Protsessy lit''ia最新文献

{"title":"Definition of carbon equivalent and degree of eutecticity of cast iron in foundry production","authors":"K. Sirenko, V. Mazur","doi":"10.15407/plit2023.01.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2023.01.020","url":null,"abstract":"The issues related to the essence of the concepts of carbon equivalent, an indicator of the degree of eutecticity and the ratio of carbon content to silicon content for characterizing the chemical composition and properties of gray cast iron were analyzed. The results of studies of the carbon equivalent value, the degree of eutecticity and the C/Si ratio of the chemical composition of synthetic cast iron, which is used for the manufacture of brake pads and the «Khanin wedge» of railway rolling stock, are presented. Examples of different approaches and formulas for determining the limits and methods of using the carbon equivalent of the chemical composition of cast iron to characterize the weldability of steels, coefficient of friction, wear, other operational indicators of cast iron brake pads, and evaluation of the quality of cast iron as a whole are given and analyzed. Within the standards-regulated ranges of the content of chemical elements in cast iron, the value of its carbon equivalent in individual smelting batches of products can differ significantly (by 30 %). With certain ratios of the main elements in the chemical composition of cast iron, the values of the carbon equivalent can be the same, but the mechanisms of crystallization of cast iron and its properties do not coincide. The parameters of the distribution of the content of carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, carbon equivalent, and the degree of eutecticity in cast iron СЧ350, from which the friction «Khanin wedge» for railway rolling stock is made, were analyzed. Cleaning the factory arrays of indicators of chemical composition, hardness, carbon equivalent, degree of eutecticity of cast irons intended for the production of brake pads and the friction «Khanin wedge» from gross erroneous values practically did not affect the general characteristics of the statistical analysis, which indicates the reliability of the results. It is shown that when smelting in induction crucible furnaces gray synthetic cast iron intended for the production of brake pads and the «Khanin wedge», the ranges of variation in the content of C, Si, Mn, P, S are much narrower than those regulated by the standards for these foundry products. The fundamental possibility of introducing appropriate clarifications to the requirements of the standards regarding the content of chemical elements in synthetic gray cast iron intended for the production of brake pads of the «M» type and the friction «Khanin wedge» for railway rolling stock was noted, in particular, reducing the sulfur content to 0,05 % to increase stability of its quality. Keywords: cast iron, chemical composition, carbon equivalent, degree of eutecticity, properties, castings, brake pads, operational characteristics.","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46592302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Structural aluminum alloys of the Al−Cu−Mg and Al−Zn−Mg−Сu systems in aircraft construction. Review","authors":"A. Prigunova, A. Neduzhyi","doi":"10.15407/plit2023.01.054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2023.01.054","url":null,"abstract":"A review of scientific and technical information on structural deformable aluminum alloys, Al-Cu-Mg (series 2xxx) and Al-Zn-Mg-Cu (series 7xxx) systems was conducted. Their chemical and phase composition, alloying methods, mechanical and operational properties, influence of technological factors were analyzed. Examples of the use of these alloys in aircraft construction are given. It is shown that among the alloys of the Al-Cu-Mg system (D1, B65, D16, D16ч, 1163, D19, etc.), the strongest is D16 and its improved modifications D16ч and 1163, the mechanical properties of which in the heat-hardened state are equal to low-carbon steels. Alloys D16, D16оч, 1163 have high strength characteristics at 20 0С and elevated temperatures, especially in the form of sheets and pressed parts. Therefore, it is a common material for the manufacture of aircraft skins in the engine area, which is subject to heating. However, an increase in strength leads to a decrease in plasticity. Alloys based on the Al-Zn-Cu-Mg system (В95, В95пч, В95оч, В96, В96Ц, В96Ц1, В96Ц3, В94, В93, В92, etc.) are the most high-strength among deformable aluminum alloys, so they are widely used in responsible power elements of aircraft and rocket engineering in the form of pressed and forged products. The strongest of them is B96Ц, especially its modification B96Ц1, in which, unlike the B95 alloy, manganese and chromium are partially or completely replaced by zirconium. The B95 alloy has high compressive strength and is used to cover the upper surface of aircraft wings, which is in a compressed state during flight. The inner surface of the wing is made of D16, D16ч, 1163 alloys that withstand tensile loads in flight. In terms of strength, the B95 alloy exceeds the similar characteristics of the D16 alloy by 20-25%, and in terms of yield strength by 40%. Replacing the D16 alloy with B95 makes it possible to reduce the weight of the aircraft to 5 tons. Almost all the large-sized stamped parts for the world’s largest turboprop An-22 “Antey” transport aircraft are made from the B93 forging alloy, which is alloyed with iron and heat-treated according to the T1 regime.The main disadvantage of high-strength alloys of the Al-Cu-Mg and Al-Zn-Mg-Cu systems is their tendency to degrade, which is caused by the action of various types of loads and corrosive environments during aircraft and flight basing and is accompanied by the development of fatigue or corrosion-fatigue cracks. Alternative points of view regarding the causes of these phenomena and ways of improving the properties of products made of these alloys by alloying, thermal and deformation treatments are considered. Keywords: deformable structural aluminum alloys; aircraft construction, chemical and phase composition, alloying, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, heat treatment.","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44739244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the structural and chemical state of the duplex – system of silicates – silicides of alkaline earth metals. Message 2. Duplex - system SiO2-MgO-CaO : Si-Mg–Ca","authors":"B. Belov, A. Trotsan, O. Vlasova","doi":"10.15407/plit2023.01.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2023.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"A polygonal diagram of the state of the CaO-SiO2-MgO ternary system was constructed in the entire range of concentrations of solid and liquid initial components, which increases the informativeness of polygonal diagrams of the state of metallurgical systems. The obtained results of the SCS analysis of the silicate and silicide phases of the duplex system SiO2–MgO–CaO : Si–Mg–Ca are the scientific basis for the optimization of blast furnace iron refining processes with smelting slags and magnesium alloys. Keywords: polygonal diagram, magnesium slag, silicate and silicide phases of calcium, physicochemical, technological and quantum-mechanical parameters.","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44960694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of the duration of forced cooling of castings in containers on foundry rotary-conveyor lines","authors":"P. Kaliuzhnyi, O. Shinsky","doi":"10.15407/plit2023.01.035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2023.01.035","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the developing of a methodology for determining the duration of the technological cycle of cooling castings during the aerodynamic movement of dispersed refractory in containers of foundry rotary-conveyor lines. The use of rotary-conveyor lines is an effective solution for increasing the productivity of foundry technologies. To comply with the principles of construction of rotary-conveyor lines, the cooling time of castings in a mold, as one of the longest technological processes, must be minimized. This can be achieved by forced cooling of castings using the aerodynamic movement of dispersed refractory in the foundry container. As an example of the implementation of this method on a foundry rotary-conveyor line, the sequence of technological operations on the cooling module is described. Based on thermodynamic calculations, an expression for determining the time of forced cooling was obtained, which depends on the thermophysical and geometric characteristics of the casting, the heat transfer coefficient and the temperature pressure on the surface of the casting. An example of calculating the time of forced cooling of steel castings is given. It is shown that when applying the aerodynamic movement of dispersed refractory in the container, the cooling time of the castings to the knocking temperature can be reduced by 6.6-7.5 times compared to the conventional cooling in the sand mold. By changing the airflow rate that liquefies the refractory, the forced cooling operation can be flexibly controlled for different castings that are produced on foundry rotary-conveyor lines. Keywords: casting, cooling time, dispersed refractory, temperature, rotary-conveyor line.","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46753825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stirring of metal melts for improving the efficiency of the «ladle – furnace» units. Message 1. Methods and systems for stirring of liquid alloys in metallurgical aggregates (review)","authors":"O. Smirnov, V. Osypenko, S. Semiryagin, M. Goryuk, A. Semenko, Yu.P. Skorobagatko","doi":"10.15407/plit2023.01.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2023.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the global trends in the metallurgy, the features of the further development of technologies for the cast metal productions are predicted. At the same time, there is considered the constant tightening of requirements for energy and resource saving, environmental and work safety, with the simultaneous need to improve the quality of casting, widening the range of obtained alloys and products from them. Also, ensuring reliable operation and expanding the functional capabilities of “ladle – furnace” units has particular importance, since they provide the complex out-of-furnace processing of melts, including averaging on temperature and chemical composition (at alloying and modifying too), removal gases and non-metallic inclusions, etc. It is noted that for the successful implementation of the listed technological operations, “ladle – furnace” units are equipped with additional devices and systems for heating the melt, vacuuming, blowing with inert gas (argon) and electromagnetic stirring. A comparative analysis of different methods of liquid metal stirring (by gas blowing and under the action of an external alternating electromagnetic field) showed that electromagnetic stirring is more effective and appropriate, especially at manufacturing relatively small batches of high-quality and special alloys on metallurgical mini- mills. At that, the most common at metallurgical enterprises and among research developments are electromagnetic stirrers of travelling magnetic field.There are indicated that applications of such stirrers have certain limitations due to physical characteristics. It relates to the need (in most cases) to supply them with a low frequency, making changes to the design of operating metallurgical aggregates for installation of the stirrer, as well as with not always rational hydrodynamic modes of melt stirring.The requirements concerning the development and application of electromagnetic stirrers for “ladle – furnace” units were formulated. Such devices should be simpler in design and operation, ensuring their long-term reliable working at obtaining a wide range of high-quality alloys. Keywords: “ladle – furnace” unit, metallic melt, gas blowing, electromagnetic stirring.","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45170628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examples of 3D-Technologies for the Production of Hardware and Polymer Patterns","authors":"V. Doroshenko, P. Kaliuzhnyi, S. Kolomiitsev","doi":"10.15407/plit2021.04.048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2021.04.048","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48551920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research Melting on Production from Fresh Components of Modern Foundry Heat- resistant Nickel Alloy","authors":"V. Naumyk","doi":"10.15407/plit2021.04.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2021.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46889716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Stability of Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Industrial Lots of Synthetic Iron","authors":"K. Sirenko, V. Mazur","doi":"10.15407/plit2021.04.066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2021.04.066","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45589989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Shrinkage Depression in Art Castings With Different Wall Thickness","authors":"V. Khrychikov, A. D. Semenov, O. Meniailo, I. Shalevska, Y. V. Мianovska","doi":"10.15407/plit2021.04.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2021.04.014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67138100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problems of Materials Choice for Ceramic Molds to Obtain Titanium Alloys Shape Castings","authors":"P. Kaliuzhnyi, O. Mykhnian, M. Voron, A. Tymoshenko, O. Neima","doi":"10.15407/plit2021.04.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15407/plit2021.04.055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52779,"journal":{"name":"Protsessy lit''ia","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45872562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}