{"title":"A geostatistical extreme-value framework for fast simulation of natural hazard events.","authors":"Benjamin D Youngman, David B Stephenson","doi":"10.1098/rspa.2015.0855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We develop a statistical framework for simulating natural hazard events that combines extreme value theory and geostatistics. Robust generalized additive model forms represent generalized Pareto marginal distribution parameters while a Student's <i>t</i>-process captures spatial dependence and gives a continuous-space framework for natural hazard event simulations. Efficiency of the simulation method allows many years of data (typically over 10 000) to be obtained at relatively little computational cost. This makes the model viable for forming the hazard module of a catastrophe model. We illustrate the framework by simulating maximum wind gusts for European windstorms, which are found to have realistic marginal and spatial properties, and validate well against wind gust measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":520758,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":" ","pages":"20150855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.2015.0855","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34562165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expansion shock waves in regularized shallow-water theory.","authors":"Gennady A El, Mark A Hoefer, Michael Shearer","doi":"10.1098/rspa.2016.0141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0141","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We identify a new type of shock wave by constructing a stationary expansion shock solution of a class of regularized shallow-water equations that include the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony and Boussinesq equations. An expansion shock exhibits divergent characteristics, thereby contravening the classical Lax entropy condition. The persistence of the expansion shock in initial value problems is analysed and justified using matched asymptotic expansions and numerical simulations. The expansion shock's existence is traced to the presence of a non-local dispersive term in the governing equation. We establish the algebraic decay of the shock as it is gradually eroded by a simple wave on either side. More generally, we observe a robustness of the expansion shock in the presence of weak dissipation and in simulations of asymmetric initial conditions where a train of solitary waves is shed from one side of the shock.</p>","PeriodicalId":520758,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":" ","pages":"20160141"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.2016.0141","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34559978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Generic stabilizability for time-delayed feedback control.","authors":"J Sieber","doi":"10.1098/rspa.2015.0593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Time-delayed feedback control is one of the most successful methods to discover dynamically unstable features of a dynamical system in an experiment. This approach feeds back only terms that depend on the difference between the current output and the output from a fixed time <i>T</i> ago. Thus, any periodic orbit of period <i>T</i> in the feedback-controlled system is also a periodic orbit of the uncontrolled system, independent of any modelling assumptions. It has been an open problem whether this approach can be successful in general, that is, under genericity conditions similar to those in linear control theory (controllability), or if there are fundamental restrictions to time-delayed feedback control. We show that, in principle, there are no restrictions. This paper proves the following: for every periodic orbit satisfying a genericity condition slightly stronger than classical linear controllability, one can find control gains that stabilize this orbit with extended time-delayed feedback control. While the paper's techniques are based on linear stability analysis, they exploit the specific properties of linearizations near autonomous periodic orbits in nonlinear systems, and are, thus, mostly relevant for the analysis of nonlinear experiments.</p>","PeriodicalId":520758,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":" ","pages":"20150593"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.2015.0593","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34561718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tiantian Zhang, Jun Jiang, Ben Britton, Barbara Shollock, Fionn Dunne
{"title":"Crack nucleation using combined crystal plasticity modelling, high-resolution digital image correlation and high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction in a superalloy containing non-metallic inclusions under fatigue.","authors":"Tiantian Zhang, Jun Jiang, Ben Britton, Barbara Shollock, Fionn Dunne","doi":"10.1098/rspa.2015.0792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2015.0792","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A crystal plasticity finite-element model, which explicitly and directly represents the complex microstructures of a non-metallic agglomerate inclusion within polycrystal nickel alloy, has been developed to study the mechanistic basis of fatigue crack nucleation. The methodology is to use the crystal plasticity model in conjunction with direct measurement at the microscale using high (angular) resolution-electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) and high (spatial) resolution-digital image correlation (HR-DIC) strain measurement techniques. Experimentally, this sample has been subjected to heat treatment leading to the establishment of residual (elastic) strains local to the agglomerate and subsequently loaded under conditions of low cyclic fatigue. The full thermal and mechanical loading history was reproduced within the model. HR-EBSD and HR-DIC elastic and total strain measurements demonstrate qualitative and quantitative agreement with crystal plasticity results. Crack nucleation by interfacial decohesion at the nickel matrix/agglomerate inclusion boundaries is observed experimentally, and systematic modelling studies enable the mechanistic basis of the nucleation to be established. A number of fatigue crack nucleation indicators are also assessed against the experimental results. Decohesion was found to be driven by interface tensile normal stress alone, and the interfacial strength was determined to be in the range of 1270-1480 MPa.</p>","PeriodicalId":520758,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":" ","pages":"20150792"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.2015.0792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34562162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Half conformally flat gradient Ricci almost solitons.","authors":"M Brozos-Vázquez, E García-Río, X Valle-Regueiro","doi":"10.1098/rspa.2016.0043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2016.0043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The local structure of half conformally flat gradient Ricci almost solitons is investigated, showing that they are locally conformally flat in a neighbourhood of any point where the gradient of the potential function is non-null. In opposition, if the gradient of the potential function is null, then the soliton is a steady traceless <i>κ</i>-Einstein soliton and is realized on the cotangent bundle of an affine surface.</p>","PeriodicalId":520758,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings. Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences","volume":" ","pages":"20160043"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2016-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1098/rspa.2016.0043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34624489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}