Designs Pub Date : 2023-12-15 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060143

L. Kolbeck, Daria Kovaleva, Agemar Manny, David Stieler, Martin Rettinger, Robert Renz, Zlata Tošić, T. Teschemacher, Jan Stindt, P. Forman, André Borrmann, Lucio Blandini, Lothar Stempniewski, Alexander Stark, Achim Menges, Mike Schlaich, Albert Albers, Daniel Lordick, K. Bletzinger, Peter Mark

{"title":"Modularisation Strategies for Individualised Precast Construction—Conceptual Fundamentals and Research Directions","authors":"L. Kolbeck, Daria Kovaleva, Agemar Manny, David Stieler, Martin Rettinger, Robert Renz, Zlata Tošić, T. Teschemacher, Jan Stindt, P. Forman, André Borrmann, Lucio Blandini, Lothar Stempniewski, Alexander Stark, Achim Menges, Mike Schlaich, Albert Albers, Daniel Lordick, K. Bletzinger, Peter Mark","doi":"10.3390/designs7060143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060143","url":null,"abstract":"Modular precast construction is a methodological approach to reduce environmental impacts and increase productivity when building with concrete. Constructions are segmented into similar precast concrete elements, prefabricated with integrated quality control, and assembled just-in-sequence on site. Due to the automatised prefabrication, inaccuracies are minimised and the use of high-performance materials is enabled. As a result, the construction process is accelerated, and the modules can be designed to be lightweight and resource-efficient. This contribution presents the fundamentals of modular constructions made from precast concrete components. Then, to elaborate the requirements of a contemporary modular precast construction, the historic developments are described. Further, concepts and technical processes–comprehensible to non-expert readers–are introduced to formalise the discussion about the current state-of-the-art methods. Three case studies treating ongoing research are introduced and related to the conceptual fundamentals. The research is evaluated with regard to current barriers and future directions. In conclusion, modular precast construction is able to reduce emissions and increase productivity in the sector if researchers and firms coordinate the development of suitable technologies that bring value to critical stakeholders.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Compact Slotted UWB Antenna Based on Characteristics Mode Theory for Wireless Applications 基于特性模式理论的紧凑型槽式 UWB 天线，适用于无线应用

Designs Pub Date : 2023-12-12 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060141

Subhash Bodaguru Kempanna, R. Biradar, Tanweer Ali, Vikash Kumar Jhunjhunwala, Sarun Soman, Sameena Pathan

{"title":"A Compact Slotted UWB Antenna Based on Characteristics Mode Theory for Wireless Applications","authors":"Subhash Bodaguru Kempanna, R. Biradar, Tanweer Ali, Vikash Kumar Jhunjhunwala, Sarun Soman, Sameena Pathan","doi":"10.3390/designs7060141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060141","url":null,"abstract":"The development of electronic systems and wireless communication has led to a proportional increase in data traffic over time. One potential solution for alleviating data congestion is to augment the bandwidth capacity. This study presents a novel asymmetric circular slotted semi-circle-shaped monopole antenna design using a defective ground structure. The extended ultrawide bandwidth is achieved by implementing a design where the semi-circle radiator is etched in a specific asymmetric circular slot. This involves etching a circle with a radius of 1.25 mm at the center of the radiator, as well as a succession of circles with a radius of 0.75 mm along the edges of the radiator. In addition, the ground plane is situated at a lower elevation and features a U-shaped truncation that has been etched onto its surface. The expansion of the impedance bandwidth can be accomplished by making adjustments to the radiator and ground plane. The UWB antenna under consideration possesses a geometric configuration of 21.6 × 20.8 × 1.6 mm3 and the antenna is fabricated using an FR-4 glass epoxy substrate. The UWB antenna operates throughout the frequency range of 2.2–16.5 GHz, exhibiting a gain of at least 3.45 dBi across the entire impedance bandwidth and the maximum peak gain of 9.57 dBi achieved at the mid-resonance frequency of 10.5 GHz. The investigation of the antenna’s physical properties is conducted utilizing characteristic mode analysis. The investigation also includes an analysis of the time-domain characteristics, revealing that the group delay was found to be less than 1 ns across the operational frequency range. The predicted and measured findings demonstrate consistency and confirm that the suggested antenna is suitable for electronic systems and wireless applications.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139007261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of a 1.5 MW Grid-Connected Solar Power Plant in Bangladesh 孟加拉国 1.5 兆瓦并网太阳能发电厂技术经济可行性研究

Designs Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060140

Md. Feroz Ali, Nitai Kumar Sarker, Md. Alamgir Hossain, Md Shafiul Alam, Ashraf Hossain Sanvi, Syed Ibn Syam Sifat

{"title":"Techno-Economic Feasibility Study of a 1.5 MW Grid-Connected Solar Power Plant in Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Feroz Ali, Nitai Kumar Sarker, Md. Alamgir Hossain, Md Shafiul Alam, Ashraf Hossain Sanvi, Syed Ibn Syam Sifat","doi":"10.3390/designs7060140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060140","url":null,"abstract":"This study addresses the pressing energy constraints in nations like Bangladesh by proposing the implementation of photovoltaic (PV) microgrids. Given concerns about environmental degradation, limited fossil fuel reserves, and volatile product costs, renewable energy sources are gaining momentum globally. Our research focuses on a grid-connected solar PV system model at Char Jazira, Lalpur, Natore, Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Through PVsyst 7.1 simulation software, we assess the performance ratio (PR) and system losses, revealing an annual solar energy potential of 3375 MWh at standard test condition (STC) efficiency. After considering losses, the system generates 2815.2 MWh annually, with 2774 MWh exported to the grid. We analyze an average PR of 78.63% and calculate a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 2.82 BDT/kWh [1 USD = 110 BDT]. The financial assessment indicates a cost-effective LCOE for the grid-connected PV system, with an annual gross income of 27744 kBDT from selling energy to the grid and operating costs of 64060.60 BDT/year. Remarkably, this initiative can prevent 37647.82 tCO2 emissions over the project’s 25-year lifespan.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138591791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Optimization of Non-Newtonian Flow through a Coat-Hanger Die Using the Adjoint Method 使用邻接法优化流经衣架模具的非牛顿流体

Designs Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060138

Dastan Igali, Omonini Clifford, Asma Perveen, Dichuan Zhang, Dongming Wei

{"title":"Optimization of Non-Newtonian Flow through a Coat-Hanger Die Using the Adjoint Method","authors":"Dastan Igali, Omonini Clifford, Asma Perveen, Dichuan Zhang, Dongming Wei","doi":"10.3390/designs7060138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060138","url":null,"abstract":"The use of coat-hanger dies is prevalent in the plastic film and sheet extrusion industry. The product quality and the power of the extrusion machine depend on the uniformities of the fluid velocity at the exit and the pressure drop. Die manufacturers face the challenge of producing coat-hanger dies that can extrude materials uniformly and with a minimal pressure drop. Previous studies have analyzed the die outlet’s flow homogeneity and pressure drop using various numerical simulations. However, the combination of the scheme programming language together with the Adjoint Method of Optimization has yet to be attempted. The adjoint optimization method has been demonstrated to be beneficial in addressing issues related to shape optimization problems and it may also be beneficial in optimizing the design of dies used in polymer melt extrusion. In this study, the proposed innovations involve incorporating both the Scheme programming language and Adjoint solver to examine and optimize the coat hanger’s flow homogeneity and pressure drop. Before optimization, the outlet velocity was almost 10 times higher at the die center than at the edges but after optimization, it became more uniform. The proposed optimized coat-hanger die geometry results in more uniform melt flow as demonstrated by the velocity contour plot and the outlet velocity graph in the die slit area, reducing the deviation value from 0.097 to 0.015. Additionally, the mass flux variance across the die outlet decreased by 71.6% from 0.015069 kg m−2 s−1 to 0.004281 kg m−2 s−1. Therefore, using this method reduces the amount of time wasted on trial and error or other optimization techniques that may be limited by design constraints.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138623670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Deep Learning Approach for Securing IoT Infrastructure with Emphasis on Smart Vertical Networks 以智能垂直网络为重点的物联网基础设施安全深度学习方法

Designs Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060139

Manjur S. Kolhar, S. M. Aldossary

{"title":"A Deep Learning Approach for Securing IoT Infrastructure with Emphasis on Smart Vertical Networks","authors":"Manjur S. Kolhar, S. M. Aldossary","doi":"10.3390/designs7060139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060139","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the Internet of Things (IoT), smart city infrastructure has been able to advance, enhancing efficiency and enabling remote management. Despite this, this interconnectivity poses significant security and privacy concerns, as cyberthreats are rapidly adapting to exploit IoT vulnerabilities. In order to safeguard privacy and ensure secure IoT operations, robust security strategies are necessary. To detect anomalies effectively, intrusion detection systems (IDSs) must employ sophisticated algorithms capable of handling complex and voluminous datasets. A novel approach to IoT security is presented in this paper, which focuses on safeguarding smart vertical networks (SVNs) integral to sector-specific IoT implementations. It is proposed that a deep learning-based method employing a stacking deep ensemble model be used, selected for its superior performance in managing large datasets and its ability to learn intricate patterns indicative of cyberattacks. Experimental results indicate that the model is exceptionally accurate in identifying cyberthreats, exceeding other models, with a 99.8% detection rate for the ToN-IoT dataset and 99.6% for the InSDN dataset. The paper aims not only to introduce a robust algorithm for IoT security, but also to demonstrate its efficacy through comprehensive testing. We selected a deep learning ensemble model due to its proven track record in similar applications and its ability to maintain the integrity of IoT systems in smart cities.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138618907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Role of Design and Digital Media in Monitoring and Improving the Performance of Taekwondo Athletes 设计与数字媒体在监控与提高跆拳道运动员成绩中的作用

Designs Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060130

Tânia Silva, Nuno Martins, Pedro Cunha, Filomena Soares, Vítor Carvalho

引用次数: 0

An Optimized Control System for the Independent Control of the Inputs of the Doherty Power Amplifier 多尔蒂功率放大器输入独立控制的优化控制系统

Designs Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060131

Pallav Kumar Sah, Matthew Poulton, Hung Luyen, Ifana Mahbub

{"title":"An Optimized Control System for the Independent Control of the Inputs of the Doherty Power Amplifier","authors":"Pallav Kumar Sah, Matthew Poulton, Hung Luyen, Ifana Mahbub","doi":"10.3390/designs7060131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060131","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a systematic design of an optimized drive signal control system for 2.5 GHz Doherty power amplifiers (DPAs). The designed system enables the analysis of the independent control of the amplitude and phase for the signals between the main and peak amplifiers of the DPA. The independent control of the signal is achieved by incorporating a variable attenuator (VA) and a variable phase shifter (VPS) in each of the two parallel paths of the DPA. This integration allows for driving varying power levels with an arbitrary phase difference between the individual parallel PAs for reduced control complexity and power consumption. The specific VA (Qorvo QPC6614) and VPS (Qorvo QPC2108) components are used for the test system to provide an amplitude attenuation range from 0.5 dB to 31.5 dB and a phase range from 0∘ to 360∘ at the intended operating frequency of 2.5 GHz, offering the benefit of characterizing the behavior of PAs for an extensive range of drive signals to optimize the output performance, such as PAE or the ACLR. For experimental validation, the designed drive signal control system is integrated with GaN PAs (Qorvo QPD0005—DUT) with a P1dB of 37.7 dBm. Each PA is preceded by a drive amplifier with a gain of 17.8 dB to boost the power fed into the PA. In this manuscript, we analyzed and compared the PAE of the DPA and parallel-connected PA for diverse input signals generated using a designed optimized control system.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134900739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Influence of Topological Defects on the Mechanical Response of Unit Cells of the Tetrachiral Mechanical Metamaterial 拓扑缺陷对四手性机械超材料单元胞力学响应的影响

Designs Pub Date : 2023-11-13 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060129

Linar Akhmetshin, Kristina Iokhim, Ekaterina Kazantseva, Igor Smolin

{"title":"Influence of Topological Defects on the Mechanical Response of Unit Cells of the Tetrachiral Mechanical Metamaterial","authors":"Linar Akhmetshin, Kristina Iokhim, Ekaterina Kazantseva, Igor Smolin","doi":"10.3390/designs7060129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060129","url":null,"abstract":"The primary benefit of metamaterials is that their physical and mechanical properties can be controlled by changing the structure geometry. Numerical analysis tools used in this work offer a few advantages over full-scale testing, consisting of an automated process, as well as lower material and time costs. The investigation is concerned with the behavior of unit cells of the tetrachiral mechanical metamaterial under uniaxial compression. The base material is studied within an elastic mathematical model. The influence of topological defects of the unit cell on the metamaterial properties is studied for the first time. Defects, and especially topological defects, play a decisive role in the mechanical behavior of materials and structures. The unit cell without defects reveals orthotropy of properties. Torsion of a cell with a chiral structure is induced by the rotation of all tetrachiral walls, and therefore it is sensitive to the introduction of defects. There are cases of increased torsion as well as of no compression–torsion coupling effect. In the latter case, the unit cell experiences only shear. The effective Young’s modulus is calculated to vary in the range from 23 to 57 MPa for unit cells of different topologies. With the successive introduction of defects in two walls, the studied characteristics increase, correlating with each other. A further increase in the number of defects affects the characteristics in different ways. The introduction of two more defects in the walls decreases torsion and increases Young’s modulus, after which both characteristics decrease. The introduction of topological defects in all walls of the unit cell leads to the orthotropic behavior of the cell with the opposite sign of torsion.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136283250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Review of the Current State of the Art of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) Composite Based 3D-Printed Biomedical Scaffolds 聚醚醚酮(PEEK)复合材料3d打印生物医学支架研究进展

Designs Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060128

Rajesh Surendran, Sithara Sreenilayam Pavithran, Anugop Balachandran, Sony Vijayan, Kailasnath Madanan, Dermot Brabazon

{"title":"A Review of the Current State of the Art of Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) Composite Based 3D-Printed Biomedical Scaffolds","authors":"Rajesh Surendran, Sithara Sreenilayam Pavithran, Anugop Balachandran, Sony Vijayan, Kailasnath Madanan, Dermot Brabazon","doi":"10.3390/designs7060128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7060128","url":null,"abstract":"Three-dimensional printing or additive manufacturing (AM) has enabled innovative advancements in tissue engineering through scaffold development. The use of scaffolds, developed by using AM technology for tissue repair (like cartilage and bone), could enable the growth of several cell types on the same implant. Scaffolds are 3D-printed using polymer-based composites. polyether ether ketone (PEEK)-based composites are ideal for scaffold 3D printing due to their excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties resembling human bone. It is therefore considered to be the next-generation bioactive material for tissue engineering. Despite several reviews on the application of PEEK in biomedical fields, a detailed review of the recent progress made in the development of PEEK composites and the 3D printing of scaffolds has not been published. Therefore, this review focuses on the current status of technological developments in the 3D printing of bone scaffolds using PEEK-based composites. Furthermore, this review summarizes the challenges associated with the 3D printing of high-performance scaffolds based on PEEK composites.","PeriodicalId":53150,"journal":{"name":"Designs","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135187951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Role of Product Engineering Modelling in Aesthetic Design Education 产品工程建模在美学设计教育中的作用

Designs Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.3390/designs7060127

Rocco Furferi, Francesco Buonamici

引用次数: 0

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