Europhysics News最新文献

{"title":"Modelling erosion and deposition in geophysical granular mass flows","authors":"S. Viroulet, Christopher G. Johnson, J. Gray","doi":"10.1051/EPN/2021106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/EPN/2021106","url":null,"abstract":"During hazardous geophysical mass flows, such as rock or snow avalanches, debris flows and volcanic pyroclastic flows, a continuous exchange of material can occur between the slide and the bed. The net balance between erosion and deposition of particles can drastically influence the behaviour of these flows. Recent advances in describing the non-monotonic effective basal friction and the internal granular rheology in depth averaged theories have enabled small scale laboratory experiments (see fig. 1) to be quantitatively reproduced and can also be implemented in large scale models to improve hazard mitigation.","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83691534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nobel prize 50 years ago","authors":"Erol Gelenbe","doi":"10.1051/epn/2021507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/epn/2021507","url":null,"abstract":"As we recall the major contributions of Professor Dennis Gabor that resulted in his Nobel Prize in Physics in 1971 for the invention of holography, it is interesting to put his impact on science, technology, as well as humanity, in a broader context so as to better understand his experiences, and recognize the very significant role that he played in his time.","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90337582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NEED Northern European Enclosure Dam","authors":"S. Groeskamp, J. Kjellsson","doi":"10.1051/EPN/2021201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/EPN/2021201","url":null,"abstract":"To protect fifteen northern European countries against sea level rise, a highly ambitious plan was put forward to build massive sea dams across the North Sea and the English Channel, which will cut off the North Sea from the rest of the Atlantic Ocean.","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87555797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where are those promising solid-state batteries?","authors":"M. Wagemaker, M. Huijben, M. Tromp","doi":"10.1051/epn/2021504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/epn/2021504","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years there have been regular reports about a new generation of batteries in which the liquid electrolyte is replaced by a solid material: the solid-state batteries. With a higher energy density and a better safety than current batteries, solid-state batteries potentially would boost electric mobility by enhancing the driving distance of e-cars and prevent extreme battery fires. Why are they not yet implemented in the latest generation of e-cars?","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83389069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noble liquid calorimetry at the LHC and prospects of its application in future collider experiments","authors":"M. Aleksa","doi":"10.1051/epn/2021306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/epn/2021306","url":null,"abstract":"Calorimetry is an important measurement technique in experimental particle physics. Although calorimeters based on liquefied noble gases were first proposed 50 years ago, they continue to play an important role in modern particle physics and have substantially contributed to the discovery of the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in 2012.","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80189348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The lifetime of components in a fusion reactor","authors":"G. Dose","doi":"10.1051/epn/2021503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/epn/2021503","url":null,"abstract":"Nuclear fusion is one of the most promising energy sources to satisfy our future needs. However, several open challenges are yet to be solved for the realisation of fusion electricity. Among the crucial issues, it is key to develop innovative solutions to increase the lifetime of the components inside a fusion reactor.","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"70 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86297706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Moving teaching online during the COVID-19 pandemic","authors":"D. Sands, L. Kormos, J. Nowak, Helen Vaughan, A. Voice, Stan Zochowski","doi":"10.1051/EPN/2020406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/EPN/2020406","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"48 1","pages":"30-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74856731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the importance of being critical","authors":"M. Marsili","doi":"10.1051/epn/2020508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/epn/2020508","url":null,"abstract":"Being critical, i.e. able to process and distill relevant information, is crucial for living systems. Learning distinguishes living from inanimate matter. Quantifying this distinction may provide a “life meter” [1] that, for example, can allow us to detect alien life forms in astrobiology. Living systems also respond in an anomalous manner to perturbations, as compared to inanimate matter, unless the latter is poised at a critical state (in the statistical physics sense). I argue below that these two notions of criticality are only apparently different, because a system that learns is inherently critical, also in the statistical physics sense.","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"19 1","pages":"42-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79312838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Living Soft Matter Physics : active protein networks govern cell shape changes","authors":"C. Sykes","doi":"10.1051/epn/2020501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/epn/2020501","url":null,"abstract":"A living cell contains flexible, semi-flexible and stiff filaments, forming the cell skeleton, called the cytoskeleton, the detail of which is described in Timon Idema's article. How does this filamentous network rearrange to drive cell shape changes to achieve cell functions such as division and motility? With the metaphor of a spaghetti bowl, the force you need to apply when tossing with your spoon depends on spaghetti (or filament) density, how much they are cooked (their flexibility), and how they stick together. In particular, cells or cell assemblies are elastic, especially at short time scales: when deformed, they recover their initial shape. Pinch your cheek for a few seconds, it will go back. However, at longer time scales, over minutes, days, years, cells can flow: they are viscous. Look at your elbow skin and compare it with a baby one : it has flown. Unlike macromolecular polymer networks (or a spaghetti bowl), living matter is alive, consumes chemical energy through hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate. Proteins in the cytoskeletal network assemble, slide, or change conformation, therefore complexifying the simple picture of passive elasticity and viscosity. These cytoskeletal networks are able to actively deform a membrane, and drive cell shape changes. The cell membrane separates the cell content from the outside and has a bending energy that amounts to a few dozen times the thermal energy, it is soft and deformable therefore fluctuate at room (or body) temperature. Underneath the cell membrane lies a network of branched and entangled protein filaments (Blanchoin et al., 2014). Actin filaments have the peculiar property that their growth is activated at the membrane through the formation of new branches in the network. \"Simplicity is complexity resolved\" is a quote from the famous sculptor Constantin Brancusi. Likewise, physicists try to make things simple, as a cell is a complex system. Strippeddown experimental systems were developed that reconstitute cell functions with purified components. Whereas one single filament would simply push by growing against the membrane, strikingly, the complex growth of a branched network generates both inward and outward membrane deformations, which is an extraordinary property of these networks. This push or pull depend on the detailed organisation of the network, the growth velocity of their filaments, and membrane tension, as supported by models based either on reaction kinetics or cooperative properties of actin networks (Dürre et al., 2018; Simon et al., 2019). Further modeling, inspired by these controlled experiments, will help to decipher how cells control their membrane deformations for various functions, from virus uptake to cell motility which dysfunction leads to various diseases. n","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90838139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial∖Inhalt","authors":"Editorial Board","doi":"10.1007/s00770-998-0190-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00770-998-0190-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":52467,"journal":{"name":"Europhysics News","volume":"188 1","pages":"190-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72771630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}