National Journal of Clinical Anatomy最新文献

{"title":"Portal annular pancreas: An unsual pancreatic pseudotumor with clinical significance","authors":"P. Ravi, P. Mishra, S. Singh","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_67_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_67_21","url":null,"abstract":"Portal annular pancreas (PAP) is a rare congenital anomaly due to abnormal fusion of ventral pancreatic bud left to the developing portal vein. Its incidence is 1.1%–3.4% in the literature. PAP is commonly involving the uncinate process; complete encircling is relatively rare. Proposed hypothesis for the congenital PAP is (1) hypertrophied ventral pancreatic bud fuses with the body of the pancreas left to the portal vein and (2) malformation of the portal vein. We found a bulky pancreas in a 51-year-old male during an autopsy. After careful dissection, we observed that the pancreas was completely encircling around the portal vein cranial to its formation. The encircled tissue was confirmed as normal pancreatic tissue by H and E and immunohistochemical staining. Pancreatic ductal pattern was observed anterior to the portal vein. This condition is usually asymptomatic; most of the time, the same was diagnosed incidentally during surgery. However, in cases of the malignant lesion in the head of the pancreas, the PAP is usually confused as the tumor's extension (pseudotumor). The management of posttransection pancreatic stump is challenging and usually results in complications such as pancreatic fistula. Knowledge about the PAP is necessary for the surgeon and radiologist for accurate diagnosis and prior planning to prevent the postoperative complications.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"246 - 248"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48686095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and adaptation of three-dimensional model for surgical planning and training: A pilot study","authors":"B. Chaudhary, U. Anand, Veena Kumari, P. Agrawal, Prem Kumar, R. Priyadarshi","doi":"10.4103/2277-4025.329493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-4025.329493","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Three dimensional (3D) printing can produce accurate anatomical model of any part of the body. This study is based on reconstruction of models of the affected body part for preoperative planning and to see its usefulness in training of resident doctors and for patient education. Methodology: Thirty-five surgically operated patients were retrospectively reviewed and were divided into the conventional planning group (n = 14) and planning with 3D printing group (n = 16). Pathological structures from clinical cases were identified on multidetector computed tomography images and were then transferred to Dicom to print software and saved in a standard format digital imaging and communication in medicine. Segmented regions were combined to create 3D models. Printout of models was taken after being edited by Geomagic free form plus software. Models prepared using 3D printing technology were used to simulate the real surgical operation. The models were used by surgeons for surgical planning and to train their resident doctors. Surgical duration and blood loss were recorded during operation. A questionnaire was provided to the surgeons and residents to assess the utility of 3D models in pre-surgical planning. Results: The mean surgical time in planning with the 3D printing group and conventional planning group was 129.090 ± 36.79 min and 218 ± 94.932 min (P < 0.05). The intraoperative blood loss in planning with 3D printing group and conventional planning group was 130 ± 69.019 ml and (455 ± 44.122 ml) (P < 0.05). Forty subjects completed the survey. Twenty-nine (96.66%) surgeons gave favorable responses (80% found it to be very helpful and 16% helpful) when asked about the utility of these models in the visualization of abnormal pathological anatomy and preoperative planning. Conclusion: Our study suggests that 3D printing technology is useful to aid to surgical planning and provides teaching materials for residents in learning surgery.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"220 - 225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46513307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of illustrative handouts and self-drawing on learning outcomes from anatomy lectures","authors":"S. Narayanan, N. Shankar","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_38_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_38_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Illustrative handouts and self-drawing have been shown to improve learning outcomes from lectures. The objective of this study was to compare the test scores among students taught using these two methods in anatomy lectures and to assess the students' perceptions about the same. Methodology: This was a quasi-experimental pre- and post test study done among 1st-year medical undergraduates to evaluate the effectiveness of illustrated handouts. For two of the lectures (Group 1 lectures), students were asked to draw along with the teacher, while for the other two lectures (Group 2 lectures), they were given illustrative handouts and were required to progressively color and label. The multiple-choice questions were administered prior to the lectures and 4 months after completion of the lectures. The paired t-test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to estimate score differences. Students' perceptions were assessed using a questionnaire. Results: There was a significant improvement in post test scores for both handout and self-drawing sessions. The score improvement was significantly higher for the handout session when compared to the self-drawing session. No significant gender differences were noted. More than 80% of the students had positive opinions about all aspects of the handouts that were assessed. Conclusion: Supplementing lectures with illustrative handouts resulted in higher knowledge retention when compared to self-drawing. Students felt that illustrated handouts facilitated their learning from lectures.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"209 - 213"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44104786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytogenetic evaluation of orofacial clefts","authors":"A. Sabnis, S. Natrajan","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_60_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_60_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Orofacial cleft (OFC) is one of the common congenital anomalies of the face which includes cleft lip and or cleft palate that causes abnormal appearance of the face. It leads to difficulty in speech and feeding, especially in new-borns. Genetic and nongenetic factors may lead to OFCs. An association of OFC to genetic cause was assessed in the study. Methodology: Conventional karyotyping was done in 133 patients of all the age groups with OFCs (syndromic and nonsyndromic) to find out chromosomal aberrations (CAs) in OFCs, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, MGM Dental College, Navi Mumbai directed patients to cytogenetic laboratory. Project was started after taking consent and ascent from the patient and institutional ethical approval. Results: The incidence of CAs is 2.2%, and polymorphic variations are 3.7%. Out of 133 patients 47, XXY was seen in one case and trisomy 21 was seen in two cases, polymorphic variations like pericentric inversion in chromosome 9, 16qh + and 22 pstk + were observed in one case each and 9qh+ was seen in two cases. Conclusion: The incidence of genetic involvement in terms of CAs and polymorphic variations to OFC is low. The application of molecular technique in patients with OFC will help to find out genetic involvement. Genetic counseling and precise prenatal diagnosis will prevent the incidence of OFC.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"199 - 204"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49003995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Renal fascia in normal and ectopic pelvic kidneys: Evidence-based clinical and anatomical review","authors":"K. Ramachandran, S. Krishnamoorthy","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_46_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_46_21","url":null,"abstract":"The natural location of the kidney is the loin and the fascial sheaths around it gives it inherent protection against trauma and various other diseases. While there is enough evidence for fascia around well ascended normally located kidneys, there is very little evidence for its presence in ectopic pelvic kidneys. This evidence-based review discusses the recent changes in concepts regarding renal and perirenal fascia in normal and ectopic kidneys. The perirenal fascia was described as anterior and posterior layers that fuse laterally to form the lateral conal fascia. However, subsequent studies have shown that these fasciae are multi-laminated structures that blend and fuse with underlying muscles. However, in pelvic kidneys, the anterior and posterior renal fascia is not so well-documented. The medial extension of the enlarged kidney enables an easy cross-over to the opposite side. A subcapsular urinoma or a perirenal hematoma is usually self-contained in a closed space, owing to the attachments of the renal capsule and the perirenal fasciae. The hematoma in such closed space acts as a self-tamponade, preventing further blood loss or hemodynamic instability. Computed tomography has enhanced the understanding of perirenal space and pathologies. Tri-compartmental theory formed the basis for a clear understanding of these fasciae. A better knowledge of these fascial planes helps the surgeons to identify the avascular planes, better. A larger prospective study is needed to get further insights into renal fascia in pelvic kidneys.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"240 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47862929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analyzing the attitude of medical students toward class absenteeism","authors":"S. Rashid, Ashfaq ul Hassan, I. Bhat, G. Bhat","doi":"10.4103/njca.njca_52_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/njca.njca_52_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Class attendance is very important to improve academic performance in medical education. National Medical Commission has made it mandatory to have 75% attendance to appear in the university examination. Classroom teaching is necessary to develop competence in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the causes of absenteeism in medical education. Methodology: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted from phase 1 to phase III MBBS students of Government Medical College Srinagar, J and K, India. The response was collected through a structured, pretested, and prevalidated questionnaire. The attitude of medical students towards class absenteeism was obtained using the Likert scale. The response was analyzed using SPSS 22 software. Results: The results showed that major reasons for student absenteeism were poor teaching skills of teachers (mean 3.85), students studying through Self directed learning (SDL) (mean 3.75), unfavorable learning environment (mean 3.43), lack of sleep (mean 3.28), distraction due to concentration problems (mean 3.26) not interested with that subject (mean 3.09), ill-health (mean 2.57), traffic jams (mean 2.53), social media (mean 2.45), climatic conditions (mean 2.37), availability of online resources (mean 2.84), too much self-confidence (mean 2.61), lectures, not enough informative (mean 2.49), family issues (mean 2.01). Conclusion: The causes of student absenteeism are varied. Teachers have to be friendly and cooperative so that students can overcome their inhibitions and weaknesses. Constructive feedback and mentoring programs should be part of the curriculum.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"226 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42978642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comet parameters and plasma 8-Iso-prostaglandins F2α: Common markers of etiopathogenesis in major depression and indicators of antioxidant action of fluoxetine","authors":"R. Panwar, M. Sivakumar","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_44_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_44_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Major depression can be characterized by isolated episodes of disturbance in psychosomatic functions for a duration of at least two weeks along with intermediate non-symptomatic periods. The factors playing important role in the etiology of major depression were family history, genetic factors, decreased levels of serotonin and norepinephrine; increased levels of interleukins or any other medical illness having an increased cytokine production. The pathogenesis of major depression involves oxidative stress, which consists of synthesis of free radicals causing damage to nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins present in the cells. Oxidative stress – induced DNA damage consists of numerous types of lesions which can be assessed by the comet assay method. Prostaglandin F2-alpha is produced because of oxidative stress-induced peroxidation of cell membrane lipids and has elevated plasma levels in patients with major depression. Fluoxetine is the drug of choice for major depression and found to have antioxidant properties. The present study was done to assess the correlation between plasma 8-iso-PGF2α levels and the comet parameters, namely comet length (CL), head diameter (HD), % of DNA in head (%DNA Head), tail length (TL) and % of DNA in tail (%DNA Tail), before starting and after finishing the eight-week fluoxetine therapy. Methodology: The prospective clinical study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy in collaboration at, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry. The study group consisted of drug naïve, newly diagnosed major depression patients belonging to age-group of ≥ 18 to 50 years and followed up after eight weeks of fluoxetine therapy. Results: The correlation was found to be positive between the levels of 8-iso-PGF2α in the plasma and all the comet parameters except %DNA Tail, which showed a negative (inverse) relationship with the levels of 8-iso-PGF2α in the plasma. Conclusion: The current study suggested the role of oxidative stress in causing DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in major depression patients and the antioxidant role of fluoxetine in causing decrease in the levels of parameters of oxidative stress and subsequent DNA repair.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"118 - 125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41350540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonmetrical variants of the sigmoid sulcus: A study on dry human skulls","authors":"R. Diwan, R. Verma, A. Pankaj, A. Rani, Navneet Kumar","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_41_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_41_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sigmoid sinus is an area of interest for anatomists, neurosurgeons, and radiologists. Different procedures such as mastoidectomy, thrombectomy in the sigmoid, and transverse sinus thrombosis have realized the need of proper morphological knowledge of the sigmoid sinus and its variations and their important relations. Therefore, the present study was conducted to report the prevalence of various nonmetrical attributes of the sigmoid sulcus in dry human skulls in India. Methodology: This study was conducted on 224 human skulls in which sex and origin were not known and these were taken from the departmental osteology laboratory. Interior of the skull base at the area of the sigmoid sulcus was carefully observed for the presence of any osseous projection on its anterior or posterior lips such as crest, plate, or bars. Shape, position, and side of projection were noted and frequency was calculated in percentage. Results: Out of 224 skulls, 80% of the sigmoid sulci showed one or other form of bony features. A total prevalence of 43.08% was observed for crests, whereas plates showed lesser frequency (28.57%) on the anterior lip of the sigmoid sulcus. Bony bars were the least common (9.14%) features, but were characteristically located at the angle region of the sigmoid sulcus. In 16.74% of skulls, sigmoid sulcus was shallow. Conclusion: Occurrence of bony attributes in the form of plates, crests, and bridges along the course of the sigmoid sulcus is quite high and shows frequent variability in location and laterality, which may adversely affect the morphology of the sigmoid sinus.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"131 - 134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43891993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rare anatomic variant: Celiac-mesenteric trunk in an Afro-Caribbean population","authors":"M. Gardner, S. Cawich, R. Shetty, P. Lodenquai, Yuxue Zheng","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_52_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_52_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The celiac-mesenteric trunk is an anatomic variant where there is a common origin for the superior mesenteric artery and celiac trunk. We sought to determine the prevalence of this variation in an Afro-Caribbean population. Methodology: Anatomic dissections were observed over 5 years, and specimens with celiac-mesenteric trunks were identified for detailed investigation. We measured celiac-mesenteric trunk diameters at their origin from the aorta. Results: Dissections were performed in sixty-nine cadavers at a mean age of 68 years (range 55–85). Only one celiac-mesenteric trunk (1.5%) was encountered in an Afro-Caribbean male. This cadaver had no other morphologic anomalies. The celiac-mesenteric trunk had an internal diameter of 13.06 mm at its origin (55% aortic diameter). Conclusion: In this Afro-Caribbean population, a celiac-mesenteric trunk was found in 1.5% of unselected cadavers. This formidable vessel was 55% of the aortic diameter. Therefore, healthcare professionals must be aware of this variant to avoid inadvertent injury during clinical interventions.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"112 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45699584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Branching pattern of terminal branches of the facial nerve: A cadaveric study","authors":"A. Sapna","doi":"10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_75_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/NJCA.NJCA_75_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: For a successful facial surgery, it is vital to have a good knowledge of the distribution of the facial nerve in the face. The aim of this study was to highlight the pattern in the branching of the end part of the facial nerve in adults and fetuses and to look for any anastomoses between them. The branching pattern in the two groups is compared for any significant association. Methodology: Cross sectional study done in cadavers and stillborn fetuses. Subjects and Methods: Done in 100 facial halves. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi square test is used to look for any significant association between the branching pattern and gender & side of the face. Results: The branching pattern was classified into six types as per Davis et al. classification in the two study groups – adults and fetuses. The frequencies of occurrence in the first group were Type I – 1%, Type II – 7%, Type III – 18%, Type IV – 17%, Type V – 4%, and Type VI – 3% and in the second group were Type I – 1%, Type II – 8%, Type III – 20%, Type IV – 15%, Type V – 5%, and Type VI – 1%. No significant association was found in the branching pattern with respect to gender and side of the face in the two groups of study. Conclusions: There are multiple anastomotic communications among the end branches of the facial nerve. More the anatomical knowledge of these communications, lesser will be any unwanted facial nerve injury.","PeriodicalId":52750,"journal":{"name":"National Journal of Clinical Anatomy","volume":"10 1","pages":"135 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46244629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}