Genome Integrity最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of Xq27.3 Fragility Using the Micronucleus-Fluorescence <i>In situ</i> Hybridization Assay.","authors":"Leyla Özer,&nbsp;Hatice Ilgın Ruhi,&nbsp;Işık Bökesoy","doi":"10.4103/genint.genint_4_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/genint.genint_4_20","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chromosome fragile sites tend to form gap or break in chromosomes when the cells are exposed to replication stress. Folic acid deprivation in the culture medium induces folate-sensitive rare fragile sites, such as FRAXA which is responsible for the fragile X mental retardation syndrome. Chromosome instability at fragile sites can be evaluated by biomarkers of genomic instability such as frequency of micronuclei (MN). It was aimed to analyse the chromosome content of MN in Fragile X cells during folate deprivation by the MN-fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method. Samples from five Fragile X syndrome patients, diagnosed using cytogenetic and molecular methods, as well as from their parents and five controls were included in the study. Blood samples were cultured in two different culture media (folate-deficient and normal). Results of MN-FISH test were analysed in terms of MN frequency and chromosome content of MN. An accumulation of MN in Fragile X patients, mainly containing T (+) or C (+) MN or T (+) plus C (+) MN in binucleated cells was found. Finally, MN-FISH analysis allowed confirming that the increase in MN frequency is due to a higher sensitivity to chromosome breakage along the X chromosome.</p>","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"11 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/50/17/GI-11-1.PMC7585461.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38629772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Radiation-induced Chromosome Instability: The Role of Dose and Dose Rate.","authors":"Eman Mohammed Elbakrawy,&nbsp;Mark A Hill,&nbsp;Munira A Kadhim","doi":"10.4103/genint.genint_5_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/genint.genint_5_19","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nontargeted effects include radiation-induced genomic instability (RIGI) which is observed in the progeny of cells exposed to ionizing radiation and can be manifested in different ways, including chromosomal instability and micronucleus (MN) formation. Since genomic instability is commonly observed in tumors and has a role in tumor progression, RIGI has the potential of being an important mechanism for radiation-induced cancer. The work presented explores the role of dose and dose rate on RIGI, determined using a MN assay, in normal primary human fibroblast (HF19) cells exposed to either 0.1 Gy or 1 Gy of X-rays delivered either as an acute (0.42 Gy/min) or protracted (0.0031 Gy/min) exposure. While the expected increase in MN was observed following the first mitosis of the irradiated cells compared to unirradiated controls, the results also demonstrate a significant increase in MN yields in the progeny of these cells at 10 and 20 population doublings following irradiation. Minimal difference was observed between the two doses used (0.1 and 1 Gy) and the dose rates (acute and protracted). Therefore, these nontargeted effects have the potential to be important for the low-dose and dose-rate exposure. The results also show an enhancement of the cellular levels of reactive oxygen species after 20 population doublings, which suggests that ionising radiation (IR) could potentially perturb the homeostasis of oxidative stress and so modify the background rate of endogenous DNA damage induction. In conclusion, the investigations have demonstrated that normal primary human fibroblast (HF19) cells are susceptible to the induction of early DNA damage and RIGI, not only after a high dose and high dose rate exposure to low linear energy transfer, but also following low dose, low dose rate exposures. The results suggest that the mechanism of radiation induced RIGI in HF19 cells can be correlated with the induction of reactive oxygen species levels following exposure to 0.1 and 1 Gy low-dose rate and high-dose rate x-ray irradiation.</p>","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"10 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/55/45/GI-10-3.PMC6862263.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37507898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of Dose-Response Calibration Curve for Dicentric Chromosome Induced by X-Rays","authors":"Y. Lusiyanti, M. Syaifudin, Tuti Budiantari, S. Purnami, D. Ramadhani","doi":"10.4103/genint.genint_1_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/genint.genint_1_19","url":null,"abstract":"Chromosome aberration is a biomarker that has been used as a standard tool in biological dosimetry (biodosimetry) of individuals after exposure to ionizing radiation. It is based mainly on the induction of dicentric chromosomes – one of the radiation-induced biological effects, in order to correlate them with radiation dose. In this study, a dose calibration curve for X-rays was generated by using the dicentric assay and by fitting the data to both Chromosomal Aberration Calculation Software and Dose Estimate programs to compare the output of each method. Peripheral blood samples from four nonsmoker healthy donors were irradiated with various doses ranging from 0 to 4 Gy with 250 kV or 122 keV X-rays at a dose rate of 0.17 Gy/min. The irradiated blood was cultured, harvested, and analyzed according to the standard procedure as described by the International Atomic Energy Agency with slight modifications. The dose-response calibration data for dicentrics were fitted with the linear-quadratic model (Ydic = 0.03987D2 + 0.00651D). The dose-response calibration curve obtained in this research was comparable to other estimations with similar radiation quality and dose rates. The results in this research convinced us in sustaining a biodosimetry using a dose-response calibration curve in our laboratory.","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43514809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Child with Partial Trisomy 4 (q26 - qterminal) Resulting from Paternally Inherited Translocation (4:18) Associated with Multiple Congenital Anomalies and Death.","authors":"Abhik Chakraborty,&nbsp;Santosh Kumar Panda,&nbsp;Nirmal Kumar Mohakud,&nbsp;Debarshi Roy,&nbsp;Swatishree Padhi,&nbsp;Shu Wen Koh,&nbsp;Manoor Prakash Hande,&nbsp;Birendranath Banerjee","doi":"10.4103/genint.genint_4_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/genint.genint_4_18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parental balanced reciprocal translocations can result in partial aneuploidy in the offspring due to unbalanced meiotic segregation during gametogenesis. Herein, we report the phenotypic and cytogenetic characterization in a 9-day-old male child with partial trisomy of chromosome 4. Karyotyping of the proband and parents was performed along with multicolor fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization (mFISH) of paternal chromosomes. Conventional cytogenetic analysis by karyotyping showed 47,XY,der(18),t(4;18)(q26;q22),+4 in proband, and the paternal karyotype was found as 47,XY,der(18),t(4;18)(q26;q22). mFISH analysis on paternal chromosomal preparations confirmed both region and origin of the balanced translocation. In this study, karyotyping helped us to identify both numerical and structural anomalies in the proband, and mFISH helped us to confirm our cytogenetic findings. Therefore, cytogenetic screening of both partners is recommended before pregnancy to rule out or confirm the presence of any numerical or structural anomaly in one, both, or none of the partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"10 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/8b/ef/GI-10-1.PMC6540766.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37299057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micronucleus Assay-based Evaluation of Radiosensitivity of Lymphocytes among Inhabitants Living in High Background Radiation Area of Mamuju, West Sulawesi, Indonesia.","authors":"Mukh Syaifudin,&nbsp;Vira Putri Defiyandra,&nbsp;Siti Nurhayati,&nbsp;Sofiati Purnami,&nbsp;Eko Pudjadi","doi":"10.4103/genint.genint_2_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/genint.genint_2_18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Naturally occurring radiation can be found all around us and account for most of the radiation received by human beings each year. Indonesia has a region with high-dose natural radiation located in the suburb of West Sulawesi province with a dose rate up to 2800 nSv/h; however, its impact was not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiosensitivity of 12 peripheral blood lymphocytes of inhabitant from high background radiation area (HBRA) and 10 from normal background radiation area (NBRA) based on cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay after challenged with 1.5 Gy of gamma ray. The analysis of CBMN was done according to standard procedure as per IAEA guidelines, and frequency of binucleate (mitotic) cells with micronuclei (MN) was scored in around 2000 binucleate lymphocytes cells per culture in microscopic analysis. Mean MN frequency for HBRA was lower than that of NBRA (0.121 vs. 0.189) after irradiation, indicating an adaptive response in HBRA group that resulted in less radiosensitivity; however, there was no statistically significant different (<i>P</i> > 0.05) between these two groups. The MN number was higher in women compared to men for both HBRA (0.15 vs. 0.09) and NBRA (0.216 vs. 0.147) groups. Besides, there was no statistically significant difference (<i>P</i> > 0.05) in Nuclear Division Index (NDI), as measured in 500 metaphase cells with published formula, between HBRA and NBRA samples (1.24 vs. 1.21). The lower MN frequency prompts us to conclude that there is an adaptive response in the lymphocytes of inhabitants as an indicator of lower radiosensitivity to the high natural radiation exposure. Further studies using large number of samples are required to obtain more comprehensive conclusion along with the assessment of other types of radiosensitivity-related biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"9 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/genint.genint_2_18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37011963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Frequency of Lymphocytes Containing Dumbbell-Shaped Nuclei Depends on Ionizing Radiation Dose and Correlates with Appearance of Chromosomal Aberrations.","authors":"Viacheslav Yu Kravtsov,&nbsp;Alexandra A Livanova,&nbsp;Oleg V Belyakov,&nbsp;Regina F Fedortseva","doi":"10.4103/genint.genint_1_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/genint.genint_1_18","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nuclear anomalies of different types appear in cells in response to the action of ionizing radiation after the passage of the first mitotic division. In this article, we present the results of the study of the frequency of occurrence of three types of nuclear anomalies (\"tailed\" nuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, and dumbbell-shaped nuclei) <i>in vitro</i> in human lymphocytes cultured with cytochalasin B when exposed to X-rays at doses of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 Gy. To stop the cell cycle of cultured lymphocytes after the first mitotic division, a cytokinesis block was performed using cytochalasin B. Dose-dependent curves of the occurrence of lymphocytes containing \"tailed\" nuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges, or dumbbell-shaped nuclei after irradiation have been constructed. At the same time, frequencies of occurrence of chromosomal aberrations (dicentric and ring chromosomes) in the culture of lymphocytes exposed to the same radiation doses were studied. Comparison of the frequencies of occurrence of dicentric and ring chromosomes with frequencies of occurrence of nuclear anomalies allows us to conclude that these nuclear anomalies are formed as a result of chromosomal aberrations arising in lymphocytes under the action of ionizing radiation. More than that, most of the chromosomal aberrations are converted into dumbbell-shaped nuclei <i>in vitro</i> in the culture of lymphocytes in the cytochalasin block.</p>","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"9 ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1c/65/GI-9-1.PMC6388537.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37011962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Valproic Acid on Radiation-Induced Chromosomal Aberrations in Human Lymphocytes.","authors":"María Vittoria Di Tomaso,&nbsp;Eric Gregoire,&nbsp;Wilner Martínez-López","doi":"10.4103/2041-9414.198909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2041-9414.198909","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>One of the most widely employed histone deacetylases inhibitors in the clinic is the valproic acid (VA), proving to have a good tolerance and low side effects on human health. VA induces changes in chromatin structure making DNA more susceptible to damage induction and influence DNA repair efficiency. VA is also proposed as a radiosensitizing agent. To know if VA is suitable to sensitize human lymphocytes γ-irradiation <i>in vitro</i>, different types of chromosomal aberrations in the lymphocytes, either in the absence or presence of VA, were analyzed. For this purpose, blood samples from four healthy donors were exposed to γ-rays at a dose of 1.5 Gy and then treated with two different doses of VA (0.35 or 0.70 mM). Unstable and stable chromosomal aberrations were analyzed by means of fluorescence <i>in situ</i> hybridization. Human lymphocytes treated with VA alone did not show any increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations. However, a moderate degree of sensitization was observed, through the increase of chromosomal aberrations, when 0.35 mM VA was employed after γ-irradiation, whereas 0.70 mM VA did not modify chromosomal aberration frequencies. The lower number of chromosomal aberrations obtained when VA was employed at higher dose after γ-irradiation, could be related to the induction of a cell cycle arrest, a fact that should be taken into consideration when VA is employed in combination with physical or chemical agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"8 ","pages":"4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/21/65/GI-8-4.PMC5320781.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34776027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing the Microscopy Time Schedule for Chromosomal Dosimetry of High-dose and Partial-body Irradiations.","authors":"Volodymyr A Vinnikov","doi":"10.4103/2041-9414.198908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2041-9414.198908","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The methodology of cytogenetic triage can be improved by optimizing a schedule of microscopy for different exposure scenarios. Chromosome aberrations were quantified by microscopy in human blood lymphocytes irradiated <i>in vitro</i> to ~2, 4, and 12 Gy acute ⁶⁰Co γ-rays mixed with the unirradiated blood simulating 10%, 50%, 90%, and 100% exposure and in along with a sample from a homogeneous exposure to ~20 Gy. Biodosimetry workload was statistically modeled assuming that 0.5, 1, 5, or 25 h was available for scoring one case or for analysis of up to 1000 cells or 100 dicentrics plus centric rings by one operator. A strong negative correlation was established between the rates of aberration acquisition and cell recording. Calculations showed that the workload of 1 case per operator per·day (5 h of scoring by microscopy) allows dose estimates with high accuracy for either 90%-100% irradiations of 2 Gy or 50%-90% irradiations of 4-12 Gy; lethal homogeneous (100%) exposures of 12 and 20 Gy can be evaluated with just 1 h of microscopy. Triage analysis of 0.5 h scoring per case results in the minimum tolerable accuracy only for partial- and total-body exposure of 4-20 Gy. Time-related efficacy of conventional biodosimetry depends primarily on the aberration yield in the sample, which is dependent on the radiation dose and its distribution in the patient's body. An optimized schedule of microscopy scoring should be developed for different exposure scenarios in each laboratory to increase their preparedness to radiological emergencies.</p>","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"8 ","pages":"3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/2041-9414.198908","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34776026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers of Ionizing Radiation Exposure: A Multiparametric Approach.","authors":"Dimphy Zeegers,&nbsp;Shriram Venkatesan,&nbsp;Shu Wen Koh,&nbsp;Grace Kah Mun Low,&nbsp;Pallavee Srivastava,&nbsp;Neisha Sundaram,&nbsp;Swaminathan Sethu,&nbsp;Birendranath Banerjee,&nbsp;Manikandan Jayapal,&nbsp;Oleg Belyakov,&nbsp;Rajamanickam Baskar,&nbsp;Adayabalam S Balajee,&nbsp;M Prakash Hande","doi":"10.4103/2041-9414.198911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2041-9414.198911","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Humans are exposed to ionizing radiation not only through background radiation but also through the ubiquitous presence of devices and sources that generate radiation. With the expanded use of radiation in day-to-day life, the chances of accidents or misuse only increase. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the dynamic effects of radiation exposure on biological entities is necessary. The biological effects of radiation exposure on human cells depend on much variability such as level of exposure, dose rate, and the physiological state of the cells. During potential scenarios of a large-scale radiological event which results in mass casualties, dose estimates are essential to assign medical attention according to individual needs. Many attempts have been made to identify biomarkers which can be used for high throughput biodosimetry screening. In this study, we compare the results of different biodosimetry methods on the same irradiated cells to assess the suitability of current biomarkers and push forward the idea of employing a multiparametric approach to achieve an accurate dose and risk estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"8 ","pages":"6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4103/2041-9414.198911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34776029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Retrospective Biological Dosimetry at Low and High Doses of Radiation and Radioiodine Impact on Individual Susceptibility to Ionizing Radiation.","authors":"Antonina Cebulska-Wasilewska, Mateusz Krzysiek, Grażyna Krajewska, Artur Stępień, Paweł Krajewski","doi":"10.4103/2041-9414.198906","DOIUrl":"10.4103/2041-9414.198906","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iodine-131 (I-131) is often used in thyroid diagnostics and therapy. External and internal exposure to radioiodine can lead to molecular and cellular damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of low and high doses of I-131 on susceptibility to ionizing radiation. Study groups consisted of 30 individuals free of thyroid diseases, 41 patients exposed diagnostically to low doses of I-131, and 37 hyperthyroidism patients exposed therapeutically to high doses. The standardized DNA repair competence assay was used to test the efficacy of the fast DNA repair process in G₀ cells. Cytogenetic preparations were made in fresh blood samples before and after challenging cells <i>in vitro</i> with X-ray dose. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and percentage of cells with significantly elevated numbers of SCE were used as cytogenetic biomarkers associated to homologous recombination and compared to reported earlier cytogenetic biomarkers of cancer risk. Strong individual variation in the biomarkers is observed in all investigated groups before and after challenging. Nevertheless, the efficiency of post challenging fast repair is significantly high in the patients exposed to diagnostic I-131 doses than in unexposed control group and linked to decreased cytogenetic damage. However, 5 weeks after administration of therapeutic doses, significant increases of unrepaired post challenging DNA and cytogenetic damages were observed indicating a health risk. Results also suggest that the appearance of cancers in immediate families might influence DNA repair differently in patients exposed to low than to high doses.</p>","PeriodicalId":53596,"journal":{"name":"Genome Integrity","volume":"8 ","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/be/8a/GI-8-2.PMC5320787.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34776173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}