). The field work was carried out by the Republic's leading archaeological institution the Centre for Archaeological Studies of the Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, and the S. Janashia State Museum of Georgia, the Art Museum of Georgia, the Batumi Research Institute and the D. Gulia Abkhazian Institute of Language, Literature and History. The findings of the investigations are published in the annual collection Field Archaeological Studies (=FAS; in Russian), in serial publications: Archaeological Expeditions of the State Museum of Georgia ( = AESMG; in Georgian), Remains of South-Western Georgia (=RSIVG; in Georgian, with summaries in Russian), Archaeological Investigations at the Construction Sites of Georgia ( = AICSG; in Russian), Vani: Archaeological Excavations ( = Vani; in Georgian, with summaries in Russian and English), Great Pitiunt: Archaeological Excavations at Bichvinta ( = Great Pitiunt; in Georgian, with summaries in Russian and English), as well as in monographs devoted to separate remains, etc.","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1984-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/581033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69061859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Knossos: Stratigraphical Museum Excavations, 1978–82. Part II 克诺索斯:地层学博物馆发掘,1978-82。第二部分
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1983-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/581161
Peter Warren
{"title":"Knossos: Stratigraphical Museum Excavations, 1978–82. Part II","authors":"Peter Warren","doi":"10.2307/581161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/581161","url":null,"abstract":"This report continues directly from Part I(AR IQ80-81, 73-92), describing the sequence of occupation from Late Minoan II to Sub-Minoan/Early Protogeometric. For these periods it takes account of the whole excavation from 1978 to 1982. Again any conclusions are still preliminary; the excavation vase catalogue stands at 1,200, but large quantities of sherd material are to be studied and work on faunal and palaeobotanical remains is in progress. Part III of the preliminary report will cover the Geometric to Roman periods, together with a supplementary account of Middle Minoan I to Late Minoan I discoveries made since Part I appeared. The plan tracings used here are again the work of the School's Honorary Surveyor, Mr D. Smyth. Pottery drawings are by Mrs A. Thomas, Mrs J. Bees and Mr W. Schenck. I am most grateful to Mr M. R. Popham for beneficial advice, information and discussion of the first group of Sub-Minoan vases described. The trench layout of the excavation, to which references are made, appears at Fig. 1.","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1983-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/581161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69064408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Index of Sites 网站索引
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1983-01-31 DOI: 10.1515/9783110824575.519
Donald Preziosi
{"title":"Index of Sites","authors":"Donald Preziosi","doi":"10.1515/9783110824575.519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110824575.519","url":null,"abstract":"Dodecanese and the eastern Aegean Machaira, V. (2011) Ελληνιστικά γλυπτά της Ρόδου – Κατάλογος, Τόμος Ι (Athens) Poupaki, Ε.Α. (2011) Αλάσαρνα ΙΙ. Λίθινα αγγεία, χειρόμυλοι και άλλα τέχνεργα από το Ιερό του Απόλλωνα και τον παλαιοχριστιανικό οικισμό στην Καρδάμαινα (αρχ. Αλάσαρνα) της Κω (Athens) Stampolidis, N.C., Tassoulas, Y. and Filimonos-Tsopotou, M. (eds) (2011) Islands off the Beaten Track. An Archaeological Journey to the Greek Islands of Kastellorizo, Symi, Halki, Tilos and Nisyros (Athens)","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1983-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/9783110824575.519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67005548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Archaeology in South Italy, 1977–81 南意大利考古,1977 - 1981
IF 0.4 4区 历史学
Archaeological Reports-London Pub Date : 1982-11-01 DOI: 10.2307/581188
D. Ridgway
{"title":"Archaeology in South Italy, 1977–81","authors":"D. Ridgway","doi":"10.2307/581188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2307/581188","url":null,"abstract":"Martin Frederiksen's report on South Italy and Sicily 1973-76 (AR. ^76-77, 43-76) was hailed by all who read it as the first of a classic series. In the event, it is also the last. AR is but one algebraic indication of the loss entailed by his tragically premature death in July 1980. Among the others are BSR, CAH and JRS; all gained immeasurably from the life and example of a generous scholar, teacher, friend and commuter between Oxford and Naples. His unique personality created a bond between the two countries of his adoption to an extent rarely sought and never achieved through merely formal channels. Official obituaries can only hint at this (JRS lxx [1980] p. ix; PBSR xlviii [1980] 1-5), and at the feelings of those who had enjoyed the privilege of his company. 'Napoli non e piu Napoli senza Martino' is the dominant theme in conversations with his South Italian friends, who cherish the memories that Callimachus knew:","PeriodicalId":53875,"journal":{"name":"Archaeological Reports-London","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"1982-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2307/581188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69064902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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