Critical reviews in immunology最新文献

{"title":"Knockdown of IGF2BP2 Inhibits THBS1 in Regulating the Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Integrative Analysis.","authors":"Ying He, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026061135","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026061135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) begins with pre-existing oral potential malignant diseases (OP-MDs), among which oral leukoplakia (OL) is the most common precancerous lesion. This study systematically explored the mechanism of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation in the occurrence and development of OSCC by integrating bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification. Based on the analysis of the GSE85195 dataset, we identified the key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and m6A regulatory factors in the progression from OL to OSCC. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were significantly enriched in the extracellular matrix (ECM) signaling pathway. By constructing a protein-protein interaction network, we identified THBS1 as the core hub gene, and survival analysis revealed that the high expression of THBS1 was associated with a poor prognosis of OSCC patients. Bioinformatics analysis found that IGF2BP2 could regulate the expression of THBS1 through m6A. In vitro assays indicated that IGF2BP2 can regulate the expression of THBS1, and knockdown of IGF2BP2 can significantly inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of OSCC cells. Further analysis revealed that the risk score based on IGF2BP2, THBS1, and tumor stage was closely associated with tumor immune microenvironment characteristics. These evidences not only reveal a potential new mechanism by which m6A modification may mediate the IGF2BP2-THBS1 axis to promote the progression of OSCC, but also provide a new theoretical basis for understanding the remodeling of the immune microenvironment of OSCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 2","pages":"45-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148146068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Single-Cell Sequencing Combined with RNA Sequencing Reveals the Role of Natural Killer Cells in Prognosis and Immunotherapy Response in Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Jiemin Lin, Meichun Lin, Lianxing Lin, Qiaojun Chen, Erhua Yao, Jiayang Lu","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2025061164","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2025061164","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) has an unfavorable prognosis with major therapeutic challenges. Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal function in anti-tumor immunity. However, the correlation between NK cells and heterogeneity and prognosis in CSCC lacks definitive understanding. This study seeks to elucidate the potential value of high-activity NK cell-related genes in prognosis and immunotherapy for CSCC. Transcriptome and single-cell sequencing data of people with CSCC were obtained from TCGA and EMBL-EBI databases, respectively. Single-cell data underwent quality control, dimensionality reduction, and identification of high-activity NK cells and their marker genes. After WGCNA application to screen NK-related genes. a prognostic risk model was constructed employing univariate Cox, LASSO Cox regression, and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The clinical implication of the model was validated through immune infiltration assessment, survival, gene set enrichment, tumor mutation analyses, and drug sensitivity prediction. High-activity NK cells and associated genes in CSCC were identified. A risk prognostic model based on high-activity NK-related genes was developed, yielding six key prognostic genes (RIPOR2, PTGER4, BIN2, MARCHF2, SPATA13, KLRC2). The model demonstrated robust predictive performance in training and validation sets. Patients in the low-risk group exhibited higher infiltration levels of NK, CD8+ T, and dendritic cells, along with increased sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Additionally, drug sensitivity analysis identified promising therapeutic candidates. This study, integrating single-cell and RNA sequencing, revealed the heterogeneity of NK cells in CSCC. The risk prognostic model provided prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CSCC patients, offering a theoretical foundation for immunotherapy research.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 1","pages":"27-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146230501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteoclast-Expanded Natural Killer Cells Are a Unique Population of Cells Based on Transcriptomic and Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing and Proteomic and Functional Characteristics.","authors":"Kawaljit Kaur","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2025060671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2025060671","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK) cells, known for their potent anti-tumor activity, have faced challenges in clinical trials due to limited methods to enhance their expansion and anti-tumor potential. This review highlights the unique characteristics of osteoclasts-expanded supercharged NK (sNK) cells, showcasing their suitability for clinical applications. sNK cells exhibit remarkable anti-tumor efficacy, prolonged survival, and increased expansion when cultured with osteoclasts and probiotic bacteria. A comparative analysis with other NK cell expansion techniques reveals the distinct advantages of sNK cells in terms of survival, expansion, and functionality. Through proteomic, transcriptomic, single-cell RNAseq, and functional assessments, sNK cells demonstrate the ability to target both poorly differentiated/stem-like tumors and well-differentiated tumors. Moreover, they can supplement the functional deficiency of autologous NK cells, restoring their effectiveness in combating cancer. The exceptional attributes of sNK cells position them as a unique and promising candidate for inclusion in clinical trials for cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 4","pages":"87-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety and Biodistribution of NK Cell-Based Immunotherapy in Healthy and Cancer-Bearing Humanized-BLT Mice.","authors":"Paytsar Topchyan, Anahid Jewett, Kawaljit Kaur","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2025060469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2025060469","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Natural killer (NK) cells are long known for their anti-cancer function; however, their use in clinical trials has not been well-positioned yet due to the lack of reliable methods to augment their expansion and anti-tumor potential. In our previous publications, we have demonstrated the methodology to enhance the number and function of NK cells by co-culturing peripheral blood-derived NK cells with osteoclasts (OCs) and sonicated probiotic bacteria (sAJ2). Due to significantly increased potency, these NK cells were named supercharged NK (sNK) cells. sNK cells have significantly high anti-tumor activity as well as increased cell proliferation and survival. In the current study, we present data to support the evidence that sNK cells specifically target cancer cells and not primary immune cells. We also demonstrate that sNK cells circulated to humanized-BLT (hu-BLT) mice tissues when mice were adoptively transferred, and resulted in no toxicity or visible adverse effects. However, they increased the percentages of NK cells in the peripheral blood of the mice, which may contribute to restoring the functional loss of autologous NK cells, allowing the patient's NK cells to become functional. These attributes of sNK cells make these cells not only a unique population of NK cells but also cells that can effectively be used in clinical trials of cancer patients. Overall, the data shown in this study suggest that sNK cells have potential for clinical trial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 4","pages":"7-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory B Cells: Beyond Antibody Production in Immunity and Cancer.","authors":"Esmaeil Mortaz, Samaneh Abdolmohammadi-Vahid, Neda Dalil, Ian M Adcock","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026061778","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026061778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>B lymphocytes, which originally develop in the bone marrow, are key components of humoral immunity and are responsible for antibody production. B lymphocytes arise from progenitor B cells (pro-B cells), which are located in the fetal liver during early development and are generated predominantly in the bone marrow before birth. Based on their stage of maturation and function, B cells are divided into many subsets. B cells play a critical role in the humoral immune response through antibody secretion; however, accumulating evidence indicates that B cells also have more diverse functions in the immune system. Different B cell subsets can modulate effector T-cell responses through antigen presentation, costimulation, and cytokine production. A distinct subpopulation of B cells, termed regulatory B cells (Bregs), negatively regulates cellular immune responses and contributes to the control of inflammation, infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer. These cells may represent viable targets for therapeutic manipulation or immunomodulation independent of antibody production. In this review, we discuss the various B cell subsets and describe non-humoral functions of B cells, with particular emphasis on regulatory B cells and their roles in immunological diseases and cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 3","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Engineered Dendritic Cells Imprint Dual Gut-Homing Specificity on Human Tregs for Pan-Intestinal Immunotolerance.","authors":"Nisar Ali Shaikh, Xiao-Bing Zhang, David J Baylink, Xiaolei Tang","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026062974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026062974","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bowel disease often rely on systemic immunosuppression or single-target biologics, which can lead to significant side effects or incomplete remission. To overcome this therapeutic hurdle, we recently proposed engineering dendritic cells (DCs) to de novo synthesize high concentrations of the active vitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) and A (retinoic acid or RA) because 1,25(OH)2D directly stimulates the expression of Foxp3 (the master regulator of CD4+ Tregs) and RA induces gut-homing receptor expression. In our previous studies, we engineered mouse DCs using a lentiviral vector to overexpress CYP27B1 (encoding 1α-hydroxylase) and ALDH1A2 (encoding RALDH2) to synthesize 1,25(OH)2D and RA, respectively. The engineered DCs stimulated CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs expressing CCR9 (a gut-homing receptor) both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the engineered DCs robustly suppressed experimental colitis, a process that depended on CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs. In addition, the engineered DCs did not cause hypercalcemia, the major side effect associated with systemically high 1,25(OH)2D concentrations, suggesting a safety profile. Moreover, the engineered DCs upregulated tissue expression of CYP27B1 and ALDH1A2 genes for thirty days of the observational period. To evaluate the potential clinical translation of the engineered DCs, this study extended our previous animal studies to humans. Our data demonstrated that engineered human DCs, like their mouse counterparts, stimulated CCR9+CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs. Notably, our human data revealed that the engineered human DCs also stimulated α4β7+ and α4β7+CCR9+ CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs, a finding validated in vivo in mice. This finding is clinically significant because CCR9 mediates homing to the small intestine, while a4b7 targets both the small and large intestines, thereby offering \"pan-intestinal\" therapeutic coverage. Our human data thus further support the engineered DCs as a promising therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, because CCR9 is a homing receptor for inflammation, the engineered DCs can potentially be a solution for a broad range of inflammatory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 4","pages":"53-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Natural Killer Cells Significantly Target and Eliminate Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia via Direct Cytotoxicity or Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity.","authors":"Kawaljit Kaur, Anahid Jewett","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2025060370","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2025060370","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted to investigate whether natural killer (NK) cells can kill and/or inhibit the tumor growth of hematological tumors. When K562, the chronic myeloid leukemia cell line, was treated with the culture media collected from interleukin-2 (IL-2) and anti-CD16 mAbs-treated NK cells, increased surface expression levels of differentiation antigens MHC-class I, CD54, and PD-L1 were observed on K562. This finding validated our previous reports demonstrating that the NK cells induce tumor differentiation via their secreted factors. Next, we investigated NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against stem-like and differentiated K562, and observed that increased NK cells induced direct cytotoxicity in stem-like K562 compared with differentiated K562. Upon differentiation, tumors become resistant to direct NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but were lysed by NK cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). NK cell-mediated ADCC was observed when K562 cells were treated with anti-PD-L1. Thus, primary NK cells, although they cannot induce direct lysis in differentiated tumors, can target them via ADCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 4","pages":"37-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PSMC2 Promotes Gallbladder Carcinoma Progression by Regulating the AKT/Cyclin D1/CDK6 Signaling Axis.","authors":"Yiming Feng, Qin Yang, Lei Zhao, Jing Wang","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026063698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026063698","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a prevalent and aggressive malignancy of the biliary system. Studies have revealed that Proteasome 26S subunit ATPase 2 (PSMC2) is overexpressed and associated with the development process of several cancers. However, the specific role in GBC remains unknown. This study aims to explore the association between PSMC2 and GBC pathogenesis. We assessed PSMC2 expression from normal and GBC patient samples. Using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), colony formation, scratch, and Transwell migration assays, we investigated the effects of PSMC2 on the proliferation and migration of GBC cells. Subsequently, through bioinformatics analysis, we identified the cell cycle pathways related to PSMC2 in GBC cells. Using flow cytometry, we identified that knocking down PSMC2 could alter the cell cycle in GBC cells. Then, through bioinformatics analysis and Western blot assay, we discovered the relationship between the AKT/Cyclin D1/CDK6 pathway and the cell cycle and used an RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT) inhibitor and an Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 (CDK6) inhibitor to restore the GBC cell proliferation induced by PSMC2 overexpression in order to detect the mechanism of PSMC2's role in GBC. We found that PSMC2 was observably upregulated in GBC patient samples. In vitro experiments demonstrated that knocking down PSMC2 significantly suppressed the GBC cells' proliferation and migration abilities. Bioinformatics assays showed a significant enrichment of the cell cycle pathway in both the GO and KEGG databases. Furthermore, cell cycle-related genes CDK6 and Cyclin D1 were significantly upregulated in PSMC2-high expressed clusters. Then we identified that knockdown of PSMC2 could suppress AKT activation and reduce the expression of Cyclin D1 and CDK6. Moreover, treatment with the AKT inhibitor could restore the upregulated CDK6 expression after PSMC2 overexpression, and treatment with the CDK6 inhibitor restored the progression and altered the cell cycle distribution in GBC cells induced by PSMC2 overexpression. PSMC2 was significantly upregulated in GBC tissues and cell lines. PSMC2 expression promotes progression and migration in GBC cells, potentially through regulation of the AKT/Cyclin D1/CDK6 signaling pathway.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 3","pages":"45-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149186847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oxymatrine Attenuates Lung Adenocarcinoma Tumorigenesis via METTL3-Mediated the m6A Modification of KAT2A.","authors":"Zhuxia Nie","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026065687","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026065687","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Oxymatrine executes a therapeutic effect on malignant phenotype tumor cells; nevertheless, the mechanisms of oxymatrine in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) require further exploration. Here, the aims of our study are to unveil the effect of oxymatrine and methyltransferase 3 (METTL3) on LUAD tumorigenesis, and reveal the mechanism of METTL3 mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification to stabilize Lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A) expression.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The roles of oxymatrine and METTL3 in LUAD cells, such as survival, migration, and invasion ability, were evaluated via CCK8, colony formation, and transwell experiments. The levels of METTL3 and KAT2A in LUAD cells were analyzed utilizing western blotting and qRT-PCR. Moreover, xenograft model in nude mice was conducted to evaluate oxymatrine's role in vivo. The regulatory relationship between METTL3 and KAT2A was clarified utilizing Me-RIP, qRT-PCR, and western blotting assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oxymatrine decreased the survival, migration, and invasive ability, and delayed the growth of tumors of LUAD. Inversely, upregulating METTL3 facilitated LUAD cells malignancy and partly abolished oxymatrine's anti-tumor effect. Moreover, KAT2A was mediated by METTL3 to enhance KAT2A m6A modification and expression in LUAD cells. Furthermore, oxymatrine diminished KAT2A expression through suppression of METTL3.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Oxymatrine, an anti-tumor component in LUAD, reduces KAT2A expression via restraining METTL3 levels in a m6A method. Oxymatrine-METTL3-m6A-KAT2A may be a potential therapeutic network for LUAD.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 3","pages":"79-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149186896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasmodium Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase Beta (PI4Kβ): An Emerging Target at the Interface of Parasite Biology and Host Immunity.","authors":"Vijaykumar D Nimbarte, Shreya S Sonak, Nirlipta Mohapatra, Sharda Ishwarkar, Swastik R Kumar, Sumith Mustajar, Rinisha Pinto, S T Sharanya","doi":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026061677","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevImmunol.2026061677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase beta (PI4Kβ) is an essential lipid kinase in Plasmodium species, central to intracellular signaling, vesicular trafficking, and parasite development. Recent insights suggest PI4Kβ also plays a key role in modulating host immune responses. Through regulation of protein export, immune evasion mechanisms, and extracellular vesicle formation, PI4Kβ influences the immune landscape during malaria infection. Notably, inhibition of PI4Kβ disrupts parasite survival and may enhance immune recognition by impairing virulence factor trafficking and improving antigen presentation. Targeting PI4Kβ offers a promising dual-action strategy-direct antiplasmodial effects coupled with immunomodulation. This review explores PI4Kβ's emerging role at the interface of parasite survival and host immunity, highlighting its therapeutic potential as both an antiparasitic and immunomodulatory target. Further investigation is warranted to evaluate its role in antigen processing, vaccine responsiveness, and combinatorial immunotherapy. PI4Kβ stands out as a next-generation target for integrated malaria intervention strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":521264,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in immunology","volume":"46 2","pages":"27-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148146073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}