{"title":"Causal Inferences in Capital Markets Research: Preface","authors":"I. Marinovic","doi":"10.1561/1400000040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1400000040","url":null,"abstract":"Causal Inferences in Capital Markets Research is an attempt to promote a broad interdisciplinary debate about the notion of causality and the role of causal inference in the social sciences. This volume allows researchers and Ph.D students in accounting, and the social sciences in general, to acquire a deeper understanding of the notion of causality and the nature, limits, and scope of empirical research in the social sciences.","PeriodicalId":53653,"journal":{"name":"Foundations and Trends in Accounting","volume":"52 1","pages":"101-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78041702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Mostly Useless Econometrics? Assessing the Causal Effect of Econometric Theory","authors":"John Rust","doi":"10.1561/1400000049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1400000049","url":null,"abstract":"Economics is highly invested in sophisticated mathematics and empirical methodologies. Yet the payoff to these investments in terms of uncontroverted empirical knowledge is much less clear. I argue that leading economics journals err by imposing an unrealistic burden of proof on empirical work: there is an obsession with establishing causal relationships that must be proven beyond the shadow of a doubt. It is far easier to publish theoretical econometrics, an increasingly arid subject that meets the burden of mathematical proof. But the overabundance of econometric theory has not paid off in terms of empirical knowledge, and may paradoxically hinder empirical work by obligating empirical researchers to employ the latest methods that are often difficult to understand and use and fail to address the problems that researchers actually confront. I argue that a change in the professional culture and incentives can help econometrics from losing its empirical relevance. Econometric theory needs to be more empirically motivated and problem-driven. Economics journals should lower the burden of proof for empirical work and raise the burden of proof for econometric theory. Specifically, there should be more room for descriptive empirical work in our journals. It should not be necessary to establish a causal mechanism or a non-parametrically identified structural model that provides an unambiguous explanation of empirical phenomena as a litmus test for publication. On the other hand, journals should increase the burden on econometric theory by requiring more of them to show how the new methods they propose are likely to be used and be useful for generating new empirical knowledge.","PeriodicalId":53653,"journal":{"name":"Foundations and Trends in Accounting","volume":"72 1","pages":"125-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87998693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Just How Sensitive are Instrumental Variable Estimates","authors":"P. Reiss","doi":"10.1561/1400000048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1400000048","url":null,"abstract":"Researchers regularly use instrumental variables to resolve concerns about regressor endogeneity. The existing literature has correctly emphasized that the choice of instrumental variables matter for the resulting estimates. This paper shows that researchers should also be concerned that the functional form of the instrument matters as well for the resulting estimates. For example, simply changing an instrumental variable from the level to the logarithm can change estimates directly. This article documents the problem, suggests why the problem occurs and suggests different approaches to the problem.","PeriodicalId":53653,"journal":{"name":"Foundations and Trends in Accounting","volume":"51 1","pages":"204-237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73630601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Comments and Observations Regarding the Relation Between Theory and Empirical Research in Contemporary Accounting Research","authors":"Qi Chen, K. Schipper","doi":"10.1561/1400000046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1400000046","url":null,"abstract":"We offer some thoughts on the relation between theoretical and empirical accounting research in the context of causal inference, in response to two questions posed by Professor Ivan Marinovic, organizer of the 2014 Stanford University Graduate School of Business Causality conference. The two questions are: should causal inference be the objective of accounting research; and what is, and what should be, the relation between theory and empirical research in accounting? With regard to the latter, we point to two sources of difficulty: (1) confusion and disagreement about interpretation, advantages and disadvantages of various empirical identification strategies; and (2) a lack of progress on the part of empirical researchers in testing the implications of existing accounting theories and thereby providing discipline to those theories. We argue that published empirical accounting research relies too much on insufficiently precise verbal models or generic models that provide few or no new accounting-specific insights and tends to ignore recent advances made by theoretical researchers. As a result analytical models in accounting research are not sufficiently challenged by empirical research and analytical researchers have made slow progress in establishing a meaningful distinction between accounting information and other types of information provided by firms and their managers. Our concern is that accounting research is in danger of losing the healthy disciplining balance between theory and empirical research that is essential to any scientific field. Without this balance, the profession becomes a discipline of beliefs, rather than a discipline of scientific discovery.","PeriodicalId":53653,"journal":{"name":"Foundations and Trends in Accounting","volume":"3 1","pages":"314-360"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87522387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Interpreting Point Predictions: Some Logical Issues","authors":"C. Manski","doi":"10.1561/1400000047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1400000047","url":null,"abstract":"Forecasters regularly make point predictions of future events. Recipients of the predictions may use them to inform their own assessments and decisions. This paper integrates and extends my past analyses of several simple but inadequately appreciated logical issues that affect interpretation of point predictions. I explain the algebraic basis for a pervasive empirical finding that the cross-sectional mean or median of a set of point predictions is more accurate than the individual predictions used to form the mean or median, a phenomenon sometimes called the “wisdom of crowds.†I call attention to difficulties in interpretation of point predictions expressed by forecasters who are uncertain about the future. I consider the connection between predictions and reality. In toto, the analysis questions prevalent prediction practices that use a single combined prediction to summarize the beliefs of multiple forecasters.","PeriodicalId":53653,"journal":{"name":"Foundations and Trends in Accounting","volume":"20 1","pages":"238-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89666483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychology Models of Management Accounting","authors":"Aboody Aboody","doi":"10.1561/1400000006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1561/1400000006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":53653,"journal":{"name":"Foundations and Trends in Accounting","volume":"97 1","pages":"113-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85755507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Experimental Research in Financial Reporting: From the Laboratory to the Virtual World","authors":"R. Bloomfield, Kristina Rennekamp","doi":"10.2308/ACCR.2010.85.4.1473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2308/ACCR.2010.85.4.1473","url":null,"abstract":"Virtual worlds can allow experimental researchers to create and examine settings with far more institutional complexity than is possible in a traditional laboratory setting. This document discusses how studies with greater complexity can complement more traditional experimental methods for those who are studying financial reporting; explores both the opportunities and challenges virtual worlds present to experimentalists; presents some examples of how to implement complex institutions; and discusses how the costs and benefits of the virtual-world laboratory vary across different experimental traditions.","PeriodicalId":53653,"journal":{"name":"Foundations and Trends in Accounting","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73995979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}