Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology最新文献

{"title":"The 'early CSP' is not a CSP: 3D transvaginal neurosonographic study of fetal cavum septi pellucidi formation and septal development.","authors":"R Birnbaum, I L Kish, M Kuperberg, I Wolman, M Brusilov, S Perlman, G Malinger, H Miremberg, K K Haratz","doi":"10.1002/uog.70347","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.70347","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To describe the in-vivo development of the fetal cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) using transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS) and to propose a hypothesis underlying non-visualization of the septum pellucidum (NVSP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, three-dimensional ultrasound volumes of the fetal brain acquired using TVS between 17 + 0 and 24 + 6 weeks' gestation in structurally normal fetuses between January 2022 and November 2025 were analyzed. Multiplanar reconstruction was performed to allow assessment of midline structures. Corpus callosal (CC) length and CSP width were measured. CSP fluid content was scored from 0 to 2 as follows: 0, no fluid visualized within the future CSP; 1, partially fluid-filled CSP; and 2, completely fluid-filled CSP. Among fetuses with a CSP fluid score of 2, we further assessed the presence of echogenic strands within the CSP. Associations between gestational age, CC length and CSP parameters were analyzed using linear regression, logistic regression and receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC)-curve analyses. Inter- and intraobserver reproducibility were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 116 fetuses were included. CSP fluid had an estimated 50% probability of being visualized at 19.03 (95% CI, 18.32-19.75) weeks, with both gestational age (area under the ROC curve (AUC), 0.967 (95% CI, 0.931-1.000)) and CC length (AUC, 0.972 (95% CI, 0.943-1.000)) demonstrating excellent predictive performance for CSP fluid visualization. An optimal threshold for transition into a visualizable CSP structure was seen at a CC length of 11.25 mm. CSP width was associated independently with CC length (β = 0.19; P < 0.001), but not with gestational age. Prior to cavitation, the region beneath the CC appeared as a non-fluid layer of intermediate echogenicity, corresponding to the midline glial guidepost apparatus. A triangular CSP configuration was observed in 18.1% of cases with a visible CSP. Reproducibility was excellent, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.980 (95% CI, 0.947-0.993) for CSP width and a weighted Cohen's κ of 0.75 for the ordinal CSP fluid score between observers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The fluid-filled CSP forms gradually, becoming visible at approximately 18-19 weeks after a transient cellular phase beneath the developing CC. CSP appearance is closely linked to CC elongation. We propose a hypothesis in which NVSP, in the presence of a normally formed CC, may result from excessive or disorganized resorption of midline glial guidepost structures and septal leaflets within a critical developmental window. © 2026 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.</p>","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of ultrasound-guided visual biofeedback performed by midwives on duration of second stage of labor: randomized controlled trial.","authors":"I Avrahami, A Bilitzky-Kopit, M Tarasov, O Kempler-Zarka, A Kandel, O Barak, E Vaisbuch, R Levy, M Oberman","doi":"10.1002/uog.70351","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.70351","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate whether coached maternal pushing using transperineal ultrasound (TPUS)-guided visual biofeedback, performed by midwives, reduces the duration of the second stage of labor and affects the mode of delivery in nulliparous women receiving epidural analgesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a single-center randomized controlled trial of nulliparous women with a singleton term pregnancy with an estimated fetal weight of 2500-4000 g, who were in the active stage of labor and were receiving epidural analgesia, conducted between May 2021 and August 2024. Consenting participants were assigned randomly to one of two groups: the study group (sonographic-coaching group), who were coached using TPUS-guided visual biofeedback, or the control group (traditional-coaching group), who were coached using the traditional vaginal technique. Coached maternal pushing with TPUS-guided visual biofeedback included a demonstration of the direction of effective pushing by visualizing the real-time downward movement of the fetal head on a television screen in front of the woman. Coaching sessions were conducted following epidural administration during the active stage of labor and after the diagnosis of complete cervical dilatation, with an additional session conducted if delivery had not occurred within 2 h after complete cervical dilatation. Coaching was led exclusively by midwives, with no involvement of obstetricians. Outcomes were compared between the groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 327 women were randomized and included, comprising 168 women in the sonographic-coaching group and 159 in the traditional-coaching group. Demographic and baseline characteristics, including maternal body mass index and rates of labor induction and oxytocin use, were similar in both groups. The second stage of labor was significantly shorter in the sonographic-coaching group compared with the traditional-coaching group (mean ± SD, 107 ± 59 min vs 132 ± 71 min; P = 0.001). The sonographic-coaching group also showed lower rates of second-degree or higher perineal tears (65.4% vs 77.3%; P = 0.020) and intrapartum fever (8.9% vs 16.4%; P = 0.043). Other secondary outcomes, including neonatal birth weight and 5-min Apgar score, did not differ significantly between the groups. No significant differences were observed in the mode of delivery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Coached maternal pushing using TPUS-guided visual biofeedback, performed by midwives, significantly reduced the duration of the second stage of labor and the incidence of second-degree or higher perineal tears and intrapartum fever. Larger studies are warranted to further assess its impact on delivery outcome. © 2026 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.</p>","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149218032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Labor induction vs expectant management at 40 weeks: association with Cesarean delivery and intrapartum fetal compromise and role of maternal age and cerebroplacental ratio.","authors":"J Morales-Roselló, A Khalil, A Martínez-Varea","doi":"10.1002/uog.70350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.70350","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To evaluate the clinical course of pregnancies reaching the estimated due date and to determine the relative contribution of maternal and fetal factors, particularly labor induction, fetal Doppler status and maternal age, to the risk of adverse outcome and Cesarean delivery (CD).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This was a retrospective observational study of singleton pregnancies that reached 40 + 0 weeks' gestation at a single center between December 2020 and December 2025. Maternal characteristics, fetal ultrasound and Doppler indices and delivery outcomes were collected. Variables were compared between pregnancies managed with induction of labor and those managed expectantly at 40 + 0 to 40 + 6 weeks, and between pregnancies undergoing induction of labor and those with spontaneous onset of labor at any gestational age ≥ 40 + 0 weeks. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the associations of study variables with intrapartum fetal compromise (IFC), CD for abnormal cardiotocography (CD-CTG) and CD for failure to progress (CD-FP). Effect sizes were expressed as adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% CI.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Among 739 pregnancies reaching 40 weeks' gestation, 102 (13.8%) underwent induction of labor at 40 + 0 to 40 + 6 weeks, while 637 (86.2%) were initially managed expectantly. Overall, 393 (53.2%) cases had spontaneous onset of labor and 346 (46.8%) were induced at ≥ 40 + 0 weeks. The rate of CD was significantly higher among pregnancies undergoing induction compared with those managed expectantly at 40 + 0 to 40 + 6 weeks (P &lt; 0.0001) and with those who progressed to spontaneous onset of labor at any gestational age ≥ 40 + 0 weeks (P &lt; 0.0001). On multivariable analysis, induction of labor and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) multiples of the median (MoM) were independently associated with both IFC (aOR, 2.30 (95% CI, 1.20-4.39); P = 0.0116 and 0.07 (95% CI, 0.02-0.24); P &lt; 0.0001, respectively) and CD-CTG (aOR, 3.10 (95% CI, 1.46-6.56); P = 0.0032 and 0.05 (95% CI, 0.01-0.20); P &lt; 0.0001, respectively). Parity (aOR, 0.48 (95% CI, 0.32-0.72); P = 0.0004), estimated fetal weight centile (aOR, 1.01 (95% CI, 1.00-1.02); P = 0.0018) and induction of labor (aOR, 2.39 (95% CI, 1.54-3.73); P = 0.0001) were associated independently with CD-FP. Maternal age was not associated independently with CD-FP, and its borderline associations with IFC and CD-CTG were no longer significant after adjustment for CPR MoM.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Induction of labor was associated with higher rates of CD at ≥ 40 + 0 weeks, whereas maternal age was not associated independently with adverse intrapartum outcome after adjustment for CPR MoM. Lower CPR MoM was associated independently with IFC and CD-CTG. These findings support further evaluation of individualized management strategies incorporating fetal Doppler assessment in these pregnancies. © 2026 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & G","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149208209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fetal septal veins: normal finding on prenatal ultrasound.","authors":"G Malinger, K Krajden Haratz","doi":"10.1002/uog.70352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.70352","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ultrasound features of neuroectodermal tissue in ovarian mature cystic teratomas.","authors":"F Pozzati, M Zorzi, F Moro, G Scaglione, G F Zannoni, A C Testa","doi":"10.1002/uog.70336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.70336","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149172297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth trajectory and miscarriage diagnosis threshold in early IVF pregnancy: multicenter study.","authors":"S Murugesu, A Richardson, A Shearer, S Sheth, D Nikolaou, D Balfoussia, M Mittal, K Linton-Reid, E O Aboagye, S Saso, S Saravelos, T Bourne","doi":"10.1002/uog.70349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.70349","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objectives: &lt;/strong&gt;To characterize early-pregnancy ultrasound findings in pregnancies conceived via in-vitro fertilization (IVF) for which gestational age is known precisely based on the date of embryo transfer (ET), and to examine their association with first-trimester pregnancy outcome.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This was a retrospective multicenter cohort study of fresh- and frozen-cycle IVF pregnancies from 14 centers across England between January 2022 and December 2024, with one center contributing additional data from January 2019 to December 2021. Patients with a confirmed intrauterine pregnancy at the first transvaginal ultrasound scan (≤ 9 + 6 weeks' gestation) after ET were included for analysis of pregnancy outcome. Data collected included the date of ET, embryo stage at transfer, early-pregnancy ultrasound measurements, including crown-rump length (CRL) and mean sac diameter (MSD), and expected gestational age. The endpoint was viability at the 11-14-week dating scan. CRL growth was modeled against gestational age using quadratic regression. The diagnostic performance of a range of gestational-age cut-offs for identifying miscarriage was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;A total of 10 009 IVF pregnancies were included, of which 8223 (82.2%) were viable at 11-14 weeks and 1786 (17.8%) were non-viable. A significant difference was found in the distribution of CRL measurements at the first ultrasound scan between pregnancies that were found to be viable and those that were non-viable at the subsequent 11-14-week scan (P &lt; 0.001). When stratified by gestational age based on the date of ET, viable pregnancies had a higher median CRL than pregnancies of the same gestational age that subsequently ended in miscarriage, although there was a degree of overlap in the distribution of CRL values between the two groups. Furthermore, among pregnancies that were viable at 11-14 weeks, significant variability was seen in CRL and MSD measurements at each gestational age. The estimated mean CRL growth rate was 0.926 mm/day from when CRL was first measurable. The ultrasound finding of an empty gestational sac at or beyond 47 days' gestation based on the date of ET (n = 406) had a PPV of 100% and specificity of 100% (95% CI, 94.9-100%) for first-trimester miscarriage.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;Early-pregnancy ultrasound measurements in IVF pregnancy show wide physiological variability at any given gestational age, even when gestational age can be calculated precisely from the date of ET. An empty gestational sac at or beyond 47 days' gestation was associated with 100% PPV and 100% specificity for non-viable pregnancy. Further external validation in independent cohorts is required to confirm this potential threshold for diagnosing miscarriage in IVF pregnancy. © 2026 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effectiveness of different methods of feticide: systematic review and meta-analysis.","authors":"S Sorrenti, A Sacco, F Mone, K Navaratnam","doi":"10.1002/uog.70343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.70343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the efficacy and safety of different pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods of feticide to induce fetal asystole prior to termination of pregnancy (TOP).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SCOPUS, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases were searched electronically from January 1991 to June 2025. Observational and randomized studies of feticides using pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods prior to TOP in the second or third trimester were included. The primary outcome was failure to achieve fetal asystole prior to TOP. Secondary outcomes included the total dose of feticidal agent, maternal complications and influence of feticide method on feasibility and quality of postmortem evaluation. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool, Revised Cochrane Risk-of-Bias-2 tool and National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tools. A meta-analysis of the proportions of failed procedures was conducted using random-effects models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-five studies with a total of 10 683 cases were included in the systematic review. Pooled proportions of failed procedures were 0.4% (95% CI, 0.1-2.4%) (I² = 0%) for intracardiac potassium chloride (KCl), 3.2% (95% CI, 1.2-8.2%) (I² = 0%) for intrafunic KCl, 4.8% (95% CI, 3.9-5.9%) (I² = 19.0%) for intrafetal digoxin and 10.6% (95% CI, 6.4-17.1%) (I² = 0%) for intra-amniotic digoxin. A range of doses were reported for KCl, lidocaine and digoxin by all routes of injection. There were four cases of postprocedure chorioamnionitis across all studies, but no other significant adverse events related directly to feticidal procedures. There was limited assessment of the impact of feticidal agent on postmortem examinations, but fetal intravascular lidocaine and KCl were associated consistently with cell lysis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Feticide is an important procedure to induce asystole prior to TOP. Point estimates from the meta-analysis indicate that the most effective feticidal method is intracardiac KCl. Effectiveness should be considered alongside safety and feasibility when deciding on appropriate methods for different settings. © 2026 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.</p>","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149148942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to perform Doppler examination of the maternal ophthalmic artery.","authors":"A Youssef, M Paoli, K H Nicolaides","doi":"10.1002/uog.70346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.70346","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149130257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How to perform dynamic uterine contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in gynecological practice.","authors":"E J E de Bock, B Stoelinga, F I Kandi, C D Fernandes, M Mischi, W Froyman, D Timmerman, J A F Huirne, L J M Juffermans, N B Burger","doi":"10.1002/uog.70325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.70325","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149123063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of pre-eclampsia in triplet pregnancies with and without embryo reduction.","authors":"G Yerlikaya-Schatten, A Wright, S Kristensen, O B Petersen, P Chaveeva, A J Vivanti, N Persico, F S Molina, L Lewi, E Litwinska, K H Nicolaides","doi":"10.1002/uog.70341","DOIUrl":"10.1002/uog.70341","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;To determine the risk of pre-eclampsia (PE) in triplet pregnancies, with and without embryo reduction, compared to singleton and twin pregnancies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This was a retrospective multicenter study of triplet pregnancies with three live, phenotypically normal fetuses at the 11-13-week scan and a gestational age at delivery of ≥ 24 weeks. The competing-risks model was used to determine the distribution of gestational age at delivery with PE in each type of triplet pregnancy, which was compared to datasets from 1169 twin pregnancies and 61 174 singleton pregnancies from previous cohorts. The relative risks of PE with delivery &lt; 37, &lt; 34 and &lt; 32 weeks' gestation for non-reduced and reduced triplet pregnancies, in comparison with twin and singleton pregnancies, were determined.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Overall, 1020 triplet pregnancies were included, of which 456 had expectant management, 468 were reduced to twin pregnancies and 96 were reduced to singleton pregnancies. The incidence of PE with delivery &lt; 37 weeks' gestation was 9.9% for non-reduced triplet pregnancies, 9.8% for triplet pregnancies reduced to twins, 2.1% for triplet pregnancies reduced to singleton, 7.0% for twin pregnancies and 0.8% for singleton pregnancies. The incidence of PE with delivery &lt; 34 weeks was 7.2% for non-reduced triplets, 4.1% for triplets reduced to twins, 0% for triplets reduced to singleton, 0.9% for twins and 0.4% for singletons. In comparison with singleton pregnancies, for non-reduced triplets, the relative risks for PE with delivery &lt; 37 and &lt; 34 weeks were 12.3 (95% CI, 9.1-16.3) and 20.6 (95% CI, 14.4-29.2), respectively. The respective values for triplet pregnancies reduced to twins were 12.2 (95% CI, 9.1-16.2) and 11.6 (95% CI, 7.3-18.2), and for triplet pregnancies reduced to singleton they were 2.6 (95% CI, 0.7-9.1) and 0.0 (95% CI, 0.0-11.0). In comparison with twin pregnancies, for non-reduced triplets the relative risks for PE with delivery &lt; 37 and &lt; 34 weeks were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.0-2.0) and 7.7 (95% CI, 4.0-14.9), respectively. The respective values for triplets reduced to twins were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.0-2.0) and 4.3 (95% CI, 2.1-8.9). For a given set of maternal characteristics and medical history, a non-reduced triplet pregnancy was estimated to deliver with PE, on average, 14.5 weeks earlier than would a singleton pregnancy. Triplet pregnancies reduced to twins were estimated to deliver with PE 12.7 weeks earlier, and those reduced to singleton 6.5 weeks earlier, than would comparable singleton pregnancies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;Non-reduced triplet pregnancies have a 21-fold and 8-fold higher risk of delivery with PE at &lt; 34 weeks' gestation compared with singleton and twin pregnancies, respectively. In triplet pregnancies reduced to twins, the relative risk of PE &lt; 34 weeks is 4-fold higher than that in twin pregnancies, whereas in triplet pregnancies reduced to singleton, the","PeriodicalId":520822,"journal":{"name":"Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology","volume":" ","pages":"504-509"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13641728/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149009753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}